{"id":40154,"date":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya"},"modified":"2020-01-31T20:49:33","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T17:49:33","slug":"intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/intellekt-sposobnost-obekta-adaptirovat-svoe-povedenie-k-okruzhayushhej-srede-s-czelyu-svoego-sohraneniya-vyzhivaniya","title":{"rendered":"Inteligen\u021ba este capacitatea unui obiect de a-\u0219i adapta comportamentul la mediu pentru a-\u0219i asigura supravie\u021buirea.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>Rezumat<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u00centreaga lume pare s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 despre Inteligen\u021ba Artificial\u0103, dar iat\u0103 paradoxul! \u2013 nu exist\u0103 o defini\u021bie comun acceptat\u0103, clar\u0103, bine structurat\u0103 \u0219i profund\u0103 a \u201einteligen\u021bei\u201d (nu doar a celei artificiale, ci \u00een general). De ce s\u0103 nu avem curajul de a \u00eencerca s\u0103 g\u0103sim \u0219i s\u0103 propunem o astfel de defini\u021bie? Defini\u021bia este funda\u021bia pe care se sprijin\u0103 tot ce urmeaz\u0103, nu-i a\u0219a? Cum putem construi IA, dac\u0103 fiecare are o viziune diferit\u0103 asupra a ceea ce ar trebui s\u0103 stea la baz\u0103? S\u0103 \u00eencepem...<\/p>\n<p>Cuvinte cheie: inteligen\u021b\u0103, capacitate, tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103, obiect, adaptare, comportament, mediu, conservare, supravie\u021buire.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a descrie defini\u021biile existente ale inteligen\u021bei, a fost folosit articolul \u201eA Collection of Definitions of Intelligence\u201d (S. Legg, M. Hutter. A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence (2007), <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639\">arxiv.org\/abs\/0706.3639<\/a><\/noindex>), citatele din care sunt prezentate \u00eempreun\u0103 cu comentarii (<i>cursiv<\/i>).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>Introducere<\/h4>\n<p>\nAcest articol (A Collection of\u2026) ofer\u0103 o revizuire a unui num\u0103r mare (peste 70!) de defini\u021bii neoficiale ale termenului \u201einteligen\u021b\u0103\u201d, adunate de autori de-a lungul multor ani. Este evident c\u0103 realizarea unei liste complete ar fi imposibil\u0103, deoarece multe defini\u021bii ale inteligen\u021bei sunt ad\u00e2nc \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinate \u00een articole \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bi. Totu\u0219i, defini\u021biile prezentate aici constituie cea mai mare selec\u021bie, \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de referin\u021be detaliate\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ciuda istoriei \u00eendelungate a cercet\u0103rilor \u0219i dezbaterilor, nu exist\u0103 o defini\u021bie de referin\u021b\u0103 a inteligen\u021bei. Unii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 inteligen\u021ba poate fi definit\u0103 doar aproximativ, nu complet. Consider\u0103m c\u0103 un astfel de pesimism este prea puternic. De\u0219i nu exist\u0103 o defini\u021bie standard unic\u0103, dac\u0103 analiz\u0103m numeroasele propuneri, devine repede evident c\u0103 exist\u0103 similitudini puternice \u00eentre multe defini\u021bii.<\/p>\n<h4>Defini\u021bia inteligen\u021bei<\/p>\n<p>Defini\u021biile din surse generale (dic\u021bionare, enciclopedii etc.)<\/h4>\n<p>\n<i>(sunt prezentate cele mai bune 3 defini\u021bii ale inteligen\u021bei din 18, care sunt furnizate \u00een aceast\u0103 sec\u021biune a articolului original. Sele\u021bia a fost realizat\u0103 pe baza criteriului \u2013 l\u0103\u021bimea \u0219i profunzimea acoperirii tr\u0103s\u0103turilor - capacit\u0103\u021bilor, caracteristicilor, parametrilor etc. prezentate \u00een defini\u021bie)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Capacitatea de a se adapta eficient la mediu, fie prin modific\u0103ri \u00een sine, fie prin schimbarea mediului, fie prin c\u0103utarea unei noi...<\/li>\n<li>Inteligen\u021ba nu este un singur proces mental, ci mai degrab\u0103 o combina\u021bie a multor procese mentale orientate spre o adaptare eficient\u0103 la mediu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Adaptarea este rezultatul manifest\u0103rii unui num\u0103r mare de propriet\u0103\u021bi nedefinite care formeaz\u0103 inteligen\u021ba. Este important ca mediul s\u0103 fie specificat \u2014 fie existent, fie nou.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Capacitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba \u0219i de a \u00een\u021belege, sau de a face fa\u021b\u0103 situa\u021biilor noi sau complexe;<\/li>\n<li>Utilizarea iscusit\u0103 a ra\u021biunii;<\/li>\n<li>Capacitatea de a aplica cuno\u0219tin\u021bele pentru a influen\u021ba mediu, sau abilitatea de a g\u00e2ndi abstract, a\u0219a cum este m\u0103surat\u0103 prin criterii obiective (\u00een cadrul test\u0103rii).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Este important ca mediul s\u0103 fie specificat! Deficien\u021be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prin conjunc\u021bia \u201esau\u201d sunt legate categorii diferite: \u201ecapacitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u201d \u0219i \u201ea face fa\u021b\u0103 situa\u021biilor noi\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Iar \u201eutilizarea iscusit\u0103 a ra\u021biunii\u201d nu este deloc potrivit\u0103 pentru o defini\u021bie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oamenii se deosebesc \u00eentre ei prin capacitatea de a \u00een\u021belege idei complexe, flexibilitatea \u00een adaptarea la mediu, \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea din experien\u021ba proprie, implicarea \u00een diferite forme de ra\u021bionament \u0219i dep\u0103\u0219irea obstacolelor prin g\u00e2ndire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Ei bine, m\u0103car sunt men\u021biona\u021bi oamenii, adic\u0103 omul dotat cu abilit\u0103\u021bi! Eficien\u021ba adapt\u0103rii este important\u0103, dar adaptarea \u00een sine nu este inclus\u0103 \u00een list\u0103! Dep\u0103\u0219irea obstacolelor este, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, o solu\u021bionare a problemelor.<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Defini\u021biile date de psihologi (sunt incluse 3 cele mai bune din 35 de defini\u021bii)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prefer s\u0103 numesc inteligen\u021ba \u201einteligen\u021ba de succes\u201d. Motivul este c\u0103 se pune accentul pe utilizarea inteligen\u021bei pentru a atinge succesul \u00een via\u021b\u0103. Prin urmare, definesc inteligen\u021ba ca o abilitate de a atinge ceea ce dore\u0219ti \u00een via\u021b\u0103 \u00een context sociocultural, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 oamenii au scopuri diferite: pentru unii, aceasta poate fi ob\u021binerea unor note foarte bune la \u0219coal\u0103 \u0219i trecerea cu succes a examenelor, pentru al\u021bii, poate fi s\u0103 devin\u0103 un foarte bun baschetbalist, actri\u021b\u0103 sau muzician.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Obiectivul este, \u00een mod evident, de a atinge succesul \u00een via\u021b\u0103, dar asta este tot...<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dintr-o perspectiv\u0103 general\u0103, inteligen\u021ba este prezent\u0103 acolo unde un animal sau o persoan\u0103 con\u0219tientizeaz\u0103, chiar \u0219i vag, relevan\u021ba comportamentului s\u0103u \u00een raport cu un scop. Dintre numeroasele defini\u021bii propuse de psihologi pentru a defini ceea ce este indefinibil, cele mai acceptabile sunt:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>capacitatea de a reac\u021biona la situa\u021bii noi sau de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru prin reac\u021bii adaptive noi, \u0219i<\/li>\n<li>capacitatea de a efectua teste sau de a rezolva probleme, care include perceperea rela\u021biilor, nivelul inteligen\u021bei fiind propor\u021bional cu complexitatea sau abstractitatea, sau am\u00e2ndou\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<i>Astfel, s-a creat o ierarhie: \u201eDintr-o perspectiv\u0103 foarte general\u0103...\u201d, ceea ce este d\u00e9j\u00e0 bine. Dar aceasta este tot ce este bun\u2026<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tautologie: a reac\u021biona\u2026 cu ajutorul unor reac\u021bii adaptive noi. Nu exist\u0103 nicio diferen\u021b\u0103 \u2014 cu ajutorul unor reac\u021bii vechi sau noi, principalul este s\u0103 reac\u021bionezi!<\/li>\n<li>Acum despre teste\u2026 Perceperea rela\u021biilor \u2014 nu este r\u0103u, dar este mult prea pu\u021bin!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inteligen\u021ba nu este o singur\u0103 capacitate, ci un ansamblu compus din mai multe func\u021bii. Ea \u00eenseamn\u0103 combina\u021bia abilit\u0103\u021bilor necesare pentru supravie\u021buire \u0219i dezvoltare \u00een cadrul unei culturi date.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Oh, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, s-a men\u021bionat supravie\u021buirea prin inteligen\u021b\u0103! Dar s-a pierdut tot restul...<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Descrierile oferite de cercet\u0103torii \u00een IA (3 dintre cele 18 cele mai bune)<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un agent inteligent face ceea ce] corespunde circumstan\u021belor \u0219i scopului s\u0103u; este flexibil \u00een raport cu condi\u021biile schimb\u0103toare \u0219i cu obiectivele \u00een schimbare, \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 din propria experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i face alegeri corespunz\u0103toare, determinate de limit\u0103rile percep\u021biei \u0219i posibilit\u0103\u021bile de procesare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Probabil, cea mai bun\u0103 defini\u021bie (dintre cele prezentate aici) a inteligen\u021bei.<br \/>\nScopul \u2014 este marcat, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, dar nu este specificat.<\/p>\n<p>Adaptabilitatea \u2014 at\u00e2t \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te condi\u021biile, c\u00e2t \u0219i scopul. Ultima \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un concept al celui mai important scop!<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenv\u0103\u021barea \u2014 identificarea (de\u0219i nu este specificat clar) a propriet\u0103\u021bilor mediului, memorarea, utilizarea.<br \/>\nAlegerea \u2014 \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 sunt implicate criterii.<\/p>\n<p>Limit\u0103rile \u2014 \u00een percep\u021bie \u0219i \u00een ac\u021biune.<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Capacitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba ceva este un set de abilit\u0103\u021bi necesare, independente de domeniul de cunoa\u0219tere, esen\u021biale pentru dob\u00e2ndirea unei game largi de cuno\u0219tin\u021be specifice. Atingerea acestui \u201eInteligen\u021b\u0103 General\u0103\u201d necesit\u0103 un sistem extrem de adaptabil \u0219i versatil, care poate \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba independent o gam\u0103 extrem de diversificat\u0103 de cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i poate \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi propriile capacit\u0103\u021bi cognitive prin autoeduca\u021bie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Se pare c\u0103 aici capacitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba ceva este scopul final\u2026 \u0218i de aici deriv\u0103 propriet\u0103\u021bile Inteligen\u021bei Generale \u2014 o adaptabilitate ridicat\u0103, universalitate...<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sistemele inteligente trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, \u0219i s\u0103 func\u021bioneze bine, \u00een medii diverse. Inteligen\u021ba lor le permite s\u0103 maximizeze probabilitatea succesului, chiar \u0219i \u00een absen\u021ba unei cunoa\u0219teri complete a situa\u021biei. Func\u021bionarea sistemelor inteligente nu poate fi considerat\u0103 separat de mediu, de situa\u021bia specific\u0103, inclusiv de obiectiv.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ea func\u021biona bine\u201d? Care este defini\u021bia succesului?<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Posibilitatea de a avea o descriere cuprinz\u0103toare<\/h4>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 din defini\u021biile discutate \u201eextragem\u201d func\u021biile (tr\u0103s\u0103turile, caracteristicile etc.) comune, atunci afl\u0103m c\u0103 inteligen\u021ba:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Este o proprietate pe care un agent individual o are \u00een interac\u021biunea sa cu mediul\/mediile.<\/li>\n<li>Aceast\u0103 proprietate se refer\u0103 la capacitatea agentului de a ob\u021bine succes sau beneficii \u00een raport cu un anumit obiectiv sau sarcin\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Aceast\u0103 proprietate depinde de modul \u00een care agentul poate \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 se adapteze la diferite obiective \u0219i mediu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUtilizarea comun\u0103 a acestor tr\u0103s\u0103turi cheie ne ofer\u0103 o defini\u021bie neoficial\u0103 a inteligen\u021bei: Inteligen\u021ba se m\u0103soar\u0103 prin capacitatea agentului de a atinge obiective \u00eentr-o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de condi\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Dar a\u0219tepta\u021bi, avem nevoie de un r\u0103spuns la \u00eentrebarea: ce este inteligen\u021ba, nu cum (sau cu ce) este m\u0103surat\u0103 (evaluat\u0103).<\/b>! Se poate justifica autorii articolului prin faptul c\u0103 aceste defini\u021bii sunt aproape de treisprezece ani, \u0219i a\u0219tept\u00e2ndu-ne ca \u00een anii urm\u0103tori s\u0103 fi evoluat ceva \u2013 deoarece domeniul IT se dezvolt\u0103 cu o vitez\u0103 ame\u021bitoare\u2026 Dar mai jos este un exemplu dintr-un articol din 2012, (M.Hutter, O decad\u0103 de Inteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103 Universal\u0103, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf\">www.hutter1.net\/publ\/uaigentle.pdf<\/a><\/noindex>) unde \u00een defini\u021bia inteligen\u021bei nu s-a schimbat aproape nimic.<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p>Ra\u021bionament, creativitate, asociere, generalizare, recunoa\u0219terea formelor, rezolvarea problemelor, memorie, planificare, atingerea obiectivelor, \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, optimizare, auto-conservare, vedere, procesare a limbajului, clasificare, induc\u021bie \u0219i deduc\u021bie, dob\u00e2ndirea \u0219i procesarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor\u2026 Este greu s\u0103 d\u0103m o defini\u021bie exact\u0103 a inteligen\u021bei care s\u0103 includ\u0103 fiecare aspect al acesteia.<\/p>\n<p><i>Acelea\u0219i probleme (chiar mai multe) cu definirea, la fel ca acum 8 ani: au fost oferite manifest\u0103ri ale inteligen\u021bei sub forma unei liste nestructurate de caracteristici!<br \/>\n<\/i><br \/>\nDefini\u021bia inteligen\u021bei \u00een Wikipedia (accesat\u0103 pe 22 mai 2016):<br \/>\n\u201eInteligen\u021ba (din latin\u0103 intellectus \u2014 atingere, percep\u021bie, \u00een\u021belegere, concep\u021bie, judecat\u0103) \u2014 calitate a psihicului, care const\u0103 \u00een capacitatea de a se adapta la noi situa\u021bii, abilitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba pe baza experien\u021bei, de a \u00een\u021belege \u0219i aplica concepte abstracte, \u0219i de a folosi cuno\u0219tin\u021bele proprii pentru a gestiona mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor. Capacitate general\u0103 de cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i de rezolvare a dificult\u0103\u021bilor, care une\u0219te toate abilit\u0103\u021bile cognitive ale omului: sim\u021bire, percep\u021bie, memorie, reprezentare, g\u00e2ndire, imagina\u021bie.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Aceea\u0219i Wikipedia, dar \u00een cea mai recent\u0103 editare din 24 ianuarie 2020: <br \/>\n\u201eInteligen\u021ba (din latin\u0103 intellectus \u201epercep\u021bie\u201c, \u201e\u00een\u021belegere\u201c, \u201econcep\u021bie\u201c, \u201ejudecat\u0103\u201c) sau minte \u2014 calitate a psihicului, care const\u0103 \u00een capacitatea de a se adapta la noi situa\u021bii, abilitatea de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba \u0219i de a memora pe baza experien\u021bei, de a \u00een\u021belege \u0219i aplica concepte abstracte, \u0219i de a folosi cuno\u0219tin\u021bele proprii pentru a gestiona mediul din jurul unei persoane. Capacitate general\u0103 de cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i de rezolvare a problemelor, care une\u0219te abilit\u0103\u021bile cognitive: sim\u021bire, percep\u021bie, memorie, reprezentare, g\u00e2ndire, imagina\u021bie, precum \u0219i aten\u021bia, voin\u021ba \u0219i reflec\u021bia.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Au trecut at\u00e2t de mul\u021bi ani, dar vedem acelea\u0219i lucruri \u2014 un set de caracteristici f\u0103r\u0103 nicio structur\u0103\u2026 \u0218i cu men\u021bionarea omului \u2014 purt\u0103tor de inteligen\u021b\u0103, doar la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul textului. Adic\u0103, a face o \u00eenlocuire: \u201eObiect abstract cu inteligen\u021b\u0103 \u2014&gt; Om cu inteligen\u021b\u0103\u201d cu o posibil\u0103 deduc\u021bie din aceast\u0103 defini\u021bie: \u201eCe are nevoie omul pentru a deveni inteligent?\u201d nu pare a fi posibil. Sau aceast\u0103 \u00eenlocuire duce la dorin\u021be banale: Omului, pentru a deveni inteligent, \u00eei trebuie s\u0103 dob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 capacitatea de a se adapta la noi situa\u021bii, de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba pe baza experien\u021bei, de a \u00een\u021belege \u0219i aplica concepte abstracte \u0219i de a-\u0219i folosi cuno\u0219tin\u021bele pentru a gestiona mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor etc. \u00cen concluzie, a\u0219a po\u021bi deveni de\u0219tept, nu r\u0103m\u00e2ne prost\u2026<\/p>\n<p><b>Astfel, pe baza celor expuse, se propune urm\u0103toarea defini\u021bie, legat\u0103 de Obiect, deoarece inteligen\u021ba nu poate \u201esuspenda \u00een aer\u201d, este neap\u0103rat capacitatea cuiva. Aceea\u0219i regul\u0103 se aplic\u0103 \u0219i comportamentului, care poate fi doar al cuiva sau al ceva:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Inteligen\u021ba Obiectului este un set de abilit\u0103\u021bi care sunt folosite \u00een timpul:<br \/>\n(1) Identific\u0103rii, formaliz\u0103rii \u0219i memor\u0103rii (sub form\u0103 de model) a legilor st\u0103rii \u0219i\/sau comportamentului:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului.<br \/>\n(2) Model\u0103rii anticipative a st\u0103rilor \u0219i\/sau variantelor de comportament:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) \u00een Mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului.<br \/>\n(3) Cre\u0103rii unei descrieri a st\u0103rii \u0219i\/sau a realiz\u0103rii comportamentului Obiectului, adaptat\u0103:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) Mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului<br \/>\ncu condi\u021bia maximiz\u0103rii raportului Comportamentul Obiectului\/Costurile comportamentului<br \/>\nObiectului \u00een scopul conserv\u0103rii (existen\u021bei, durabilit\u0103\u021bii, fiin\u021bei) Obiectului \u00een Mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor.<br \/>\nA\u0219a arat\u0103 aceasta \u00eentr-un diagram\u0103:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Acum despre aplicarea defini\u021biei... Adev\u0103rul, dup\u0103 cum se spune, este \u00eentotdeauna concret. Prin urmare, pentru a verifica logica defini\u021biei, ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eenlocuim Obiectul cu un sistem concret bine cunoscut \u0219i \u00een\u021beles, de exemplu, cu... O ma\u0219in\u0103. A\u0219adar...<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligen\u021ba este capacitatea unui obiect de a-\u0219i adapta comportamentul la mediu pentru a-\u0219i asigura supravie\u021buirea.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/129374b299b164f44092cecb0111e81a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>O ma\u0219in\u0103 cu inteligen\u021b\u0103 - este o ma\u0219in\u0103 cu un set de abilit\u0103\u021bi care sunt folosite \u00een timpul:<\/p>\n<p>(1.1) Situa\u021biei rutiere, \u0219i<br \/>\n(1) Identific\u0103rii, formaliz\u0103rii \u0219i memor\u0103rii (sub form\u0103 de model) a legilor st\u0103rii \u0219i\/sau comportamentului:<br \/>\n (1.2) Mediului intern al ma\u0219inii.<br \/>\n (2.1) \u00een Situa\u021bia rutier\u0103, \u0219i<br \/>\n(2) Model\u0103rii anticipative a st\u0103rilor \u0219i\/sau variantelor de comportament:<br \/>\n (2.2) Mediului intern al ma\u0219inii.<br \/>\n (2.2) Mediu Intern al Ma\u0219inii<br \/>\n(3) Crearea unei descrieri a st\u0103rii \u0219i \/ sau implement\u0103rii comportamentului unei ma\u0219ini adaptate:<br \/>\n (3.1) la condi\u021biile de trafic, \u0219i<br \/>\n (3.2) la mediul intern al ma\u0219inii<br \/>\nsub condi\u021bia maximiz\u0103rii raportului (Comportamentul ma\u0219inii \/ Costurile comportamentului<br \/>\nma\u0219inii) cu scopul de a p\u0103stra (existen\u021ba, durata, via\u021ba) ma\u0219inii \u2014 at\u00e2t \u00een condi\u021biile de trafic, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een mediul intern al ma\u0219inii.<\/p>\n<p>Doar eu v\u0103d c\u0103 ma\u0219ina cu aceste capabilit\u0103\u021bi este numit\u0103 inteligent\u0103? Atunci, mai exist\u0103 o \u00eentrebare: a\u021bi observa vreo diferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre a c\u0103l\u0103tori \u00een ma\u0219ina condus\u0103 de un \u0219ofer profesionist \u0219i a c\u0103l\u0103tori \u00eentr-o astfel de ma\u0219in\u0103 inteligent\u0103?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Inteligen\u021ba este capacitatea unui obiect de a-\u0219i adapta comportamentul la mediu pentru a-\u0219i asigura supravie\u021buirea.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0e4fd2bdf68ca67323eab5def953c732.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nR\u0103spunsul \u201eNU\u201d \u00eenseamn\u0103:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Se d\u0103 o defini\u021bie corect\u0103 a inteligen\u021bei: \u00eenlocuind \u201eObiect -&gt; Ma\u0219in\u0103\u201d nu au ap\u0103rut erori logice sau neconcordan\u021be \u00een descriere.<\/li>\n<li>O ma\u0219in\u0103 cu aceste capabilit\u0103\u021bi, \u00een timpul c\u0103l\u0103toriei, ar trece ca printr-un test Turing \u201eauto\u201d: pasagerul nu ar observa nicio diferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre ma\u0219ina cu un \u0219ofer profesionist \u0219i aceast\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103. Sau, conform formul\u0103rii exacte a testului Turing: \u201eDac\u0103, \u00een timpul mai multor c\u0103l\u0103torii, pasagerul \u00eentr-o ma\u0219in\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219ofer \u0219i \u00eentr-o ma\u0219in\u0103 cu un \u0219ofer profesionist nu poate ghici care ma\u0219in\u0103 l-a transportat, atunci din punct de vedere al \u201eg\u00e2ndirii \u00een condi\u021bii de trafic\u201d, ma\u0219ina f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219ofer poate fi considerat\u0103 egal\u0103 cu ma\u0219ina cu un \u0219ofer profesionist.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nSe ofer\u0103 doritorilor s\u0103 \u201ejoace\u201d cu aceast\u0103 defini\u021bie \u2014 s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 \u00een ea cuv\u00e2ntul \u201eObiect\u201d cu numele oric\u0103rei, dup\u0103 preferin\u021b\u0103, sisteme bine cunoscute (naturale, sociale, de produc\u021bie, tehnice) \u0219i s\u0103 verifice astfel compatibilitatea. Este esen\u021bial s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i\u021bi rezultatele \u0219i g\u00e2ndurile dup\u0103 experiment! <\/p>\n<h4>Defini\u021bia inteligen\u021bei prin obiectivele sale<\/h4>\n<p>\n(A. Jdanov. \u201eInteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103 Autonom\u0103\u201d (2012), a 3-a edi\u021bie, electronic\u0103, pp. 49-50):<br \/>\nCele mai importante obiective la care tinde sistemul nervos al oric\u0103rui organism sunt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>supravie\u021buirea organismului;<\/li>\n<li>acumularea de cuno\u0219tin\u021be de c\u0103tre sistemul s\u0103u nervos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<i>Aceste 2 puncte: supravie\u021buire \u0219i acumulare de cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u2014 o descriere generalizat\u0103 a punctelor 3 \u0219i 2, respectiv!<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00cen concluzie...<\/b><br \/>\n\u201eVicarious \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 computerul s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 imagina\u021bia\u201d <br \/>\n(\u201eComputerul a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat conducerea agresiv\u0103\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.ro\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201eVia\u021ba ar fi destul de plictisitoare f\u0103r\u0103 imagina\u021bie. De aceea, probabil, cea mai mare problem\u0103 a computerelor este c\u0103 ele nu au, de fapt, imagina\u021bie. Startup-ul Vicarious creeaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 metod\u0103 de procesare a datelor, inspirat\u0103 de modul \u00een care, probabil, informa\u021bia \u201ecurge\u201d prin creier. Liderii companiei afirm\u0103 c\u0103 acest lucru va oferi computerelor ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu imagina\u021bia \u0219i, a\u0219a cum sper\u0103 ei, va ajuta la dezvoltarea unor ma\u0219ini mult mai inteligente. Compania a prezentat un algoritm de re\u021bea neuronal\u0103 de nou tip, av\u00e2nd propriet\u0103\u021bi \u00eemprumutate din biologie. Una dintre acestea este abilitatea de a reprezenta modul \u00een care informa\u021biile \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate ar putea ar\u0103ta \u00een diferite scenarii - ceva de genul imagina\u021biei digitale.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Wow, ce coinciden\u021b\u0103! Exact punctul (2) din defini\u021bie: reflec\u021bia anticipativ\u0103 - aceasta este imagina\u021bia digital\u0103! <\/p>\n<p>Asta nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 foarte des, dar iat\u0103 ce descoperim pe internet: <br \/>\n(\u201eComputerul a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat conducerea agresiv\u0103\u201c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/nplus1.ru\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi\">nplus1.ro\/news\/2016\/05\/23\/mppi<\/a><\/noindex>)<br \/>\n\u201eSpeciali\u0219tii de la Institutul Tehnologic Georgia au construit un model de automobil f\u0103r\u0103 pilot (la scar\u0103 1:5 pe baza unui \u0219asiu de model radio-controlat), capabil s\u0103 abordeze virajele folosind derapaj controlat. Computerul de bord este echipat cu un procesor Intel Skylake Quad-core i7 \u0219i o plac\u0103 grafic\u0103 Nvidia GTX 750ti GPU, \u0219i proceseaz\u0103 informa\u021bii de la giroscop, senzori de viraj, GPS \u0219i dou\u0103 camere frontale. Pe baza datelor primite de la senzori, algoritmul de control formeaz\u0103 2560 de traiectorii de mi\u0219care pentru urm\u0103toarele dou\u0103 secunde \u0219i jum\u0103tate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Algoritmul de control con\u021bine o \u201ehart\u0103 a lumii\u201d a automobilului sub forma unui set de traiectorii posibile de deplasare pe aceast\u0103 rut\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eDintre cele 2560 de traiectorii, algoritmul alege pe cea mai optim\u0103 \u0219i, conform acesteia, corecteaz\u0103 pozi\u021bia ro\u021bilor \u0219i viteza. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, construirea tuturor celor 2560 de traiectorii \u0219i actualizarea lor se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 de 60 de ori pe secund\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Aceasta este reflec\u021bia anticipativ\u0103, creativitatea artificial\u0103 sau imagina\u021bia digital\u0103! Alegerea traiectoriei optime din cele 2560 generate anterior \u0219i corectarea pozi\u021biei ro\u021bilor \u0219i vitezei (adaptare!) pentru a r\u0103m\u00e2ne pe traseu. Totul este descris de schema prezentat\u0103 a inteligen\u021bei!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201e\u00centregul proces de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare al algoritmului de control a durat c\u00e2teva minute de conducere pe circuit de c\u0103tre un operator cu pu\u021bin\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Procesul de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare este crearea unei imagini asupra lumii!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201e\u00cen acest sens, cercet\u0103torii remarc\u0103 faptul c\u0103, \u00een timpul \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii, nu a fost folosit\u0103 o derapare controlat\u0103, ci computerele \u201eau inventat\u201d acest lucru de una singur\u0103. \u00cen timpul testelor, ma\u0219ina a parcurs traseul \u00een mod autonom, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 o vitez\u0103 c\u00e2t mai aproape de opt metri pe secund\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Deraparea controlat\u0103 este un element al strategiei optime (acea maximizare a raportului \u201eComportamentul Obiectului \/ Costurile comportamentului\u201d) elaborat\u0103 de ma\u0219in\u0103 \u00een mod autonom.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201ePotrivit autorilor, antrenarea algoritmilor \u00een conducerea agresiv\u0103 poate fi util\u0103 \u0219i pentru gestionarea cotidian\u0103 a unei ma\u0219ini autonome la fel cum abilitatea de a controla derapajul poate fi benefic\u0103 pentru un \u0219ofer uman. \u00centr-o situa\u021bie neprev\u0103zut\u0103 \u2013 de exemplu, pe ghea\u021b\u0103 \u2013 ma\u0219ina autonom\u0103 va putea ie\u0219i singur\u0103 din derapaj \u0219i va preveni un posibil accident.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Iar aceasta este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea experien\u021bei ma\u0219inii\u2026 La fel ca p\u0103s\u0103rile-gardian (ne amintim de povestea cunoscut\u0103), care au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat o abilitate util\u0103, imediat o transmute tuturor celorlalte.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, voi cita defini\u021bia propus\u0103 pentru utilizare:<\/p>\n<p><b>Inteligen\u021ba Obiectului este un set de abilit\u0103\u021bi care sunt folosite \u00een timpul:<\/p>\n<p>(1) Identific\u0103rii, formaliz\u0103rii \u0219i memor\u0103rii (sub form\u0103 de model) a legilor st\u0103rii \u0219i\/sau comportamentului:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.1) Mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului.<br \/>\n(2) Model\u0103rii anticipative a st\u0103rilor \u0219i\/sau variantelor de comportament:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.1) \u00een Mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului.<br \/>\n(3) Cre\u0103rii unei descrieri a st\u0103rii \u0219i\/sau a realiz\u0103rii comportamentului Obiectului, adaptat\u0103:<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.1) Mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, \u0219i<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.2) Mediului intern al Obiectului<br \/>\ncu condi\u021bia maximiz\u0103rii raportului Comportamentul Obiectului\/Costurile comportamentului<br \/>\nObiectului cu scopul de a men\u021bine (existenta, persisten\u021ba, fiin\u021ba) Obiectului \u00een Mediul \u00cenconjur\u0103tor.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V\u0103 mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie. Comentariile \u0219i observa\u021biile sunt pe deplin binevenite.<\/p>\n<p>P. S. Despre \u201e\u2026un sistem foarte adaptabil \u0219i universal, capabil s\u0103-\u0219i dob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 \u00een mod autonom un spectru extrem de larg de cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi specifice\u201d \u0219i care este necesar pentru crearea OII putem vorbi separat \u2014 este un subiect foarte, foarte interesant. Dac\u0103, desigur, va exista interes din partea cititorilor. \ud83d\ude42<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/485744\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441! \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, 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