{"id":40723,"date":"2020-02-03T14:42:04","date_gmt":"2020-02-03T11:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/professiya-sistemnyj-administrator"},"modified":"2020-02-03T14:42:04","modified_gmt":"2020-02-03T11:42:04","slug":"professiya-sistemnyj-administrator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/professiya-sistemnyj-administrator","title":{"rendered":"Profesie: administrator de sistem","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Adesea, de la genera\u021bia mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, auzim cuvintele magice despre \u201esingura \u00eenregistrare \u00een carnetul de munc\u0103\u201d. \u0218i, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, am \u00eent\u00e2lnit povestiri complet impresionante: instalator \u2014 instalator de \u00eenalt\u0103 calificare \u2014 \u0219ef de atelier \u2014 \u0219ef de schimb \u2014 inginer \u0219ef \u2014 director de fabric\u0103. Acest lucru nu poate s\u0103 nu impresioneze genera\u021bia noastr\u0103, care \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 locul de munc\u0103 odat\u0103, de dou\u0103 ori, ba chiar \u0219i de cinci ori sau mai mult. Avem ocazia nu doar s\u0103 schimb\u0103m compania, ci \u0219i s\u0103 ne schimb\u0103m profesia \u0219i s\u0103 ne adapt\u0103m destul de repede. Acest lucru este evident mai ales \u00een domeniul IT, unde \u00eent\u00e2lnim transferuri de carier\u0103 destul de ciudate \u0219i schimb\u0103ri radicale \u00een carier\u0103, at\u00e2t \u00een sus, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een jos.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Observ\u00e2nd acest proces, am realizat c\u0103 ghidul profesiilor este c\u0103utat nu doar de c\u0103tre elevi care \u00ee\u0219i aleg universitatea, ci \u0219i de adul\u021bi care \u00ee\u0219i aleg drumul. De aceea, am decis s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre principalele specializ\u0103ri care sunt solicitate \u00een domeniul IT. \u00cencepem cu cea mai apropiat\u0103 de noi \u2014 administratorul de sistem.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/486204\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profesie: administrator de sistem\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/63eb779ecfaa492875847cb33e7df1b7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>Exact a\u0219a<\/i><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Cine este acesta?<\/h2>\n<p>\nAdministratorul de sistem este un specialist care se ocup\u0103 cu configurarea, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea \u0219i suportul infrastructurii IT a unei companii, inclusiv echipamentele, perifericele, software-ul \u0219i conexiunile re\u021belei. Adev\u0103rat, o defini\u021bie foarte formal\u0103?<\/p>\n<p>Ceea ce face un administrator de sistem depinde de dimensiunea companiei, domeniul de activitate, experien\u021ba \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile adminului \u00eensu\u0219i. \u00cen loc s\u0103 d\u0103m o defini\u021bie, mai bine s\u0103 eviden\u021biem tipurile specifice de administratori de sistem.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anikey \u2014 administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor care \u00eendepline\u0219te func\u021bii de baz\u0103 pentru configurarea echipamentelor \u0219i software-ului. De obicei, asistent al unui administrator superior sau administrator \u00eentr-o mic\u0103 companie non-IT, care rezolv\u0103 incidentele curente.<\/li>\n<li>Administratorul de sistem (cunoscut \u0219i ca adev\u0103rat admin) este un specialist cu un profil larg, care se ocup\u0103 de func\u021bionarea stabil\u0103 \u0219i ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 a infrastructurii IT, monitorizeaz\u0103, efectueaz\u0103 inventarierea, r\u0103spunde de siguran\u021ba utilizatorilor, se ocup\u0103 de re\u021bele etc. Este un zeu cu multe m\u00e2ini \u0219i capete al infrastructurii IT, care \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 responsabilit\u0103\u021bile pentru \u00eentreaga activitate IT a companiei. Se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te practic \u00een orice companie.<\/li>\n<li>Arhitectul sistemelor \u2014 un specialist care proiecteaz\u0103 infrastructura IT \u0219i arhitectura re\u021belei \u00een corpora\u021bii mari.<\/li>\n<li>Administratorul de re\u021bea \u2014 un specialist care se ocup\u0103 cu configurarea \u0219i dezvoltarea re\u021belelor fizice \u0219i logice \u00een companie, precum \u0219i cu gestionarea sistemelor de facturare, contabilitate \u0219i control al traficului. Cerut \u00een centrele de date, telecomunica\u021bii, b\u0103nci \u0219i corpora\u021bii.<\/li>\n<li>Inginerul de securitate IT \u2014 un specialist care asigur\u0103 securitatea infrastructurii IT la toate nivelurile. Cerut \u00een companii sensibile la atacuri \u0219i intruziuni \u00een re\u021bea (cum ar fi fintech, b\u0103nci, industrie etc.).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPrin urmare, dac\u0103 a\u021bi decis s\u0103 deveni\u021bi administrator de sistem, este mai bine s\u0103 planifica\u021bi din timp \u00een ce direc\u021bie dori\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 dezvolta\u021bi, pentru c\u0103 nu v\u0103 pute\u021bi \u00eentre\u021bine familia doar fiind operator de servicii IT \u0219i nu ve\u021bi face carier\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profesie: administrator de sistem\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/f8b7725e5f18c02e07173e6fd93bc362.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Unde este nevoie?<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u0219 spune c\u0103 peste tot, dar asta ar fi o minciun\u0103. Dintr-un motiv anume, liderii micilor \u0219i medii \u00eentreprinderi consider\u0103 c\u0103 totul poate fi \u201e\u00eempins\u201d \u00een cloud, iar administratorul de sistem poate fi pur \u0219i simplu un ajutor temporar. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, multe companii sufer\u0103 din cauza infrastructurii IT defectuase (mai bine zis, a haosului IT), dar nu angajeaz\u0103 un administrator de sistem. Dac\u0103 reu\u0219i\u021bi s\u0103 g\u0103si\u021bi un loc de munc\u0103 \u00een asemenea companie, \u00een 99% din cazuri va trebui s\u0103 privi\u021bi acest loc ca pe o experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 avansa\u021bi, iar doar \u00een 1% din cazuri reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103-\u0219i conving\u0103 \u0219eful, devenind indispensabil \u0219i s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 un mediu IT perfect cu o arhitectur\u0103 bine g\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i o gestionare eficient\u0103 (v\u0103 descriu direct din realitate!).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00cens\u0103 \u00een companiile unde IT-ul este domeniul principal de activitate (g\u0103zduiri, dezvoltatori etc.) sau unde sus\u021bine activitatea operativ\u0103 (livr\u0103ri, magazine online, b\u0103nci, retail etc.), administratorul de sistem devine rapid un specialist c\u0103utat, care poate evolua \u00eentr-o sau mai multe direc\u021bii. Deoarece automatizarea continu\u0103 s\u0103 ia amploare \u00een companii, a g\u0103si un loc de munc\u0103 de administrator de sistem la nivel de \u00eenceput sau mediu nu va fi o problem\u0103. Iar c\u00e2nd deveni\u021bi un specialist avansat, companiile vor lupta pentru dumneavoastr\u0103, pentru c\u0103 ajutoarele sunt multe, dar profesioni\u0219tii, ca \u0219i \u00een alte domenii, sunt extrem de rari.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>La momentul redact\u0103rii articolului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/career.habr.com\/vacancies?divisions%5B%5D=administration&amp;currency=rur\">pe serviciul \u201eHabr Carier\u0103\u201d exist\u0103 67 de oferte de munc\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, legate de administrarea sistemelor. \u0218i po\u021bi observa c\u0103 exist\u0103 o mare diversitate de \u201especializ\u0103ri\u201d: de la angaja\u021bii din suport tehnic p\u00e2n\u0103 la exper\u021bi \u00een securitate informa\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i DevOps. Apropo, o carier\u0103 \u00een suportul tehnic dezvolt\u0103 foarte rapid, eficient \u0219i profund o serie de abilit\u0103\u021bi valoroase pentru un administrator de sistem.<\/p>\n<h2>Salariul mediu<\/h2>\n<p>\nVom analiza salariul, de asemenea, pe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/career.habr.com\/salaries\">\u201eHabr Carier\u0103\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Vom lua salariul mediu f\u0103r\u0103 a specifica abilit\u0103\u021bile pentru \u201eAdministrator de sistem\u201d \u0219i \u201eDevOps\u201d pe baza datelor din al doilea semestru din 2019. Acestea sunt cele mai populare specializ\u0103ri din sec\u021biunea \u201eAdministrare\u201d \u0219i cele mai reprezentative. S\u0103 compar\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>Nivelul specialistului<\/p>\n<p>Administrator de sistem<\/p>\n<p>DevOps<\/p>\n<p>studiu (intern)<\/p>\n<p>25.900 lei.<\/p>\n<p>nu sunt studen\u021bi<\/p>\n<p>junior<\/p>\n<p>32.560 lei.<\/p>\n<p>69.130 lei.<\/p>\n<p>middle<\/p>\n<p>58.822 lei.<\/p>\n<p>112.756 lei.<\/p>\n<p>senior<\/p>\n<p>82.710 lei.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>146.445 lei.<\/p>\n<p>lead<\/p>\n<p>86.507 lei.<\/p>\n<p>197.561 lei.<\/p>\n<p>Numerele, desigur, sunt valabile pentru Moscova, \u00een regiuni situa\u021bia este mai modest\u0103, dar, ceea ce este caracteristic, propor\u021biile sunt aproximativ acelea\u0219i. Mi se pare just s\u0103 existe aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103, deoarece DevOps sunt, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, mult mai avansa\u021bi \u00een abilit\u0103\u021bi (dac\u0103 vorbim despre devops canonici, nu despre cei care au un nume f\u0103r\u0103 con\u021binut).<\/p>\n<p>Singurul lucru pe care nu a\u0219 recomanda s\u0103-l fac este s\u0103 angajez devops juniori proasp\u0103t ie\u0219i\u021bi de la universitate. Tinerii teoreticieni, care nu au v\u0103zut nici dev, nici ops, arat\u0103 destul de mediocru la \u00eenceput, se dezvolt\u0103 slab din cauza ne\u00een\u021belegerii direc\u021biei de evolu\u021bie \u0219i nu merit\u0103 deloc banii ceru\u021bi. Pe specializ\u0103ri \u00eenguste, trebuie s\u0103 fie administratori mai experimenta\u021bi, care au trecut prin foc, ap\u0103, \u021bevile de cupru, bash \u0219i scripturi PowerShell.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Cerin\u021be de baz\u0103 pentru profesionist<\/h2>\n<p>\nCerin\u021bele pentru administratorii de sistem difer\u0103 de la o companie la alta (unele necesit\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een 1C, 1C-Bitrix, Kubernetes, anumite SGBD etc.), dar exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva cerin\u021be de baz\u0103 care, cel mai probabil, vor fi necesare \u00een orice companie.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea modelului de re\u021bea OSI, a protocoalelor principale.<\/li>\n<li>Administrarea sistemului de operare Windows \u0219i\/sau Unix, inclusiv politicile de grup, gestionarea securit\u0103\u021bii, crearea de utilizatori, accesul de la distan\u021b\u0103, lucrul cu linia de comand\u0103 \u0219i multe altele.<\/li>\n<li>Scripting bash, PowerShell, care permite automatizarea \u0219i optimizarea sarcinilor de rutin\u0103 \u00een administrarea sistemelor.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Repararea \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binerea PC-urilor, echipamentului server \u0219i perifericelor.<\/li>\n<li>Lucrul cu configurarea \u0219i rutarea re\u021belilor de calculatoare.<\/li>\n<li>Lucrul cu serverele de po\u0219t\u0103 \u0219i serverele de telefonie.<\/li>\n<li>Instalarea programelor \u0219i aplica\u021biilor de birou.<\/li>\n<li>Monitorizarea re\u021belelor \u0219i infrastructurii.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAceasta este baza pe care trebuie s\u0103 o st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219ti la un nivel bun, sigur. \u0218i nu este at\u00e2t de simplu cum pare: fiecare punct are o mul\u021bime de trucuri, secrete ale me\u0219te\u0219ugului, unelte software necesare, instruc\u021biuni \u0219i manuale. \u00cen mod ideal, activitatea de auto\u00eenv\u0103\u021bare cu o \u00eenc\u0103rcare complet\u0103 la locul de munc\u0103 dureaz\u0103 cel pu\u021bin un an.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profesie: administrator de sistem\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/3ccce68de58c3844296f07bf46085fa5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Odat\u0103 ce ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat, vei \u00een\u021belege aceast\u0103 glum\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Calit\u0103\u021bi personale importante<\/h2>\n<p>\nAdministratorul de sistem este un specialist care nu poate fi izolat \u00een companie \u0219i mediu profesional. El trebuie s\u0103 comunice constant cu oamenii la telefon \u0219i personal, a\u0219a c\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile introvertite trebuie dep\u0103\u0219ite. Administratorul de sistem trebuie s\u0103 fie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rezistent la stres \u2014 pentru a face fa\u021b\u0103 comportamentului neadecvat al utilizatorilor, volumului mare de munc\u0103 \u0219i comunic\u0103rii cu conducerea;<\/li>\n<li>multitasking \u2014 de obicei, gestionarea infrastructurii IT implic\u0103 o activitate activ\u0103 cu diverse instrumente, rezolvarea simultan\u0103 a mai multor sarcini, analiza mai multor incidente dintr-o dat\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>capabil s\u0103-\u0219i gestioneze timpul \u2014 doar o planificare strict\u0103 poate salva de erori, lucr\u0103ri \u00eent\u00e2rziate \u0219i termene-limit\u0103 pentru sarcini;<\/li>\n<li>comunicativ \u2014 \u00een stare s\u0103 asculte, s\u0103 analizeze \u0219i s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 ce vor s\u0103 spun\u0103 utilizatorii (uneori este foarte foarte complicat);<\/li>\n<li>g\u00e2nditor tehnic \u2014 din p\u0103cate, f\u0103r\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi de g\u00e2ndire ingineresc\u0103, sistematic\u0103 \u0219i algoritmic\u0103, \u00een administrarea sistemelor nu ai ce s\u0103 cau\u021bi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Necesitatea cunoa\u0219terii limbilor str\u0103ine<\/h2>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 compania impune cerin\u021be privind cunoa\u0219terea limbilor, iar acestea se aplic\u0103 speciali\u0219tilor, atunci administratorul de sistem trebuie s\u0103 corespund\u0103 acestor reguli (de exemplu, compania ofer\u0103 servicii de outsourcing pentru companii str\u0103ine). Dar, \u00een general, administratorul de sistem trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 comenzi de baz\u0103 \u0219i mesaje sistemice \u00een limba englez\u0103 \u2014 pentru majoritatea, acest lucru este suficient.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, dac\u0103 dori\u021bi s\u0103 evolua\u021bi \u00een carier\u0103, s\u0103 ob\u021bine\u021bi certific\u0103ri interna\u021bionale, inclusiv Cisco, \u0219i s\u0103 fi\u021bi la curent cu tehnologiile de v\u00e2rf, ve\u021bi avea nevoie de o limb\u0103 englez\u0103 cel pu\u021bin la nivel Upper Intermediate. Recomand cu t\u0103rie s\u0103 face\u021bi aceast\u0103 investi\u021bie \u00een dezvoltarea profesional\u0103, nu este un nivel fantastit, este perfect realizabil chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi lingvistice.<\/p>\n<h2>Unde s\u0103 studiez<\/h2>\n<p>\nProfesia de administrator de sistem este interesant\u0103 deoarece nu exist\u0103 cerin\u021be specifice de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a intra \u00een domeniu, deoarece nu exist\u0103 o facultate special\u0103 pentru administrarea sistemelor. Totul depinde ini\u021bial de dumneavoastr\u0103 \u2014 de c\u00e2t de preg\u0103tit sunte\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi teoria pe cont propriu \u0219i s\u0103 practica\u021bi, s\u0103 lucra\u021bi cu sisteme de operare (Windows \u0219i Unix), periferice \u0219i securitate. De fapt, computerul dumneavoastr\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 devin\u0103 laboratorul dumneavoastr\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare (\u0219i cu at\u00e2t mai bine, dac\u0103 ave\u021bi un sistem separat pentru astfel de sarcini, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t procesul s\u0103 nu interfereze cu munca principal\u0103 \u0219i studiile).<\/p>\n<p>A afirma c\u0103 administratorul de sistem este o profesie f\u0103r\u0103 preg\u0103tire \u0219i un privilegiu al autodidactilor \u2014 \u00een zilele noastre este pur \u0219i simplu criminal, deoarece vedem nivelul administratorilor de sistem bine pl\u0103ti\u021bi. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 un \u201eset clasic\u201d de cuno\u0219tin\u021be de baz\u0103 de care ve\u021bi avea nevoie.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O educa\u021bie de baz\u0103, de preferin\u021b\u0103 tehnic\u0103, v\u0103 va oferi o \u00een\u021belegere a principiilor g\u00e2ndirii algoritmice, ingineriei, electronicii etc. Aceasta va facilita considerabil \u00een\u021belegerea specialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i va accelera st\u0103p\u00e2nirea ei. \u00cen plus, nu trebuie uitat c\u0103 pentru majoritatea angajatorilor ru\u0219i, diploma r\u0103m\u00e2ne un document important \u00een procesul de angajare.<\/li>\n<li>Unul sau mai multe certific\u0103ri Cisco v\u0103 vor \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi semnificativ abilit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i vor face CV-ul competitiv. De exemplu, Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) \u2014 primul nivel al inginerului de re\u021bea Cisco sau Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching \u2014 una dintre certific\u0103rile de baz\u0103 pentru nivelul \u00eenceput. Cu Cisco ve\u021bi avea de-a face aproape \u00een orice companie, mai ales una mare. \u00cen orice caz, aceast\u0103 certificare profesional\u0103 este, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, un standard de aur pentru munca \u00een re\u021bea. Ulterior, pute\u021bi ob\u021bine celelalte niveluri, dar, ca s\u0103 v\u0103 spun un secret, deja pe seama angajatorului \ud83d\ude09<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen func\u021bie de profilul t\u0103u de activitate, po\u021bi ob\u021bine certific\u0103ri corespunz\u0103toare pentru sisteme de operare, securitate, re\u021bele etc. Acestea sunt documente cu adev\u0103rat solicitate de angajatori \u0219i din experien\u021ba mea, pot spune c\u0103 \u00een timpul preg\u0103tirii pentru examene te ad\u00e2nce\u0219ti complet \u00een subiect. Dac\u0103 nu te dedici singur \u0219i te limitezi doar la cursurile oferite, este practic imposibil s\u0103 treci examenul.<\/li>\n<li>Exist\u0103 o alt\u0103 modalitate de educa\u021bie \u2014 cursuri complexe pentru administratori de sisteme Windows \u0219i Unix. Evident, mult depinde de profesor \u0219i de institu\u021bia care organizeaz\u0103 cursul, dar calitatea acestuia poate dezam\u0103gi \u00een mod cert. Totu\u0219i, \u00een condi\u021bii favorabile, un astfel de curs \u00ee\u021bi poate sistematiza cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u0219i le poate organiza. Dac\u0103 te decizi s\u0103 ob\u021bii aceast\u0103 educa\u021bie suplimentar\u0103, alege un universitate corporativ\u0103, unde cursurile \u0219i practica sunt sus\u021binute de profesioni\u0219ti activi, nu de teoreticieni din anii '90.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAdministratorul de sistem este o profesie care necesit\u0103 o \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare constant\u0103 a noilor tehnologi, instrumente de securitate, sisteme de gestionare a infrastructurii IT etc. F\u0103r\u0103 o imersiune continu\u0103 \u00een materiale noi, \u00ee\u021bi vei pierde rapid calificarea \u0219i valoarea pe pia\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Nu po\u021bi ocoli bazele \u0219i deveni un profesionist de top \u2014 f\u0103r\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitectura PC-urilor, serverelor, \u00een\u021belegerea principiilor de func\u021bionare a software-ului de aplica\u021bii \u0219i sistem, precum \u0219i a sistemelor de operare nu vei realiza nimic. De aceea, pentru administratorii de sistem este mai relevant ca niciodat\u0103 deviza \u201e\u00eencepe cu \u00eenceputul\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2>Cele mai bune c\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i resurse de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Clasicii sunt Andrew Tanenbaum: \u201eArhitectura computerului\u201d, \u201eRe\u021belele de calculatoare\u201d, \u201eSisteme de operare moderne\u201d. Acestea sunt trei volume groase, care, de\u0219i au trecut prin mai multe edi\u021bii, se citesc u\u0219or \u0219i sunt foarte accesibile. Mai mult, pentru unii administratori de sistem, dragostea pentru meserie \u00eencepe tocmai cu aceste c\u0103r\u021bi.<\/li>\n<li>T. Limoncelli, K. Hogan \u201ePractica administr\u0103rii sistemelor \u0219i re\u021belelor\u201d \u2014 o carte uimitoare care sistematizeaz\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021bele deja existente ale unui administrator de sistem. Limoncelli are, \u00een general, multe c\u0103r\u021bi bune pentru administratorii de sistem.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>R. Pike, B. Kernighan \u201eUnix. Mediu de programare\u201d, \u0219i alte c\u0103r\u021bi de Kernighan<\/li>\n<li>Noah Gift \u201ePython \u00een administrarea sistemelor UNIX \u0219i Linux\u201c \u2014 o carte excelent\u0103 pentru pasiona\u021bii de automatizarea muncii de administra\u021bie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPe l\u00e2ng\u0103 c\u0103r\u021bi, \u00ee\u021bi vor fi utile manualele furnizorilor, ajutoarele \u00eencorporate ale sistemelor de operare \u0219i aplica\u021biilor, instruc\u021biunile \u0219i reglement\u0103rile \u2014 de regul\u0103, \u00een ele se poate g\u0103si toat\u0103 informa\u021bia necesar\u0103. \u0218i da, adesea sunt \u00een englez\u0103 \u0219i nu sunt foarte bine localizate \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i, desigur, Habr \u0219i forumurile de specialitate \u2014 un excelent suport pentru administratorii de sistem de orice nivel. C\u00e2nd a trebuit s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b despre Windows Server 2012, Habr s-a dovedit a fi un suport puternic \u2014 atunci ne-am cunoscut \u0219i mai bine.<\/p>\n<h2>Viitorul administratorului de sistem<\/h2>\n<p>\nAm auzit despre degradarea profesiei de administrator de sistem \u0219i argumentele \u00een sprijinul acestei teze sunt mai mult dec\u00e2t slabe: robo\u021bii se vor descurca, cloud-urile garanteaz\u0103 func\u021bionarea f\u0103r\u0103 un administrator de sistem etc. \u00centrebarea despre cine administreaz\u0103 cloud-urile, de exemplu, de partea furnizorului, r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis\u0103. De fapt, profesia de administrator de sistem nu se degradeaz\u0103, ci se transform\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia complic\u0103rii \u0219i universalit\u0103\u021bii. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 ai ales aceast\u0103 cale, ai deschise mai multe op\u021biuni.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DevOps sau DevSecOps \u2014 specializare la intersec\u021bia dezvolt\u0103rii, administr\u0103rii \u0219i securit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen prezent, aten\u021bia pentru DevOps cre\u0219te \u0219i acest trend va continua, dezvolt\u00e2ndu-se \u00een direc\u021bia containeriz\u0103rii, aplica\u021biilor \u0219i sistemelor \u00eenc\u0103rcate, arhitecturii microserviciilor etc. Studiaz\u0103 toate acestea, at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t arat\u0103 ca cel mai prioritar viitor.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Securitatea informa\u021bional\u0103 \u2014 o alt\u0103 direc\u021bie de dezvoltare. Dac\u0103 \u00een trecut speciali\u0219tii \u00een infosecuritate erau doar \u00een telecomunica\u021bii \u0219i b\u0103nci, ast\u0103zi sunt necesari practic \u00een orice companie IT. Domeniul nu este simplu, va necesita cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een dezvoltare, sisteme de hacking \u0219i protec\u021bie \u2014 este mult mai profund dec\u00e2t a instala un antivirus \u0219i a configura un firewall. \u0218i, apropo, pentru infosecuritate exist\u0103 specialit\u0103\u021bi separate \u00een universit\u0103\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 dac\u0103 e\u0219ti la \u00eenceputul drumului, po\u021bi s\u0103 te \u00eenscrii direct pe profil, iar dac\u0103 e\u0219ti \u201eveteran\u201d, po\u021bi considera o masterat pentru aprofundarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i ob\u021binerea diplomei.<\/li>\n<li>CTO, CIO \u2014 pozi\u021bii de conducere \u00een domeniul IT sau \u00een departamentele IT ale companiilor. O alegere excelent\u0103 pentru cei care, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 g\u00e2ndirea sistemic\u0103 \u0219i dragostea pentru tehnologie, au abilit\u0103\u021bi de management \u0219i financiare. Vei coordona \u00eentreaga infrastructur\u0103 IT, vei implementa solu\u021bii complexe, vei construi arhitecturi pentru afaceri, iar acest lucru, desigur, este foarte bine pl\u0103tit. Cu toate acestea, a\u0219a cum arat\u0103 practica, un CTO\/CIO \u00eentr-o companie mare este, de asemenea, abilitatea de a negocia, de a explica, de a justifica \u0219i de a ob\u021bine bugetele necesare, implic\u00e2nd nervi colosali \u0219i responsabilitate.<\/li>\n<li>A deschide propria afacere. De exemplu, a te ocupa de administrarea sistemelor \u0219i suportul companiilor ca outsourcing. Atunci vei putea s\u0103-\u021bi organizezi programul, s\u0103 planifici rentabilitatea \u0219i ocuparea, oferind acele servicii la care exceli. \u00cens\u0103 acest drum nu este u\u0219or, at\u00e2t din perspectiva g\u0103sirii \u0219i men\u021binerii unei baze de clien\u021bi, c\u00e2t \u0219i din perspectiva managementului, finan\u021belor \u0219i legisla\u021biei.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDesigur, po\u021bi p\u0103trunde \u00een telecomunica\u021bii, dezvoltare, managementul v\u00e2nz\u0103rilor de produse tehnic complexe (de altfel, o variant\u0103 costisitoare!), dar \u0219i \u00een marketing \u2014 totul depinde de \u00eenclina\u021biile tale personale \u0219i de \u00een\u021belegerea specializ\u0103rii tale. Sau po\u021bi r\u0103m\u00e2ne un administrator de sistem excelent \u0219i s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219ti pe to\u021bi men\u021biona\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te salariul \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile. Dar pentru asta trebuie s\u0103 coincid\u0103 dorin\u021bele tale \u0219i experien\u021ba ta cu \u00een\u021belegerea din partea conducerii companiei tale a importan\u021bei infrastructurii IT (ceea ce este, \u00een mod real, o raritate).\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Mituri despre profesie<\/h2>\n<p>\nCa orice profesie, administrarea sistemelor este \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de mituri. Cu pl\u0103cere voi demonta cele mai comune.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Administratorii de sistem sunt o profesie de munc\u0103. Nu, este o munc\u0103 intelectual\u0103, complex\u0103, cu multitasking \u0219i sarcini, deoarece \u00een lumea modern\u0103 infrastructura IT \u00eenseamn\u0103 prea mult \u00een orice companie.<\/li>\n<li>Administratorii de sistem sunt r\u0103i. Nu, \u00een mod normal - \u00een func\u021bie de caracterul posesorului profesiei. Dar sunt cu adev\u0103rat irita\u021bi de utilizatorii care nu pot descrie problema sau, Doamne fere\u0219te, se consider\u0103 aproape hackeri \u0219i, \u00eenainte de a cere ajutor, complic\u0103 problema la maxim.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profesie: administrator de sistem\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/0b2645440f2e449cd821dfa7181c0476.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nu sunt r\u0103i, ci periculo\u0219i!<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Administratorii de sistem nu au nevoie de educa\u021bie formal\u0103. Dac\u0103 nu dori\u021bi s\u0103 petrece\u021bi \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103 repar\u00e2nd lucruri simple \u0219i ocup\u00e2ndu-v\u0103 de sarcini de baz\u0103, cum ar fi instalarea antivirusului \u0219i a altor programe, trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi constant, at\u00e2t pe cont propriu, c\u00e2t \u0219i prin cursuri profesionale de certificare. O diplom\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt superior poate accelera procesul de auto-\u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea informa\u021biilor tehnice complexe.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Administratorii de sistem sunt lene\u0219i. Oh, acesta este mitul meu preferat! Un bun administrator de sistem lucreaz\u0103 cu instrumente software pentru gestionarea infrastructurii IT \u0219i men\u021bine \u00eentreaga sistem \u00een ordine. Acest lucru necesit\u0103 o cantitate uria\u0219\u0103 de timp \u0219i adesea implic\u0103 munc\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, dar, din exterior, pare c\u0103 administratorul de sistem doar st\u0103 la computer, la fel ca noi to\u021bi. Din perspectiva unui om obi\u0219nuit, aceasta pare o neglijen\u021b\u0103: administratorul trebuie s\u0103 se \u00eenv\u00e2rt\u0103 printre cabluri \u0219i s\u0103 se plimbe cu un crimper \u0219i un stripper \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103. E o prostie, pe scurt. De\u0219i nimeni nu este perfect, ve\u021bi sim\u021bi imediat un administrator de sistem lene\u0219 pe propria piele.<\/li>\n<li>Administratorii de sistem sunt ne\u00eengriji\u021bi, se \u00eembrac\u0103 \u00een pulovere l\u0103rgi \u0219i au barb\u0103. Aspectul administratorului de sistem nu este dictat de nicio norm\u0103 \u0219i depinde exclusiv de preferin\u021bele sale personale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDar, \u00een general, este o f\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103 de adev\u0103r \u00een fiecare glum\u0103, iar administratorii de sistem sunt oameni colora\u021bi, interesan\u021bi, cu un mod de comunicare aparte. Cu ei, \u00eentotdeauna po\u021bi g\u0103si un limbaj comun.<\/p>\n<h2>Cel mai important sfat<\/h2>\n<p>\nMinuni nu exist\u0103 \u0219i nu ve\u021bi deveni un super administrator de sistem dac\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi \u00eentr-o mic\u0103 companie, f\u0103c\u00e2nd lucruri de baz\u0103. Ve\u021bi ajunge cu siguran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 fi\u021bi epuizat, s\u0103 v\u0103 dezam\u0103gi\u021bi de profesie \u0219i s\u0103 sus\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103 este cea mai rea munc\u0103 din lume. A\u0219adar, dezvolta\u021bi-v\u0103, schimba\u021bi locul de munc\u0103, nu evita\u021bi sarcinile interesante \u0219i complicate - \u0219i nici nu ve\u021bi observa cum ajunge\u021bi s\u0103 fi\u021bi un profesionist c\u0103utat \u0219i bine pl\u0103tit.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>P.S.:<\/b> \u00een comentarii, a\u0219tept\u0103m, ca de obicei, sfaturi de la administratorii de sistem experimenta\u021bi \u0219i pove\u0219ti despre ce v-a ajutat \u00een carier\u0103, cum a\u021bi ajuns la aceast\u0103 munc\u0103, ce iubi\u021bi \u0219i ce nu. Cum este, administrarea sistemelor \u00een 2020?<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\/#order\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profesie: administrator de sistem\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/98f515cd3ee1bc84d2d960e9d3c316b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/486204\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0435\u00bb. \u0418 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c \u2014 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u2014 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u2014 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u2014 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437, \u0434\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043c \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":40724,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40723","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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