{"id":40852,"date":"2020-02-05T10:06:41","date_gmt":"2020-02-05T07:06:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/podkrovatnyj-hosting-zhutkaya-praktika-domashnih-hostingov"},"modified":"2020-02-05T10:06:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-05T07:06:41","slug":"podkrovatnyj-hosting-zhutkaya-praktika-domashnih-hostingov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/podkrovatnyj-hosting-zhutkaya-praktika-domashnih-hostingov","title":{"rendered":"Hosting subteran: o practic\u0103 ciudat\u0103 a gazdelor de acas\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Hosting
\nHostingul \u00absubteran\u00bb este o denumire jargon pentru un server amplasat \u00eentr-o locuin\u021b\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u0219i conectat la o re\u021bea de internet de acas\u0103. Pe aceste servere erau de obicei g\u0103zduite un server FTP public, pagina de start a proprietarului \u0219i, uneori, chiar un \u00eentreg hosting pentru alte proiecte. Fenomenul a fost r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een primele zile ale accesului la internet de acas\u0103 prin conexiuni dedicate, c\u00e2nd \u00eenchirierea unui server dedicat \u00eentr-un data center era prea scump\u0103, iar serverele virtuale nu erau \u00eenc\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u0219i suficient de convenabile. <\/p>\n

Cel mai adesea, pentru serverul \u00absubteran\u00bb se utiliza un computer vechi, \u00een care erau instalate toate hard disk-urile disponibile. De asemenea, putea \u00eendeplini rolul de router de acas\u0103 \u0219i firewall. Un astfel de server era nelipsit din casa fiec\u0103rui angajat respectabil din telecomunica\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia serviciilor cloud accesibile, serverele de acas\u0103 au devenit mai pu\u021bin populare, iar ast\u0103zi, maximul ce poate fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een apartamentele de locuit este un NAS pentru stocarea albumelor foto, filmelor \u0219i backup-urilor. <\/p>\n

Articolul analizeaz\u0103 cazurile amuzante legate de serverele de acas\u0103 \u0219i problemele cu care se confrunt\u0103 administratorii acestora. S\u0103 vedem cum arat\u0103 acest fenomen \u00een zilele noastre \u0219i s\u0103 ales ce interesant putem gazdui pe propriul server subteran ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Hosting
\nServere ale re\u021belei de apartamente din ora\u0219ul Nova Kahovka. Foto de pe site-ul nag.ru<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adres\u0103 IP corect\u0103<\/h2>\n

\n\"HostingCerin\u021ba principal\u0103 pentru un server de acas\u0103 era existen\u021ba unei adrese IP reale, adic\u0103 o adres\u0103 IP rutabil\u0103 din internet. Mul\u021bi furnizori nu ofereau acest serviciu persoanelor fizice, iar ob\u021binerea acesteia se f\u0103cea \u00een urma unor \u00een\u021belegeri speciale. Adesea, furnizorul solicita semnarea unui contract separat pentru furnizarea unei adrese IP dedicate. Uneori, chiar \u0219i aceast\u0103 procedur\u0103 presupunea crearea unui NIC Handle separat pentru proprietar, ceea ce ducea la faptul c\u0103 numele complet \u0219i adresa de acas\u0103 erau accesibile direct prin comanda Whois. Aici era necesar s\u0103 fim aten\u021bi \u00een disputele din internet, deoarece gluma cu \u00aba fi tras la fa\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 IP\u00bb \u00eenceta s\u0103 fie o glum\u0103. Apropo, nu cu mult timp \u00een urm\u0103 a existat un scandal cu furnizorul Akado<\/a><\/noindex>, care a decis s\u0103 afi\u0219eze \u00een whois informa\u021biile personale ale tuturor clien\u021bilor s\u0103i. <\/p>\n

Adres\u0103 IP static\u0103 vs DynDNS<\/h3>\n

\nEste bine dac\u0103 ai reu\u0219it s\u0103 ob\u021bii o adres\u0103 IP static\u0103 \u2014 astfel, puteai s\u0103 \u00eendrep\u021bi rapid toate numele de domeniu c\u0103tre ea \u0219i s\u0103 ui\u021bi de problemele legate de schimbare, dar acest lucru nu era \u00eentotdeauna posibil. Multe dintre marile ISP-uri ADSL de la nivel federal ofereau clien\u021bilor o adres\u0103 IP real\u0103 doar pentru durata sesiunii, adic\u0103 aceasta se putea schimba fie o dat\u0103 pe zi, fie \u00een cazul \u00een care modemul era repornit sau conexiunea se \u00eentrerupea. \u00cen astfel de cazuri, serviciile Dyn (DNS dinamic) veneau \u00een ajutor. Cel mai popular serviciu Dyn.com<\/a><\/noindex>, pentru o perioad\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103 gratuit, oferea posibilitatea de a ob\u021bine un subdomeniu \u00een zona *.dyndns.org<\/b>, care putea fi actualizat rapid \u00een cazul schimb\u0103rii adresei IP. Un script special de pe partea clientului trimitea constant cereri c\u0103tre serverul DynDNS, iar, \u00een cazul \u00een care adresa de ie\u0219ire s-a schimbat, noua adres\u0103 era imediat setat\u0103 \u00een \u00eenregistrarea A a subdomeniului.<\/p>\n

Porturi blocate \u0219i protocoale interzise<\/h2>\n

\n\"Hosting Multe ISP-uri, \u00een special marile ADSL, erau \u00eempotriva ideii ca utilizatorii s\u0103 g\u0103zduiasc\u0103 pe adresele lor servicii publice, a\u0219a c\u0103 interziceau conexiunile de intrare pe porturi populare, cum ar fi HTTP. Exist\u0103 cazuri cunoscute, c\u00e2nd ISP-urile blocau porturile serverelor de jocuri, precum Counter-Strike \u0219i Half-Life. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este popular\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi, iar uneori cauzeaz\u0103 probleme. De exemplu, aproape toate ISP-urile blocheaz\u0103 porturile RPC \u0219i NetBios Windows (135-139 \u0219i 445) pentru a preveni r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea virusilor, iar adesea porturile de intrare pentru protocoalele email SMTP, POP3, IMAP sunt \u0219i ele blocate.<\/p>\n

ISP-urile care ofer\u0103, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 internet, \u0219i servicii de VoIP iubesc s\u0103 blocheze porturile protoclului SIP, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 \u00eei determine pe clien\u021bi s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 doar serviciile lor de telefonie.<\/p>\n

PTR \u0219i trimiterea de emailuri<\/h2>\n

\nG\u0103zduirea propriului server de email este un subiect mare \u0219i complex. S\u0103 ai un server de email personal, complet sub controlul t\u0103u, este o idee foarte tentant\u0103. Dar implementarea \u00een practic\u0103 s-a dovedit a fi nu \u00eentotdeauna posibil\u0103. Majoritatea intervalelor de adrese IP ale ISP-urilor de acas\u0103 sunt \u00een permanent pe listele de spam (Policy Block List<\/a><\/noindex>), de aceea serverele de email refuz\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 accepte conexiuni intrare pe SMTP de la adrese IP ale ISP-urilor de acas\u0103. Ca rezultat, trimiterea unui email dintr-un astfel de server era practic imposibil\u0103. <\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, pentru a trimite cu succes emailuri, era necesar\u0103 configurarea corect\u0103 a unui \u00eenregistr\u0103ri PTR pentru adresa IP, adic\u0103 a conversiei inverse a adresei IP \u00eentr-un nume de domeniu. Majoritatea furnizorilor acceptau acest lucru doar printr-o \u00een\u021belegere special\u0103 sau prin \u00eencheierea unui contract separat. <\/p>\n

C\u0103ut\u0103m serverele de sub pat ale vecinilor<\/h2>\n

\nFolosind \u00eenregistr\u0103rile PTR, putem vedea cine dintre vecinii no\u0219tri pe adresele IP a convenit s\u0103 instaleze o \u00eenregistrare DNS special\u0103 pentru IP-ul s\u0103u. Pentru aceasta, vom lua adresa noastr\u0103 IP de acas\u0103 \u0219i vom rula comanda whois<\/b>, \u0219i vom ob\u021bine intervalul de adrese pe care furnizorul le ofer\u0103 clien\u021bilor. Pot exista multe astfel de intervale, dar pentru experiment vom verifica unul. <\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul nostru, acesta este furnizorul Onlime (Rostelecom). Acces\u0103m 2ip.ro<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i ob\u021binem adresa noastr\u0103 IP:
\n\"Hosting
\nApropo, Onlime este unul dintre acei furnizori care ofer\u0103 clien\u021bilor o adres\u0103 IP permanent\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna, chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 serviciul de adres\u0103 IP dedicat\u0103 activat\u0103. Totu\u0219i, adresa poate r\u0103m\u00e2ne neschimbat\u0103 timp de luni \u00eentregi.<\/i><\/p>\n

Vom rezolva \u00eentregul interval de adrese 95.84.192.0\/18 (aproximativ 16 mii adrese) folosind nmap. Op\u021biunea -sL<\/b> nu efectueaz\u0103 \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 o scanare activ\u0103 a gazdelor, ci trimite doar solicit\u0103ri DNS, astfel c\u0103 \u00een rezultate vom vedea doar liniile care con\u021bin domeniul asociat cu adresa IP. <\/p>\n

$ nmap -sL -vvv 95.84.192.0\/18\n\n......\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-131.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.131)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-132.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.132)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-133.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.133)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-134.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.134)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-135.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.135)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru mx2.merpassa.ru (95.84.195.136)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-137.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.137)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-138.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.138)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-139.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.139)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-140.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.140)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-141.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.141)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-142.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.142)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-143.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.143)\nRaport de scanare Nmap pentru broadband-95-84-195-144.ip.moscow.rt.ru (95.84.195.144)\n.....\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nMajoritatea adreselor au o \u00eenregistrare PTR standard de forma broadband-adres.ip.moscow.rt.ru<\/b> cu excep\u021bia c\u00e2torva, printre care mx2.merpassa.ru<\/b>. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 subdomeniul mx, acesta este un server de email (mail exchange). Vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 verific\u0103m aceast\u0103 adres\u0103 \u00een serviciul SpamHaus<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
\"Hosting
\nSe observ\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eentregul interval IP se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o list\u0103 de blocare permanent\u0103, iar emailurile trimise de pe acest server vor ajunge foarte rar la destinatar. \u021aine\u021bi cont de acest aspect atunci c\u00e2nd alege\u021bi un server pentru emailurile de ie\u0219ire.<\/p>\n
Men\u021binerea unui server de email \u00een intervalul de IP-uri al unui furnizor de internet de acas\u0103 este \u00eentotdeauna o idee proast\u0103. Un astfel de server va avea probleme cu trimiterea \u0219i primirea emailurilor. Ave\u021bi grij\u0103 la acest lucru, dac\u0103 administratorul dvs. de sistem propune s\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219ura\u021bi serverul de email pe adresa de IP a biroului.
\nFolosi\u021bi fie un hosting adev\u0103rat, fie un serviciu de email. Astfel va trebui s\u0103 suna\u021bi mai rar pentru a verifica dac\u0103 emailurile dvs. au ajuns. \n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Hosting pe un router WiFi<\/h2>\n
\nOdat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia computerelor pe un singur cip, cum ar fi Raspberry Pi, nu mai surprinde pe nimeni un site lansat pe un dispozitiv de dimensiunea unei cutii de \u021big\u0103ri, dar chiar \u0219i \u00eenainte de apari\u021bia Raspberry Pi, entuzia\u0219tii lansau pagini de start direct pe routerele WiFi! 
\n\"Hosting
\n Legendara router WRT54G, de la care a \u00eenceput proiectul OpenWRT \u00een 2004<\/p>\n
Routerul Linksys WRT54G, de la care a \u00eenceput proiectul OpenWRT, nu avea porturi USB, \u00eens\u0103 me\u0219te\u0219ugarii au g\u0103sit pini GPIO lipi\u021bi \u00een el, care puteau fi folosi\u021bi ca SPI. A\u0219a a ap\u0103rut un mod care ad\u0103uga un card SD \u00een dispozitiv. Aceasta a deschis o libertate uria\u0219\u0103 pentru crea\u021bie. Puteai chiar s\u0103 construie\u0219ti un \u00eentreg PHP! \u00cemi amintesc personal cum, f\u0103r\u0103 a \u0219ti s\u0103 lipesc, am lipit un card SD la acest router. Mai t\u00e2rziu, routerele vor avea deja porturi USB, iar tu vei putea pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 introduci un stick USB. <\/p>\n
\u00cen trecut, pe internet existau mai multe proiecte care erau complet desf\u0103\u0219urate pe un router WiFi de acas\u0103, despre care va fi o not\u0103 mai jos. Din p\u0103cate, nu am reu\u0219it s\u0103 g\u0103sesc niciun site live. Poate \u0219ti\u021bi astfel de site-uri?\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Dulapuri pentru servere din mese IKEA<\/h2>\n
\n\"Hosting
\nOdat\u0103, cineva a descoperit c\u0103 masa popular\u0103 de cafea de la IKEA, numit\u0103 Lack, se potrive\u0219te de minune ca suport pentru servere standard de 19 inci. Datorit\u0103 pre\u021bului de $9, aceast\u0103 mas\u0103 a devenit foarte popular\u0103 pentru construirea centrelor de date de acas\u0103. Aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 de montaj a fost numit\u0103 Lack Rack<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n
\"Hosting
\nMasa IKEA Lack este perfect\u0103 ca \u00eenlocuitor pentru un dulap de servere<\/p>\n
Mesele puteau fi montate una peste alta, construind adev\u0103rate dulapuri pentru servere. Din p\u0103cate, din cauza MDF-ului fragil, mesele cedeaz\u0103 sub greutatea serverelor. Pentru a le \u00eent\u0103ri, erau folosite unghiuri metalice.<\/p>\n
\"Hosting
\n<\/p>\n
Cum elevii m-au privat de internet<\/h2>\n
\nAm avut, ca toat\u0103 lumea, \u0219i eu un server sub pat, pe care rula un forum simplu dedicat jocurilor. Odat\u0103, un \u0219colar nemul\u021bumit de un ban a \u00eencercat s\u0103 se r\u0103zbune, adun\u00e2ndu-\u0219i prietenii, \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fac\u0103 DDoS la forumul meu de pe calculatoarele lor de acas\u0103. Deoarece \u00eentreaga l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 de internet era de aproximativ 20 de Megabi\u021bi, au reu\u0219it s\u0103 paralizeze complet internetul meu de acas\u0103. Niciun blocaj pe firewall nu a ajutat, pentru c\u0103 se producea o epuizare total\u0103 a canalului.
\nPrivit\u0103 din exterior, situa\u021bia era foarte amuzant\u0103:<\/p>\n
\u2014 Alo, de ce nu-mi r\u0103spunzi \u00een messenger? 
\n\u2014 \u00cemi pare r\u0103u, nu am internet, m\u0103 atac\u0103.<\/b><\/p>\n
Cererea c\u0103tre furnizorul de internet nu a ajutat, mi-au r\u0103spuns c\u0103 nu este \u00een responsabilitatea lor s\u0103 se ocupe de asta \u0219i c\u0103 pot doar s\u0103 \u00eemi blocheze complet traficul de intrare. Astfel, am stat dou\u0103 zile f\u0103r\u0103 internet, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd atacatorilor le-a trecut. <\/p>\n
Concluzie<\/h2>\n
\nAici ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fie o selec\u021bie de servicii P2P moderne, care pot fi instalate pe un server de acas\u0103, cum ar fi ZeroNet, IPFS, Tahoe-LAFS, BitTorrent, I2P. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een ultimii doi ani, opinia mea s-a schimbat drastic. Cred c\u0103 g\u0103zduirea oric\u0103ror servicii publice pe o adres\u0103 IP de acas\u0103, mai ales cele care implic\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea de con\u021binut generat de utilizatori, creeaz\u0103 un risc nejustificat pentru to\u021bi locatarii din apartament. Acum recomand s\u0103 se interzic\u0103 la maximum conexiunile de intrare din internet, s\u0103 renun\u021be la adresele IP dedicate \u0219i s\u0103 p\u0103streze toate proiectele pe servere remote \u00een internet.<\/p>\n
\"Hosting
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
Urm\u0103ri\u021bi dezvoltatorul nostru pe Instagram<\/h3>\n
\n\"Hosting<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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