{"id":41564,"date":"2020-02-11T20:44:15","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T17:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom"},"modified":"2020-02-11T20:44:15","modified_gmt":"2020-02-11T17:44:15","slug":"skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/skolko-mozhet-dlitsya-dolgostroj-kotoromu-suzhdeno-stat-shedevrom","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e2t timp poate dura o construc\u021bie de lung\u0103 durat\u0103, care este destinat\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 o capodoper\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Compania noastr\u0103 \u00abINSISTEMS\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> particip\u0103 la construc\u021bii mari \u0219i mici. Am scris deja pe Habr despre proiectele noastre de construc\u021bie<\/a><\/noindex>, iar ast\u0103zi propunem s\u0103 reflect\u0103m asupra construc\u021biilor grandioase din diferite epoci, care au durat, dup\u0103 standardele actuale, foarte mult, dar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 aceste obiecte au devenit monumente ale arhitecturii mondiale.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/a><\/noindex>
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cum se construia \u00eenainte<\/h2>\n

\nDac\u0103 am reduce istoria dezvolt\u0103rii tehnologiilor de construc\u021bie la trei etape \u00een stilul \u201eam venit, am v\u0103zut, am \u00eenvins\u201d, atunci ar rezulta: omul a aflat c\u0103 din minereu se poate face metal, a inventat betonul armat, a construit buldozerul. Inventarea majorit\u0103\u021bii mecanismelor care au accelerat semnificativ construc\u021bia a avut loc \u00een secolul XX. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, munca manual\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2nea principala for\u021b\u0103 pe \u0219antier. \u00cen ajutorul oamenilor erau rulouri din lemn, levieruri \u0219i mecanisme de ridicare. De obicei, echipamentele de construc\u021bie erau fabricate la locul de munc\u0103, iar dup\u0103 finalizarea construc\u021biei, erau demontate.<\/p>\n

Deoarece toate uneltele erau elementare \u0219i nu afectau semnificativ productivitatea, accelerarea construc\u021biei se putea face doar prin for\u021b\u0103 de munc\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, ceea ce era imposibil f\u0103r\u0103 bugete colosale. Aceste sume mari erau alocate, mai ales, pentru construc\u021bia templelor \u0219i catedralelor. Aici se putea atrage at\u00e2tea persoane c\u00e2t era necesar pentru a construi \u00eentr-un timp scurt. De exemplu, Catedrala Sf\u00e2nta Sofia din Constantinopol (537 d.Hr.) a fost construit\u0103 \u00een doar 6 ani, ceea ce \u00een acel timp era de neconceput pentru un templu cu o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 55,6 m. Dar timp de 6 ani, 10.000 de muncitori au lucrat la ea. Iat\u0103, aceasta este pre\u021bul unei construc\u021bii grandioase, devenit\u0103 simbol al Istanbulului. Timp de peste 1000 de ani, aceast\u0103 catedral\u0103 a r\u0103mas cea mai mare din lumea cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\n

Costurile nu erau doar pentru for\u021ba de munc\u0103, ci \u0219i pentru materialele de construc\u021bie. Despre faptul c\u0103 construc\u021bia unor edificii religioase era foarte costisitoare, scriu istoricii. De exemplu, cercet\u0103torul american Henry Kraus a comparat mortarul de construc\u021bie cu aurul \u0219i a folosit aceast\u0103 metafor\u0103 \u00een titlul c\u0103r\u021bii sale Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. \u00cen aceast\u0103 carte sunt prezentate cercet\u0103rile sale privind finan\u021barea construc\u021biei unor catedrale europene \u00een perioada medieval\u0103.<\/p>\n

Fiecare \u021bar\u0103 are propria sa \u201econstruc\u021bie de aur\u201d \u2013 \u00een Spania (celebrul Sagrada Familia), \u00een Cambodgia (Angkor Wat), \u00een China \u0219i, desigur, \u00een Rusia. Astfel de proiecte merit\u0103 s\u0103 fie incluse \u00een lista minunilor lumii, iar, indiferent de c\u00e2t de mult s-ar \u00eentinde construc\u021bia lor, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 aceasta s-a finalizat (aproape la toate).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t timp poate dura construirea unui proiect grandios, demn s\u0103 devin\u0103 un monument al arhitecturii mondiale?<\/p>\n

Marele Zid Chinezesc \u2013 2000 de ani<\/h2>\n

\n\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Una dintre cele mai celebre construc\u021bii din lume, a c\u0103rei realizare a durat mai bine de 2000 de ani. Pe traseul zidului se afl\u0103 de\u0219erturi \u0219i r\u00e2uri, mun\u021bi \u0219i c\u00e2mpii. Construc\u021bia zidului a \u00eenceput \u00een secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i a fost finalizat\u0103 \u00een mijlocul secolului al XVII-lea d.Hr. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 300.000 de oameni au lucrat la zid, iar \u00een total, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2 milioane de oameni au fost implica\u021bi \u00een proiect.<\/p>\n

Cantitatea de material folosit\u0103 se m\u0103soar\u0103 \u00een milioane de tone. \u00cen procesul de construc\u021bie, lucr\u0103torii au ob\u021binut \u00een principal materialele din locul respectiv. Zidurile erau f\u0103cute din nisip, iar pentru fiabilitate, spa\u021biul dintre cele dou\u0103 ziduri era umplut cu stuf \u0219i salcie. \u00cen mun\u021bi, zidul era construit din piatr\u0103 brut\u0103 \u0219i din diverse tipuri de roc\u0103. Au trecut secole, tehnologiile s-au perfec\u021bionat, au ap\u0103rut noi materiale. Cele mai recente p\u0103r\u021bi ale zidului, ridicate de dinastia Ming, sunt construite din c\u0103r\u0103mid\u0103 \u0219i mortar \u2013 exact a\u0219a cum facem \u0219i ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

Fapt curios<\/b>: unii cred c\u0103 zidul poate fi v\u0103zut din spa\u021biu, dar aceasta este o legend\u0103 care a fost deja infirmat\u0103 de mai multe ori.<\/p>\n

Sagrada Familia \u2013 mai mult de 137 de ani<\/h2>\n

\nSuntem siguri c\u0103 acesta este primul edificiu pe care l-a\u021bi amintit c\u00e2nd a\u021bi citit titlul articolului. Proiectul lui Antoni Gaud\u00ed este \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een construc\u021bie. Prima piatr\u0103 a bazilicii a fost a\u0219ezat\u0103 \u00een 1882. \u00cen anul mor\u021bii lui Gaud\u00ed \u2013 1926 \u2013 catedrala era construit\u0103 doar pe o p\u0103trime, iar ar fi simbolic dac\u0103 construc\u021bia s-ar finaliza totu\u0219i \u00een aniversarea de 100 de ani de la moarte.<\/p>\n

La Sagrada exist\u0103 site-ul nostru<\/a><\/noindex>, unde pute\u021bi vedea o prognoz\u0103 optimist\u0103 conform c\u0103reia bazilica ar putea fi finalizat\u0103 \u00een secolul XXI. Se estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 acum construc\u021bia este completat\u0103 \u00een propor\u021bie de 70% \u0219i a atins o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 90,1 metri (\u00een timp ce este planificat 172,5 m).<\/p>\n

Apropo, pe acest site pute\u021bi oric\u00e2nd s\u0103 v\u0103 conecta\u021bi la camera online \u0219i s\u0103 verifica\u021bi personal cum avanseaz\u0103 construc\u021bia sau restaurarea.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 imagine arhivistic\u0103 din 1892 sunt ilustra\u021bi c\u00e2\u021biva macarale folosite la construc\u021bia criptelor templului Sagrada Familia. Aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie din lemn reprezint\u0103 un sistem de pulte cu fr\u00e2nghii \u2013 acest tip de crane a fost folosit prima dat\u0103 de romani \u0219i putea ridica p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2,5 tone.<\/p>\n

Fapt curios<\/b>: autorit\u0103\u021bile din Barcelona au anun\u021bat c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 nicio \u00eenregistrare c\u0103 s-ar fi eliberat vreun permis pentru construc\u021bie solicitat \u00een 1885. Iat\u0103 c\u0103, la 137 de ani dup\u0103 \u00eenceputul construc\u021biei, ora\u0219ul a oferit constructorilor o licen\u021b\u0103 valabil\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2026. S\u0103 ne \u021binem degetele \u00eencruci\u0219ate: trebuie s\u0103 reu\u0219easc\u0103!<\/p>\n

Angkor Wat (Cambodgia) \u2013 37 de ani<\/h2>\n

\n\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Angkor Wat a fost construit \u00eentre anii 1113 \u0219i 1150 d.Hr. Se spune c\u0103 acest templu a fost construit nu \u00een 4 decenii, ci \u00een 4 secole, ceea ce este gre\u0219it. Neconcordan\u021ba \u00een datarea construc\u021biei provine din faptul c\u0103 Angkor Wat se afla \u00een inima imperiului khmer \u2013 ora\u0219ul Angkor, \u0219i unii consider\u0103 anii de construc\u021bie a ora\u0219ului (care sunt tocmai 400 de ani) ca anii de construc\u021bie a templului.<\/p>\n

Cl\u0103direa reprezint\u0103 o piramid\u0103 cu trei niveluri, orientat\u0103 spre vest. Construc\u021bia templului a avut loc de la centru spre periferie. Din orice punct de vedere se deschid \u00eentotdeauna doar trei turnuri din cinci, a\u0219a c\u0103, \u0219i dup\u0103 standardele moderne, Angkor Wat este o wonder a arhitecturii.<\/p>\n

5 milioane de tone de sandstone, folosite pentru construc\u021bia templului, au fost transportate pe o distan\u021b\u0103 de 50 km de la cariera cea mai apropiat\u0103 de muncitorii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i. La construc\u021bia acestei minuni arhitecturale au participat aproximativ 300.000 de oameni \u0219i 6.000 de elefan\u021bi, care sunt exact reprezenta\u021bi \u00een ilustra\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Construc\u021bia khmer\u0103 apar\u021bine unei etape de tranzi\u021bie \u00een dezvoltarea tehnicii de construc\u021bie: c\u0103r\u0103mida \u0219i piatra reproduc formele \u0219i tehnicile arhitecturii din lemn. De exemplu, sculpturile pe pere\u021bi imit\u0103 panourile de bambus.<\/p>\n

Fapt curios<\/b>: complexul templului din Angkor Wat este at\u00e2t de cunoscut \u00eenc\u00e2t cambodgienii chiar l-au plasat pe imaginea sa pe steagul lor.<\/p>\n

Catedrala din K\u00f6ln \u2013 632 de ani<\/h2>\n

\n\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\u0218ase secole \u2013 este un exemplu demn al abord\u0103rii germane: dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 faci ceva, atunci s\u0103 fie de calitate, chiar dac\u0103 dureaz\u0103 mult. C\u00e2nd catedrala, \u00eenceput\u0103 \u00een 1248, a fost finalizat\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XIX, s-a dovedit a fi cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 cl\u0103dire din lume (157 m). Ulterior, recordul a fost dep\u0103\u0219it de catedrala din Ulm (161 m) \u0219i de zg\u00e2rie-norii din SUA. Este important de precizat c\u0103 construc\u021bia Catedralei din K\u00f6ln nu a durat efectiv 632 de ani: \u00een 1437 lucr\u0103rile au fost oprite din cauza lipsei de bani \u0219i tehnologie. P\u00e2n\u0103 la acel moment, fuseser\u0103 gata pere\u021bii, corul, turnul sudic, baza navei, dar acoperi\u0219ul a fost realizat oarecum provizoriu \u0219i nu proteja interiorul templelor de intemperii. Pentru a finaliza catedrala \u00een secolul XIX, a fost nevoie de mai bine de 20 de ani pentru restaurarea p\u0103r\u021bii deja construite.<\/p>\n

Vre\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eentreba\u021bi c\u00e2t a costat construc\u021bia? \u00cen termenii de ast\u0103zi, au fost cheltuite \u00een total mai mult de 1 miliard de euro. \u00cen atelierul catedralei lucrau peste 500 de oameni, iar cele mai moderne tehnologii de construc\u021bie au fost folosite, cum ar fi sistemul de ridicare a \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turilor cu t\u0103rie de \u0219enile sau motoarele cu aburi.<\/p>\n

Fapt curios<\/b>: \u00een catedral\u0103 sunt instalate 11 clopote, unul dintre ele (Decke Pitter<\/a><\/noindex>) fiind cel mai mare clopot func\u021bional din lume. A fost turnat \u00een 1923 \u0219i c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te 24 de tone.<\/p>\n

Catedrala din Milano \u2013 579 de ani<\/h2>\n

\n\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cine ar putea concura cu germanii \u00een construc\u021bia cl\u0103dirilor \u00eenalte? Desigur, italii. Cea mai mare catedral\u0103 din Europa ca suprafa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i a cincea din lume, Catedrala din Milano a fost fondat\u0103 \u00een acela\u0219i an \u00een care s-a n\u0103scut marele sculptor \u0219i artist al Rena\u0219terii Donatello (1386) \u0219i finalizat\u0103 c\u00e2nd The Beatles au lansat \u00abRubber Soul\u00bb (1965). Construc\u021bia a durat at\u00e2t de mult \u00eenc\u00e2t chiar \u0219i prin standardele italiene \u2013 579 de ani. \u00cen limbaj a ap\u0103rut expresia consacrat\u0103 fabbrica del duomo (construc\u021bia catedralei). Se spune acest lucru atunci c\u00e2nd realizarea unei sarcini a durat foarte mult.<\/p>\n

La construc\u021bie au participat 78 de arhitec\u021bi din Europa. Cl\u0103direa trebuia ini\u021bial construit\u0103 din c\u0103r\u0103mid\u0103 de teracot\u0103, dar s-a folosit apoi marmur\u0103 de Condole cu lacul Maggiore. Prin urmare, fa\u021bada este eterogen\u0103: exist\u0103 zone roz, albe \u0219i gri deschis. Pentru a transporta marmura pe \u0219antier, \u00een ora\u0219 au fost s\u0103pate canale special.
\n\u00a0
\nFinalizarea construc\u021biei catedralei a fost realizat\u0103 nu de altcineva dec\u00e2t de Napoleon Bonaparte. La \u00eenceputul anilor 1800, dup\u0103 ce a cucerit ora\u0219ul, el a dorit s\u0103 fie \u00eencoronat chiar \u00een Duomo, a\u0219a c\u0103 trebuia s\u0103 finalizeze urgent construc\u021bia. P\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eencoronare, la dispozi\u021bia sa personal\u0103, s-au terminat cu urgen\u021b\u0103 lucr\u0103rile la fa\u021bad\u0103.
\n\u00a0
\nApropo, \u00een jurul acelei perioade, c\u00e2nd italienii au finalizat Duomo di Milano, au fost necesare restaur\u0103ri pentru p\u0103r\u021bile cl\u0103dirii care au fost construite primele.<\/p>\n

Un fapt curioas\u0103:<\/b> construc\u021bia nu s-a \u00eencheiat nici dup\u0103 \u00eencoronarea lui Napoleon. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului XIX, lucr\u0103rile de ornamentare a templului continuau: s-au ad\u0103ugat vitralii noi, sculpturi \u0219i alte elemente decorative. \u0218i abia \u00een 1965 construc\u021bia a fost complet finalizat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Catedrala Notre-Dame din Paris \u2013 182 de ani<\/h2>\n

\n\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Prima piatr\u0103 a cl\u0103dirii a fost pus\u0103 \u00een 1163. Turnurile au fost terminate \u00een 1245, iar \u00eentreaga catedral\u0103 \u2013 \u00een 1345. Turnurile, diferite ca stil (gotic \u0219i romanic) \u0219i \u00een\u0103l\u021bime, precum \u0219i partea vestic\u0103 a catedralei, indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 la construc\u021bie au participat diferi\u021bi arhitec\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Notre-Dame de Paris a devenit una dintre primele cl\u0103diri din lume \u00een care au fost folosite contrafor\u021bele externe, de form\u0103 arcuit\u0103. Acestea nu erau \u00een proiectul ini\u021bial. \u00cens\u0103 zidurile sub\u021biri, construite p\u00e2n\u0103 la o anumit\u0103 \u00een\u0103l\u021bime, au \u00eenceput s\u0103 crape, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fost ridicate suporturi exterioare \u00een jurul \u00eentregii catedrale.<\/p>\n

Catedrala Notre-Dame din Paris a devenit prima catedral\u0103 gotic\u0103. Acest stil arhitectural presupune o aspirare nesf\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103 c\u0103tre cer. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, nimeni nu \u00ee\u0219i imagina c\u0103 o biseric\u0103 putea avea asemenea dimensiuni, iar clopotele \u2013 asemenea \u00een\u0103l\u021bimi (69 m). Pentru a construi aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie grandioas\u0103, s-a acordat o mare aten\u021bie perfec\u021bion\u0103rii mecanismelor de ridicare.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Un fapt curioas\u0103:<\/b> rapoartele fiscale din Paris din anii 1296 \u0219i 1313 povestesc despre existen\u021ba a dou\u0103 femei zidari, un p\u0103un \u0219i un zugrav. Prin urmare, este foarte posibil ca la construc\u021bia catedralei s\u0103 fi participat femei constructor.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00e2tSursa<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pe 15 aprilie 2019, \u00eentreaga lume a observat cum arde Notre-Dame de Paris. Din cauza unui incendiu puternic, au fost distruse fle\u0219a, acoperi\u0219ul \u0219i ceasul. Au fost afectate structurile din secolele XIX \u0219i XIII. \u00cen prezent, se efectueaz\u0103 lucr\u0103ri de restaurare, care, potrivit exper\u021bilor, vor dura cel pu\u021bin 5 ani.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/h2>\n

\nSpre deosebire de epocile anterioare, resursele economice ale regiunii nu mai influen\u021beaz\u0103 semnificativ viteza construc\u021biei: un proiect neterminat poate ap\u0103rea at\u00e2t \u00een Vladivostok, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een Moscova. Cauzele sunt la fel de vechi ca lumea \u2013 schimbarea conducerii, fluctua\u021biile cursului valutar, necorectitudinea companiei de management, obstacolele ecologice descoperite pe \u0219antier \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Cine este de vin\u0103 pentru oprirea construc\u021biei este u\u0219or de stabilit \u00een fiecare caz concret, dar ce s\u0103 facem \u00een continuare cu obiectul \u2013 adesea nu este deloc clar. De fapt, op\u021biunile nu sunt foarte multe: proiectele neterminate pot fi l\u0103sate \u201ea\u0219a cum sunt\u201d \u0219i transformate \u00een clustere creative, platforme de observa\u021bie, locuri pentru bungee jumping. Se poate \u00eencerca cu toate for\u021bele finalizarea construc\u021biei. Sau se poate d\u0103r\u00e2ma totul \u0219i \u00eencepe o nou\u0103 construc\u021bie pe acel loc. Constructorii moderni ar trebui s\u0103 analizeze mai des gre\u0219elile predecesorilor pentru a nu le repeta \u00een munca lor. \u0218i dac\u0103 totu\u0219i construc\u021bia se prelunge\u0219te, s\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 se construie\u0219te ceva remarcabil.
\n\u00a0
\nCare dintre construc\u021biile moderne considera\u021bi c\u0103 sunt opere de art\u0103? Au durat mult timp pentru a fi construite?
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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