{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Conceptele de programare \u00een Scratch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Mul\u021bi cunosc Scratch \u2013 un mediu de programare pentru copii, a c\u0103rui \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare se concentreaz\u0103 de obicei pe crearea proiectelor creative, \u00eencep\u00e2nd de la \u201esimplu la complex\u201d. Totu\u0219i, abordarea \u201eclasic\u0103\u201d a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii program\u0103rii (variabile \u2192 ramific\u0103ri \u2192 bucle \u2192 func\u021bii \u2192 structuri \u2192 obiecte \u2192 \u2026) este dificil de aplicat \u00een Scratch.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, schimbarea ordinii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare a conceptelor (s\u0103 le numim concepte) din programarea structural\u0103, orientat\u0103 pe obiecte \u0219i evenimente, \u0219i ascunderea lor \u00een spatele unor sprite atr\u0103g\u0103toare \u0219i anima\u021bii interactive nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu ar trebui s\u0103 punem accent pe concepte. \u00cen special, dac\u0103 scopul nu este at\u00e2t dezvoltarea abilit\u0103\u021bilor creative, c\u00e2t mai ales \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea program\u0103rii. <\/a><\/noindex>Aceast\u0103 idee am \u00eencercat s\u0103 o reflect \u00een curs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Primul lucru cu care se confrunt\u0103 un \u00eencep\u0103tor \u00een Scratch sunt sprite-urile. De\u0219i \u00een Scratch nu exist\u0103 un programare orientat\u0103 pe obiecte propriu-zis\u0103, sprite-urile pot fi considerate obiecte. \u00cen aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, elevul vede c\u0103 \u00een program pot exista multiple obiecte ale c\u0103ror comportamente sunt controlate de scripturi externe. Sprite-urile primesc comenzi sau, la cerere, transmit informa\u021bii despre starea lor, ceea ce face ca programarea s\u0103 se reduc\u0103 la gestionarea obiectelor.<\/p>\n

Al doilea concept ce \u00eei este prezentat imediat t\u00e2n\u0103rului programator \u00een Scratch este cel al multithreading-ului. Fiecare sprite poate avea c\u00e2teva scripturi care ruleaz\u0103 simultan. De asemenea, mai multe sprite-uri pot executa simultan programele lor unii cu al\u021bii. Totu\u0219i, devine mai complicat s\u0103 organiz\u0103m execu\u021bia secven\u021bial\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Deja \u00een prima lec\u021bie nu putem evita familiarizarea cu buclele. Altfel, pisica nu se va mi\u0219ca prea mult. \u00cen aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, familiarizarea trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 intuitiv\u0103 \u0219i superficial\u0103. O limit\u0103m la buclele \u201erepeta\u021bi mereu\u201d \u0219i \u201erepeta\u021bi ... ori\u201d, care sunt mai u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles. Bula cu condi\u021bie este studiat\u0103 \u00eentr-o lec\u021bie dedicat\u0103 special buclelor. Aceast\u0103 lec\u021bie presupune cunoa\u0219terea expresiilor logice \u0219i a variabilelor.<\/p>\n

Deoarece Scratch este un mediu orientat pe evenimente, blocurile operatorului condi\u021bional sunt mai u\u0219or de studiat \u00eenainte de variabile. Evenimentele anume pot ac\u021biona ca condi\u021bii.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Din punctul meu de vedere, o astfel de succesiune este mai bun\u0103, deoarece pentru fiecare lec\u021bie introducem un num\u0103r minim de no\u021biuni. \u0218i nu no\u021biuni abstracte, ci vedem imediat utilitatea lor practic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u00eencepem cu variabilele, atunci este dificil s\u0103 demonstr\u0103m scopul \u0219i utilitatea acestora, deoarece \u00eenainte nu au fost \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate operatorul condi\u021bional, introducerea datelor \u0219i generarea numerelor aleatorii. <\/p>\n

\u00cen Scratch, cu excep\u021bia listelor, programatorul \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te trei tipuri de date: numere, \u0219iruri de caractere \u0219i tip boolean. \u00cen plus, tipul este legat de valoare, nu de variabil\u0103. Nu este necesar s\u0103 convertim \u0219irurile \u00een numere \u0219i invers. \u0218irurile nu se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00eentre ghilimele.<\/p>\n

Blocul care returneaz\u0103 o valoare boolean\u0103 \u0219i are o form\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 col\u021buroas\u0103 poate fi inserat \u00een c\u00e2mpuri rotunde. Inversul nu este adev\u0103rat: acolo unde se presupune o expresie boolean\u0103, nu se poate insera o variabil\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Scratch este conceput pentru a nu genera erori critice \u00een timpul execu\u021biei. Se pare c\u0103 din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, dac\u0103 se \u00eencearc\u0103 utilizarea unui \u0219ir \u00een opera\u021bii aritmetice, acesta este \u00eenlocuit cu zero (vezi prima captur\u0103 de ecran).<\/p>\n

Programatorul trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie c\u0103 func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bile limbajelor de programare sunt extinse prin biblioteci. Lucr\u00e2nd \u00een Scratch, elevul poate conecta suplimente care conduc la apari\u021bia de comenzi noi \u00een mediu.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Func\u021biile \u00een Scratch sunt implementate \u00een sec\u021biunea \u201eBlocuri suplimentare\u201d, unde pe de o parte creezi un bloc propriu care poate fi inserat \u00een alte scripturi. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, trebuie s\u0103 aduni func\u021bionalitatea acestui bloc, adic\u0103 ceea ce va face.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptele<\/p>\n

Nu exist\u0103 o returnare a valorilor dintr-o func\u021bie Scratch.<\/p>\n

Astfel, studiul conceptelor de programare \u00eentr-un mediu orientat pe evenimente \u00ee\u0219i las\u0103 amprenta. Practic, mai \u00eent\u00e2i studiem concepte mai complexe \u0219i abstracte \u0219i, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce ne ad\u00e2ncim \u00een proces, trecem la elementele program\u0103rii structurale. Dac\u0103 este un avantaj sau un dezavantaj pentru prima \u00eent\u00e2lnire \u2013 este o \u00eentrebare controversat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Conceptele de programare \u00een Scratch | ProHoster","description":"Multe persoane sunt familiarizate cu Scratch \u2013 un mediu pentru 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