{"id":52185,"date":"2019-11-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-01T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/optimizatsiya-raspredeleniya-serverov-po-stojkam"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:51","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:51","slug":"optimizatsiya-raspredeleniya-serverov-po-stojkam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/optimizatsiya-raspredeleniya-serverov-po-stojkam","title":{"rendered":"Optimizarea distribu\u021biei serverelor pe rack-uri","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00centr-unul din chat-uri, mi s-a pus o \u00eentrebare:<\/p>\n<p> \u2014 Exist\u0103 ceva de citit despre cum s\u0103 \u00eempachet\u0103m corect serverele \u00een rack-uri?<\/p>\n<p>Am realizat c\u0103 nu cunosc un astfel de text, a\u0219a c\u0103 mi-am scris propriul.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, acest text se refer\u0103 la <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"servere fizice\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1271\">servere fizice<\/a> \u00een centre de date fizice (DC). \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 exist\u0103 o mul\u021bime de servere: sute sau mii, pentru un num\u0103r mai mic, acest text nu are sens. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, s\u0103 consider\u0103m c\u0103 avem trei restric\u021bii: spa\u021biul fizic \u00een rack-uri, alimentarea electric\u0103 pe rack \u0219i s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 rack-urile sunt aranjate \u00een r\u00e2nduri, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t putem folosi un switch ToR pentru a conecta serverele din rack-urile adiacente.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nR\u0103spunsul la \u00eentrebare depinde foarte mult de ce parametru optimiz\u0103m \u0219i ce putem varia pentru a ob\u021bine cel mai bun rezultat. De exemplu, poate c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 ocup\u0103m minim spa\u021biu, pentru a l\u0103sa mai mult loc pentru cre\u0219tere ulterioar\u0103. Sau poate avem libertate \u00een alegerea \u00een\u0103l\u021bimii rack-urilor, puterii pe rack, prizei \u00een PDU, num\u0103rului de rack-uri din grupul de switch-uri (un switch pe 1, 2 sau 3 rack-uri), lungimii cablurilor \u0219i lucr\u0103rilor de instalare (acest lucru este critic la capetele r\u00e2ndurilor: la 10 rack-uri \u00eentr-un r\u00e2nd \u0219i 3 rack-uri pe switch, va trebui s\u0103 tragem cabluri \u00een alt r\u00e2nd sau s\u0103 nu utiliz\u0103m porturile din switch), etc., etc. P\u0103r\u021bi separate: alegerea serverelor \u0219i alegerea DC-ului, vom presupune c\u0103 acestea au fost deja alese.<\/p>\n<p>Ar fi bine s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem anumite nuan\u021be \u0219i detalii, \u00een special consumul mediu\/maxim al serverelor \u0219i modul \u00een care ne este furnizat\u0103 electricitatea. De exemplu, dac\u0103 avem alimentare de 230V din Rusia \u0219i o faz\u0103 pe rack, atunci un automat de 32A poate suporta ~7kW. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 pl\u0103tim nominal pentru 6kW pe rack. Dac\u0103 furnizorul m\u0103soar\u0103 consumul nostru doar pentru o serie de 10 rack-uri, nu pentru fiecare rack \u00een parte, \u0219i dac\u0103 automatul este setat la o limit\u0103 de 7kW, tehnic putem consuma 6.9kW \u00eentr-un rack, 5.1kW \u00een altul \u0219i totul va fi \u00een regul\u0103 \u2014 f\u0103r\u0103 penaliz\u0103ri.<\/p>\n<p>De obicei, obiectivul nostru principal este minimizarea costurilor. Cel mai bun criteriu pentru m\u0103surare este reducerea TCO (total cost of ownership \u2014 costul total de proprietate). Aceasta const\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103toarele componente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CAPEX: achizi\u021bionarea infrastructurii DC, serverelor, echipamentelor de re\u021bea \u0219i cablurilor<\/li>\n<li>OPEX: \u00eenchirierea DC-ului, electricitatea consumat\u0103, \u00eentre\u021binerea. OPEX depinde de durata de via\u021b\u0103. Este rezonabil s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 este egal cu 3 ani.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Optimizarea distribu\u021biei serverelor pe rack-uri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/78c7455be5c3a630ec103de090fc14f2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen func\u021bie de dimensiunea fiec\u0103rei p\u0103r\u021bi din tortul general, trebuie s\u0103 optimiz\u0103m cel mai costisitor element, iar restul s\u0103 utilizeze toate resursele r\u0103mase c\u00e2t mai eficient posibil.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 avem un centru de date existent, avem \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea rack-ului H unit\u0103\u021bi (de exemplu, H=47), energia pe rack Prack (Prack=6kW), \u0219i am decis s\u0103 folosim servere de 2U h=2U. Vom elimina 2..4 unit\u0103\u021bi din rack pentru switch-uri, patch panel-uri \u0219i organizatoare. Adic\u0103, fizic, \u00een rack avem Sh=rounddown((H-2..4)\/h) servere (adic\u0103, Sh = rounddown((47-4)\/2)=21 servere pe rack). S\u0103 re\u021binem acest Sh.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul simplu, toate serverele din rack sunt identice. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 umplem rack-ul <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/dts-dusseldorf\/\"   title=\"servers\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3426\">servers<\/a>, atunci pentru fiecare server ne putem permite \u00een medie puterea Pserv=Prack\/Sh (Pserv = 6000W\/21 = 287W). Pentru simplitate, aici ignor\u0103m consumul switch-ului.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 facem un pas \u00eenapoi \u0219i s\u0103 stabilim ce este consumul maxim al unui server Pmax. Dac\u0103 este foarte simplu, foarte ineficient \u0219i complet sigur, atunci citim ceea ce este scris pe sursa de alimentare a serverului - acesta este.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 lucrurile sunt mai complicate, mai eficiente, atunci lu\u0103m TDP (thermal design package) al tuturor componentelor \u0219i le adun\u0103m (nu este foarte corect, dar se poate face \u0219i a\u0219a).<\/p>\n<p>De obicei, nu cunoa\u0219tem TDP-ul componentelor (cu excep\u021bia CPU-ului), a\u0219a c\u0103 adopt\u0103m cea mai corect\u0103, dar \u0219i cea mai complicat\u0103 abordare (avem nevoie de un laborator) \u2014 lu\u0103m un server experimental cu configura\u021bia dorit\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel supra\u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103m, de exemplu, cu Linpack (CPU \u0219i memorie) \u0219i fio (discuri), m\u0103sur\u00e2nd consumul. Dac\u0103 ne ocup\u0103m serios, trebuie s\u0103 cre\u0103m \u0219i un mediu c\u00e2t mai cald \u00een cadrul rece \u00een timpul testelor, deoarece acest lucru influen\u021beaz\u0103 at\u00e2t consumul ventilatoarelor, c\u00e2t \u0219i consumul CPU. Ob\u021binem consumul maxim al unui server specific cu o configura\u021bie specific\u0103 \u00een aceste condi\u021bii specifice sub aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 specific\u0103. Pur \u0219i simplu \u021binem cont c\u0103 un nou firmware, o alt\u0103 versiune de software, sau alte condi\u021bii pot influen\u021ba rezultatul.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, ne \u00eentoarcem la Pserv \u0219i cum s\u0103-l compar\u0103m cu Pmax. Aceasta este o chestiune de \u00een\u021belegere a func\u021bion\u0103rii serviciilor \u0219i a c\u00e2t de puternice sunt nervii directorului tehnic.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 nu vrem s\u0103 risc\u0103m deloc, atunci consider\u0103m c\u0103 toate serverele pot \u00eencepe simultan s\u0103 consume maximul lor. \u00cen acel moment, poate exista un singur alimentare \u00een centru de date. Infrastructura trebuie s\u0103 ofere serviciul chiar \u0219i \u00een aceste condi\u021bii, deci Pserv \u2261 Pmax. Aceasta este o abordare \u00een care fiabilitatea este absolut crucial\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 directorul tehnic se g\u00e2nde\u0219te nu doar la securitate ideal\u0103, ci \u0219i la banii companiei \u0219i are suficient curaj, se poate decide c\u0103<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00eencepem s\u0103 gestion\u0103m furnizorii no\u0219tri, \u00een special interzicem \u00eentre\u021binerea planificat\u0103 \u00een momentele de \u00eenc\u0103rcare de v\u00e2rf pentru a minimiza c\u0103derile unui singur intr\u0103ri;<\/li>\n<li>\u0219i\/sau arhitectura noastr\u0103 permite pierderea unui server\/r\u00e2nd\/datacenter, iar serviciile continu\u0103 s\u0103 func\u021bioneze;<\/li>\n<li>\u0219i\/sau distribuim bine \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura pe orizontal\u0103 \u00eentre servere, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t serviciile noastre s\u0103 nu ating\u0103 niciodat\u0103 consumul maxim \u00eentr-un singur server toate \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAici este foarte util s\u0103 nu ne pliem doar pe estim\u0103ri, ci s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m consumul \u0219i s\u0103 \u0219tim cum consum\u0103 efectiv serverele energia \u00een condi\u021bii normale \u0219i de v\u00e2rf. Prin urmare, dup\u0103 o analiz\u0103, directorul tehnic comprim\u0103 tot ce are \u0219i spune: \u201eprintr-o decizie for\u021bat\u0103, stabilim c\u0103 media maxim\u0103 realizabil\u0103 a consumului serverelor pe rack este **cu at\u00e2t mai pu\u021bin** dec\u00e2t consumul maxim\u201d, aproximativ Pserv=0.8*Pmax.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i atunci, \u00een rack-ul de 6kW nu mai \u00eencap 16 servere cu Pmax = 375W, ci 20 de servere cu Pserv = 375W * 0.8 = 300W. Adic\u0103 cu 25% mai multe servere. Aceasta este o economie foarte mare \u2014 pentru c\u0103 \u00een acest fel avem cu 25% mai pu\u021bine rack-uri (iar acolo vom economisi \u0219i pe PDU, switch-uri \u0219i cabluri). Un minus serios al acestei solu\u021bii este c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m constant dac\u0103 ipotezele noastre r\u0103m\u00e2n corecte. C\u0103 noua versiune de firmware nu afecteaz\u0103 semnificativ func\u021bionarea ventilatoarelor \u0219i consumul, c\u0103 dezvoltarea nu a \u00eenceput, dintr-o dat\u0103 cu un nou release, s\u0103 utilizeze servere mult mai eficient (\u00een alte cuvinte, au ob\u021binut o utilizare mai mare \u0219i un consum mai mare pe server). Pentru c\u0103, \u00een acest caz, at\u00e2t ipotezele noastre ini\u021biale, c\u00e2t \u0219i concluziile devin imediat gre\u0219ite. Este un risc pe care trebuie s\u0103-l asum\u0103m responsabil (sau s\u0103-l evit\u0103m \u0219i s\u0103 pl\u0103tim pentru rack-urile evident subutilizate).<\/p>\n<p>O not\u0103 important\u0103 \u2013 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 distribuim serverele din diferite servicii pe rafturi, orizontal, dac\u0103 este posibil. Aceasta este necesar\u0103 pentru a evita situa\u021biile \u00een care o partid\u0103 de servere pentru un singur serviciu ajunge \u0219i rafturile sunt umplute vertical pentru a cre\u0219te \u201edensitatea\u201d (pentru c\u0103 este mai simplu). \u00cen realitate, se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 c\u0103 un raft este umplut cu servere de la un singur serviciu, cu o \u00eenc\u0103rcare sc\u0103zut\u0103, iar altul \u2013 cu acelea cu o \u00eenc\u0103rcare mare. Probabilitatea ca al doilea s\u0103 cedeze este semnificativ mai mare, deoarece profilul de \u00eenc\u0103rcare este acela\u0219i, iar toate serverele din acel raft \u00eencep s\u0103 consume la fel de mult din cauza cre\u0219terii sarcinii.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la distribu\u021bia serverelor pe rafturi. Am examinat limitele fizice de spa\u021biu din raft \u0219i limitele de alimentare electric\u0103, acum s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m \u0219i la re\u021bea. Putem folosi switch-uri cu 24\/32\/48 porturi N (de exemplu, avem switch-uri ToR cu 48 de porturi). Din fericire, op\u021biunile nu sunt foarte multe, dac\u0103 nu ne g\u00e2ndim la cablurile break-out. Lu\u0103m \u00een considerare scenariile \u00een care avem un switch pe raft, un switch pentru dou\u0103 sau trei rafturi \u00een grupul Rnet. Mi se pare c\u0103 mai mult de trei rafturi \u00een grup este deja prea mult, deoarece problema cabl\u0103rii \u00eentre rafturi devine mult mai mare.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, pentru fiecare scenariu de re\u021bea (1, 2 sau 3 rafturi \u00een grup) distribuim serverele pe rafturi:<\/p>\n<p>Srack = min(Sh, rounddown(Prack\/Pserv), rounddown(N\/Rnet))<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, pentru varianta cu 2 rafturi \u00een grup:<\/p>\n<p>Srack2 = min(21, rounddown(6000\/300), rounddown(48\/2)) = min(21, 20, 24) = 20 servere pe raft.<\/p>\n<p>La fel calcul\u0103m celelalte variante: <\/p>\n<p>Srack1 = 20 <br \/>\nSrack3 = 16<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i suntem aproape de obiectiv. Calcul\u0103m num\u0103rul de rafturi pentru distribuirea tuturor serverelor noastre S (s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 exist\u0103 1000):<\/p>\n<p>R = roundup(S \/ (Srack * Rnet)) * Rnet<\/p>\n<p>R1 = roundup(1000 \/ (20 * 1)) * 1 = 50 * 1 = 50 rafturi<\/p>\n<p>R2 = roundup(1000 \/ (20 * 2)) * 2 = 25 * 2 = 50 rafturi<\/p>\n<p>R3 = roundup(1000 \/ (16 * 3)) * 3 = 25 * 2 = 63 rafturi<\/p>\n<p>Apoi calcul\u0103m TCO pentru fiecare variant\u0103 pe baza num\u0103rului de rafturi, num\u0103rul necesar de switch-uri, cabluri etc. Alegem varianta cu TCO mai mic. Profit!<\/p>\n<p>Observ\u0103m c\u0103, de\u0219i num\u0103rul necesar de rafturi pentru variantele 1 \u0219i 2 este acela\u0219i, pre\u021bul lor va fi diferit, deoarece num\u0103rul de switch-uri pentru a doua variant\u0103 este de dou\u0103 ori mai mic, iar lungimea cablurilor necesare este mai mare.<\/p>\n<p>P.S. Dac\u0103 exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a ajusta puterea pe rack \u0219i \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea rack-ului, variabilitatea cre\u0219te. Dar procesul poate fi redus la cele descrise mai sus, doar prin \u00eencercarea diverselor variante. Da, vor exista mai multe combina\u021bii, dar totu\u0219i un num\u0103r destul de limitat \u2014 puterea pe rack pentru calcul poate fi crescut\u0103 cu pa\u0219i de 1 kW, tipurile de rack-uri sunt limitate la c\u00e2teva dimensiuni standard: 42U, 45U, 47U, 48U, 52U. \u0218i aici, pentru calcul, poate ajuta analiza What-If din Excel \u00een modul Data Table. Ne uit\u0103m la tabelele ob\u021binute \u0219i alegem minimum.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/474112\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u2014 \u0410 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438? \u042f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 (\u0414\u0426). \u0412\u043e-\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438-\u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430. \u0412-\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0438\u0445, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":52186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u2014 \u0410 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438? 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