{"id":52258,"date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:56","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:56","slug":"litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred","title":{"rendered":"Licen\u021ba pentru proiecte cu surs\u0103 deschis\u0103, care oblig\u0103 utilizatorii s\u0103 \u201enu fac\u0103 r\u0103u\u201d.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Salut, Habr! V\u0103 prezint traducerea articolului \u00abO Licen\u021b\u0103 Open Source Care Cere Utilizatorilor S\u0103 Nu Fac\u0103 R\u0103u\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> autorul Klint Finley.<\/p>\n

\"Licen\u021ba
\n
\nChina folose\u0219te tehnologii de recunoa\u0219tere facial\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, pentru a identifica musulmanii uiguri. Armata SUA utilizeaz\u0103 droni pentru a elimina suspec\u021bii de terorism<\/a><\/noindex>, precum \u0219i civilii afla\u021bi \u00een apropiere. Poli\u021bia de imigra\u021bie \u0219i vam\u0103 din SUA \u2014 cei care au \u021binut copiii \u00eentr-o cu\u0219c\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 grani\u021ba mexican\u0103 \u2014 se bazeaz\u0103 pe soft pentru comunicare \u0219i coordonare, la fel ca toate organiza\u021biile moderne.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cineva trebuie s\u0103 scrie codul care face totul posibil. Din ce \u00een ce mai des, dezvoltatorii se adreseaz\u0103 angajatorilor \u0219i guvernelor lor cer\u00e2ndu-le s\u0103 nu mai foloseasc\u0103 munca lor \u00een scopuri neetice. Angaja\u021bii Google au convins compania s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 lucrul la analiza \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor cu drone<\/a><\/noindex>, precum \u0219i s\u0103 anuleze toate planurile de a participa la licita\u021bii pentru servicii de cloud computing pentru Pentagon. Angaja\u021bii Microsoft s-au protestat \u00eempotriva colabor\u0103rii companiei cu Poli\u021bia de Imigra\u021bie<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i cu armata, de\u0219i cu succesuri minime.<\/p>\n

Totu\u0219i, este destul de greu s\u0103 opre\u0219ti companiile sau guvernele din a folosi software-ul deja scris, mai ales atunci c\u00e2nd acel software este disponibil public. Luna trecut\u0103, de exemplu, Seth Vargo a \u0219ters o parte din software-ul s\u0103u<\/a><\/noindex> open source din repozitorii online ca protest \u00eempotriva utiliz\u0103rii sale poten\u021biale de c\u0103tre Poli\u021bia de Imigra\u021bie. Cu toate acestea, din moment ce codul open source poate fi copiat \u0219i distribuit liber, toat\u0103 codul \u0219ters a devenit foarte repede disponibil \u00een alte surse.<\/p>\n

Coraline Ida Emki dore\u0219te s\u0103 ofere colegilor s\u0103i programatori mai mult control asupra felului \u00een care este folosit software-ul lor. Software-ul lansat sub noua ei \u201eLicen\u021b\u0103 Hippocratic\u0103\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> poate fi distribuit \u0219i modificat \u00een scopuri oricare, cu o mare excep\u021bie: software-ul nu poate fi folosit de indivizi, corpora\u021bii, guverne sau alte grupuri \u00een sisteme sau pentru activit\u0103\u021bi care pun activ \u0219i inten\u021bionat \u00een pericol, cauzeaz\u0103 r\u0103u sau \u00een alt mod amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tatea fizic\u0103 sau mental\u0103, precum \u0219i bun\u0103starea economic\u0103 sau alt\u0103 bun\u0103stare a indivizilor sau grupurilor, \u00een \u00eenc\u0103lcarea Declara\u021biei Universale a Drepturilor Omului a ONU.<\/p>\n

A defini clar ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ea provoca r\u0103u\u201d este, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, un subiect complicat \u0219i controversat, totu\u0219i Emki sper\u0103 c\u0103 asocierea acestei licen\u021be cu standardele interna\u021bionale deja existente va ajuta la reducerea incertitudinii \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. \u201eDeclara\u021bia drepturilor omului este un document cu o istorie de 70 de ani, larg acceptat pentru defini\u021biile sale privind daunele \u0219i ceea ce constituie exact o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a drepturilor omului\u201d, a subliniat Emki.<\/p>\n

Desigur, aceasta este o propunere destul de \u00eendr\u0103znea\u021b\u0103, totu\u0219i Emki este cunoscut\u0103 tocmai pentru astfel de afirma\u021bii.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00cen 2014, ea a redactat prima variant\u0103 a regulilor de comportament pentru proiectele open source, intitulate \u201eCodul de conduit\u0103 al participan\u021bilor\u201d. La \u00eenceput, a fost primit\u0103 cu scepticism, dar peste 40.000 de proiecte cu surs\u0103 deschis\u0103 au adoptat deja aceste reguli, de la platforma AI TensorFlow de la Google p\u00e2n\u0103 la nucleul Linux.
\n\u00centr-adev\u0103r, \u00een prezent, pu\u021bini public\u0103 material sub \u201eLicen\u021ba Hippocrate\u201d, chiar \u0219i Emki nu o folose\u0219te \u00eenc\u0103. Licen\u021ba trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 prin aprob\u0103rile legale, pentru care Emki a angajat un avocat, iar, \u00een plus, exist\u0103 diferite obstacole, inclusiv compatibilitatea cu alte licen\u021be, cu care va trebui s\u0103 se descurce.<\/p>\n

Emki este de acord c\u0103 schimbarea modului \u00een care inginerii \u00ee\u0219i licen\u021biaz\u0103 lucr\u0103rile nu va opri \u00een sine \u00eenc\u0103lcarea drepturilor omului. Totu\u0219i, ea vrea s\u0103 ofere oamenilor un instrument pentru a descuraja diverse companii, guverne sau alte structuri nefavorabile s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 codul lor pentru a comite infrac\u021biuni.
\nOrganiza\u021bia nonprofit Open Source Initiative a declarat c\u0103 software-ul cu surs\u0103 deschis\u0103 \u201enu trebuie s\u0103 discrimineze \u00een func\u021bie de persoane sau grupuri de persoane\u201d \u0219i \u201enu trebuie s\u0103 restric\u021bioneze pe nimeni \u00een \u00eencerc\u0103rile de a utiliza software-ul \u00een anumite domenii de activitate\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rile drepturilor omului sunt \u201edomenii de activitate specifice\u201d r\u0103m\u00e2ne de v\u0103zut (n.tr.<\/i> aici se simte o abunden\u021b\u0103 de sarcasm), av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 Emki nu \u0219i-a trimis oficial \u00eenc\u0103 \u201eLicen\u021ba Hippocrate\u201d la OSI pentru revizuire. Cu toate acestea, \u00eentr-un tweet din luna trecut\u0103,<\/a><\/noindex> organiza\u021bia a indicat c\u0103 aceast\u0103 licen\u021b\u0103 nu se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een defini\u021bia software-ului liber. Co-fondatorul OSI Bruce Perens a scris de asemenea \u00een blogul s\u0103u , c\u0103 aceast\u0103 licen\u021b\u0103 contrazice defini\u021bia pe care organiza\u021bia lor a dat-o.<\/a><\/noindex>, c\u0103 aceast\u0103 licen\u021b\u0103 contravine defini\u021biei date de organiza\u021bia lor.<\/p>\n

Emki sper\u0103 s\u0103 uneasc\u0103 comunitatea dezvoltatorilor open source pentru a exercita presiuni asupra OSI pentru a-\u0219i schimba defini\u021bia sau pentru a crea una nou\u0103. \u201eConsider c\u0103 defini\u021bia OSI este extrem de dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103\u201d, a afirmat Emki. \u201e\u00cen prezent, comunitatea open source pur \u0219i simplu nu are instrumentele necesare pentru a \u00eempiedica utilizarea tehnologiilor noastre, de exemplu, de c\u0103tre fascisti.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00cengrijor\u0103rile lui Emki sunt \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ite \u0219i de al\u021bi dezvoltatori. Michael Kafarella, cofondatorul unei platforme open source populare pentru procesarea datelor Hadoop, a v\u0103zut cum uneltele sale au fost folosite \u00een scopuri pe care nu le-ar fi putut imagina, inclusiv de c\u0103tre Agen\u021bia Na\u021bional\u0103 de Securitate. \u201eEste bine dac\u0103 oamenii \u00eencep s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 cine \u0219i cum folose\u0219te software-ul lor. Personal, cel mai mult m\u0103 \u00eengrijoreaz\u0103 abuzurile din partea statelor nedemocratice, care au resurse ingineresti substan\u021biale pentru a adapta \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219ura noi proiecte. Nu am experien\u021ba necesar\u0103 pentru a spune dac\u0103 aceasta (Licen\u021ba Hippocrate) va fi suficient\u0103 pentru a opri aceste abuzuri\u201d, a spus el.<\/p>\n

\u00cencerc\u0103rile de a modifica defini\u021biile codului deschis pentru a lua \u00een considerare chestiuni etice au o istorie destul de lung\u0103 \u0219i controversat\u0103. Emki nu este prima care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 redacteze o licen\u021b\u0103 care s\u0103 \u00eempiedice utilizarea codului deschis \u00een scopuri d\u0103un\u0103toare. A\u0219adar, un utilitar decalculare peer-to-peer unitate de procesare GPU: a Global Processing Unit<\/a><\/noindex> a fost lansat\u0103 \u00een 2006 sub o licen\u021b\u0103 care interzice utilizarea ei de c\u0103tre militari. P\u00e2n\u0103 acum, astfel de m\u0103suri au avut pu\u021bin efect, dar acest lucru s-ar putea schimba. Mai devreme \u00een acest an zeci de proiecte software au adoptat<\/a><\/noindex> licen\u021ba Anti-996, care le cere utilizatorilor s\u0103 respecte at\u00e2t standardele locale, c\u00e2t \u0219i cele interna\u021bionale de munc\u0103, ca r\u0103spuns la \u0219tirile despre condi\u021biile de munc\u0103 atroce din companiile tehnologice chineze. Emki sper\u0103 c\u0103 reac\u021bia publicului la ac\u021biunile poli\u021biei de imigra\u021bie din SUA, care s-a extins mult dincolo de sectorul tehnologic, ar putea reprezenta momentul de cotitur\u0103.<\/p>\n

Unii sugereaz\u0103 posibilitatea adopt\u0103rii unui nou termen pentru codul care este deschis pentru utilizarea de c\u0103tre unii, dar \u00eenchis pentru al\u021bii. \u201ePoate c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eencet\u0103m s\u0103 numim software-ul nostru \u201edeschis\u201d \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eencepem s\u0103-l numim \u201edeschis pentru scopuri bune\u201d, \u2014 a scris \u00een tweet-ul s\u0103u Vargo<\/a><\/noindex>, tocmai acel programator care anterior \u0219i-a \u0219ters codul ca form\u0103 de protest \u00eempotriva Poli\u021biei de Imigra\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Termenul \u201esoftware cu cod surs\u0103 deschis\u201d a fost adoptat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1990 ca o alternativ\u0103 la \u201esoftware gratuit\u201d \u0219i a fost, la acea vreme, asociat cu anumite puncte ideologice. \u0218i acum, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce dezvoltatorii devin tot mai ideologici, poate c\u0103 a venit timpul pentru apari\u021bia unui alt termen.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abAn Open Source License That Requires Users to Do No Harm\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Klint Finley. \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0439\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 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Habr!","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f 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