{"id":53040,"date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/yazykovye-sloi"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:54","slug":"yazykovye-sloi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi","title":{"rendered":"Straturi lingvistice","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Salut, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>V\u0103 propun spre aten\u021bie traducerea articolului \u201e<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwFe2\">Straturi de limbaj<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d autor Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Straturi lingvistice\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/7443f8be2481982b85afe6f8368a9e81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n\u00cemi petrec timpul juc\u00e2nd un joc vechi numit \u201eLunar Lander\u201d din 1969. A fost scris de Jim Storer, un elev de liceu. El l-a scris pe PDP-8 \u00een limbajul FOCAL. Iat\u0103 cum arat\u0103 programul: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Straturi lingvistice\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/44821c373bf1285cf7085306e194cc14.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nIat\u0103 codul surs\u0103 \u00een FOCAL:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Straturi lingvistice\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bcde722861952deb2e7e8e3f7064c992.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJim Storer era un elev de liceu destul de talentat. Uit\u0103-te la acest cod. Are acolo expresii Taylor destul de interesante. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen general, efectuez o c\u0103utare binar\u0103 pentru a determina valoarea K care va ateriza perfect nava prin utilizarea consecutiv\u0103. A\u0219a c\u0103 am modificat programul astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 accepte o singur\u0103 valoare \u0219i apoi s\u0103 o foloseasc\u0103 de mai multe ori, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd nava va ateriza sau se va pr\u0103bu\u0219i. \u00cen timp ce scriu asta, \u0219tiu c\u0103 r\u0103spunsul se afl\u0103 \u00eentre 76.40625 \u0219i 76.4453125, a\u0219a c\u0103 voi \u00eencerca 76.4257813. \u00cencep s\u0103 cred c\u0103 voi r\u0103m\u00e2ne f\u0103r\u0103 timp \u00eenainte s\u0103 g\u0103sesc r\u0103spunsul. <\/p>\n<p>\u00centre timp, mi-a venit \u00een minte c\u0103 am rulat acest program pe un emulator <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGvr\">PDP-8<\/a><\/noindex>, pe care l-am scris \u00een Lua pentru iPad.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219a c\u0103, bine, s\u0103 reflect\u0103m asupra acestui lucru.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>iPad are un chip <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGxH\">A8X<\/a><\/noindex>, cu trei nuclee care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la o frecven\u021b\u0103 de un gigahertz sau ceva similar.<\/li>\n<li>Lua este scris \u00een C \u0219i se compileaz\u0103 \u00een A8X.<\/li>\n<li>Emulatorul meu PDP8 este scris \u00een limbajul Lua, folosind pachetul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGy4\">CODEA<\/a><\/noindex> din sec\u021biunea Two Lives Left.<\/li>\n<li>FOCAL a fost scris la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor '60 pe PDP8.<\/li>\n<li>Lunar Lander a fost scris \u00een FOCAL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDeci, avem A8X, C, Lua, PDP8 \u0219i FOCAL. Cinci limbaje diferite. Cinci mecanisme diferite care indic\u0103 ma\u0219inii ce s\u0103 fac\u0103; toate sunt \u00eempletite unele \u00een altele! <\/p>\n<p>Ce este asta? De ce at\u00e2t de multe limbaje? De fapt, las\u0103 deoparte iPad-ul, PDP-8, C, Lua \u0219i tot restul. De ce at\u00e2t de multe limbaje? <\/p>\n<p>##\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432? <\/p>\n<p>G\u00e2nde\u0219te-te la asta! C\u00e2te limbaje de programare po\u021bi numi? Iat\u0103, permit-mi s\u0103-\u021bi ofer o list\u0103 mic\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> FORTRAN<\/li>\n<li> ALGOL<\/li>\n<li> COBOL<\/li>\n<li> SNOBOL<\/li>\n<li> LISP<\/li>\n<li> BCPL<\/li>\n<li> B<\/li>\n<li> C<\/li>\n<li> SIMULA<\/li>\n<li> SMALLTALK<\/li>\n<li> EIFFEL<\/li>\n<li> C++<\/li>\n<li> JAVA<\/li>\n<li> C#<\/li>\n<li> PYTHON<\/li>\n<li> RUBY<\/li>\n<li> LOGO<\/li>\n<li> LUA<\/li>\n<li> BASIC<\/li>\n<li> PL\/1<\/li>\n<li> JAVASCRIPT<\/li>\n<li> GO<\/li>\n<li> DART<\/li>\n<li> PROLOG<\/li>\n<li> FORTH<\/li>\n<li> SWIFT<\/li>\n<li> ML<\/li>\n<li> OCCAM<\/li>\n<li> OCAML<\/li>\n<li> ADA<\/li>\n<li> ERLANG<\/li>\n<li> ELIXIR<\/li>\n<li> FOCAL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDesigur, po\u021bi g\u00e2ndi la altele pe care nu le-am men\u021bionat. \u00centrebarea este, de ce sunt at\u00e2t de multe? La aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare, de fapt, poate exista doar un singur r\u0103spuns. Motivul pentru care exist\u0103 at\u00e2t de multe limbaje de calculatoare: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Nu ne plac.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nEi bine, poate c\u0103 aceasta este o afirma\u021bie prea puternic\u0103. Poate ar trebui s\u0103 spun: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Am fost \u00een Hollywood.<br \/>\n Am fost \u00een Redwood.<br \/>\n Am traversat oceanul pentru a ob\u021bine codul de aur.<br \/>\n Am fost \u00een propria noastr\u0103 minte,<br \/>\n Este o linie at\u00e2t de fin\u0103.<br \/>\n Aceasta ne face s\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103m codul de aur.<\/p>\n<p> \u0218i noi \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nim.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Bine, poate c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 vorbesc \u00een numele meu... Nu voiai doar s\u0103 \u00eei strigi lui Neil Young s\u0103 \u00eenceteze s\u0103 se pl\u00e2ng\u0103, s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 o fat\u0103 dr\u0103gu\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 cu ea? Nu ai vrut s\u0103-i spui c\u0103 c\u0103utarea inimii aurii a fost \u00een zadar? Spune-mi, ce ar fi f\u0103cut el cu ea dac\u0103 ar fi g\u0103sit-o? <\/p>\n<p>\u0218i ce am face cu limba perfect\u0103, dac\u0103 am g\u0103si-o?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Am creat emulatoare PDP-8 \u0219i FOCAL pentru a juca \u00bb Lunar Lander\u00ab, scris\u0103 de un elev de liceu \u00een 1969!<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <b>Iat\u0103 ce cred.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Accept\u0103 asta. \u00cenceteaz\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103rile. Nu exist\u0103 nici o limb\u0103 perfect\u0103. Am c\u0103utat peste tot. Ne-am uitat sus \u0219i jos. Ne-am uitat \u00een\u0103untru \u0219i afar\u0103.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Ne-am uitat la limbi din ambele p\u0103r\u021bi.<br \/>\n Din interior \u0219i din exterior<br \/>\n \u0219i totu\u0219i \u00een acest fel sau altul.<br \/>\n Amintindu-ne c\u0103 acestea sunt iluzii lingvistice.<\/p>\n<p>De fapt, nu \u00een\u021belegem nimic despre limbi...<br \/>\n\u2026deloc.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Da, ast\u0103zi este o zi neobi\u0219nuit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Dar, cu toate acestea, esen\u021ba este:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Nu avem nevoie de o alt\u0103 limb\u0103.<br \/>\n Nu trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim drumul spre cas\u0103.<br \/>\n Tot ce vrem este s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219im limitele vie\u021bii.<br \/>\n S.Q.L.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Da, o zi ciudat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Deci, exist\u0103 o idee. Poate c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eencet\u0103m s\u0103 cre\u0103m noi limbaje \u0219i pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 ne lini\u0219tim \u0219i s\u0103 alegem unul sau dou\u0103 care sunt cu adev\u0103rat bune. Ar face via\u021ba mult mai simpl\u0103, nu-i a\u0219a?<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i, dac\u0103 te \u00eentrebi, 76.43844461 \u00ee\u021bi ofer\u0103 o aterizare destul de bun\u0103 la 2.23 MPH.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/476644\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob). \u042f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 PDP-8 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 FOCAL. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 FOCAL: \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! 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