{"id":53753,"date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-08T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:41","slug":"nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","title":{"rendered":"Se apropie era serverelor ARM?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Se<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPlaca de baz\u0103 SynQuacer E-Series pentru servere ARM cu 24 de nuclee pe procesor ARM Cortex A53 cu 32 GB de memorie RAM, decembrie 2018<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n

De mul\u021bi ani, procesoarele ARM cu seturi de instruc\u021biuni reduse (RISC) domin\u0103 pia\u021ba dispozitivelor mobile. Totu\u0219i, nu au reu\u0219it s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een centrele de date, unde Intel \u0219i AMD continu\u0103 s\u0103 domine cu instruc\u021biunile x86. Din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd apar solu\u021bii exotice, cum ar fi serverul ARM cu 24 de nuclee pe platforma Banana Pi<\/a><\/noindex>, dar oferte serioase deocamdat\u0103 nu exist\u0103. Mai exact, nu au fost p\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na aceasta.<\/p>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, AWS a lansat \u00een cloud propriile procesoare ARM cu 64 de nuclee Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 un sistem pe cip cu nucleu ARM Neoverse N1. Compania afirm\u0103 c\u0103 Graviton2 este mult mai rapid dec\u00e2t procesoarele ARM de genera\u021bie anterioar\u0103 \u00een instan\u021bele EC2 A1, \u0219i iat\u0103 primele teste independente<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nAfacerile de infrastructur\u0103 se reduc la compararea cifrelor. Practic, clien\u021bii din centrele de date sau serviciile cloud nu le pas\u0103 ce arhitectur\u0103 au procesoarele. Ceea ce \u00eei intereseaz\u0103 este raportul pre\u021b-performan\u021b\u0103. Dac\u0103 lucrul pe ARM este mai ieftin dec\u00e2t pe x86, atunci le vor alege. <\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 de cur\u00e2nd, nu se putea spune cu certitudine c\u0103 calculele pe ARM vor fi mai avantajoase dec\u00e2t pe x86. De exemplu, serverul ARM Cortex A53 cu 24 de nuclee este un model SocioNext SC2A11<\/a><\/noindex> la un pre\u021b de aproximativ 1000 USD, care ar putea ridica un server web pe Ubuntu, dar care din punct de vedere al performan\u021bei este mult inferior procesoarelor x86.<\/p>\n

Totu\u0219i, uimitoarea eficien\u021b\u0103 energetic\u0103 a procesoarelor ARM \u00eei face din nou s\u0103 fie observa\u021bi cu aten\u021bie. De exemplu, SocioNext SC2A11 consum\u0103 doar 5 W. \u0218i energia electric\u0103 reprezint\u0103 aproape 20% din costurile unui centru de date. Dac\u0103 aceste cipuri vor demonstra o performan\u021b\u0103 decent\u0103, atunci x86 nu va mai avea \u0219anse.<\/p>\n

Prima venire a ARM: instan\u021bele EC2 A1<\/h2>\n

\nLa sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2018, AWS a prezentat instan\u021bele EC2 A1<\/a><\/noindex> pe procesoarele sale ARM. Cu siguran\u021b\u0103, a fost un semnal pentru industrie cu privire la posibilele schimb\u0103ri pe pia\u021b\u0103, dar rezultatele benchmark-urilor s-au dovedit a fi dezam\u0103gitoare.<\/p>\n

\u00cen tabelul de mai jos sunt prezentate rezultatele testelor de stres<\/a><\/noindex> ale instan\u021belor EC2 A1 (ARM) \u0219i EC2 M5d.metal (x86). Pentru testare a fost utilizat\u0103 utilitarul stress-ng<\/code>:<\/p>\n

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m<\/code><\/p>\n

Observ\u0103m c\u0103 A1 s-a descurcat mai slab \u00een toate testele, cu excep\u021bia cache-ului. \u00cen majoritatea celorlalte indicatori, ARM a avut un decalaj semnificativ. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 de performan\u021b\u0103 este mai mare dec\u00e2t diferen\u021ba de pre\u021b de 46% dintre A1 \u0219i M5. Cu alte cuvinte, instan\u021bele cu procesoare x86 r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een continuare mai avantajoase \u00een raportul pre\u021b\/performan\u021b\u0103:<\/p>\n

Test
\nEC2 A1
\nEC2 M5d.metal
\nDiferen\u021ba<\/p>\n

cache
\n1280
\n311
\n311,58%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n18209
\n34368
\n-47,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n77932
\n252190
\n-69,10%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n9336
\n24077
\n-61,22%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n21085
\n111877
\n-81,15%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n522
\n728
\n-28,30%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n1389634
\n2770985
\n-49.85%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n4970125
\n15367075
\n-67,66%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nDesigur, micro-benchmark-urile nu ofer\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna o imagine obiectiv\u0103. Diferen\u021ba \u00een performan\u021ba real\u0103 a aplica\u021biei este important\u0103. Dar \u0219i aici imaginea nu a fost mai bun\u0103. Colegii de la Scylla au comparat instan\u021bele a1.metal \u0219i m5.4xlarge cu acela\u0219i num\u0103r de procesoare. \u00cen testul standard de citire a bazei de date NoSQL configurat\u0103 cu un singur nod, prima a ar\u0103tat 102.000 de opera\u021bii de citire pe secund\u0103, iar cea de-a doua 610.000. \u00cen ambele cazuri, toate procesoarele disponibile sunt utilizate la 100%. Aceasta corespunde unei sc\u0103deri a performan\u021bei de aproximativ \u0219ase ori, care nu este compensat\u0103 de pre\u021bul mai mic.<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, instan\u021bele A1 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar pe EBS f\u0103r\u0103 suport pentru dispozitive rapide NVMe, ca \u00een celelalte instan\u021be.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, A1 a fost un pas \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 direc\u021bie, dar nu a \u00eendeplinit a\u0219tept\u0103rile pentru ARM.<\/p>\n

A doua venire a ARM: instan\u021bele EC2 M6<\/h2>\n

\n\"Se<\/p>\n

Totul s-a schimbat s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na aceasta, c\u00e2nd AWS a prezentat o nou\u0103 clas\u0103 de servere ARM, precum \u0219i o serie de instan\u021be pe noile procesoare Graviton2<\/a><\/noindex>, inclusiv M6g \u0219i M6gd<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Compararea acestor instan\u021be arat\u0103 deja o imagine complet diferit\u0103. \u00cen unele teste, ARM se descurc\u0103 mai bine, iar uneori mult mai bine dec\u00e2t x86.<\/p>\n

Iat\u0103 rezultatele execut\u0103rii acelea\u0219i comenzi de stres-testare:<\/p>\n

Test<\/strong>
\nEC2 M6g<\/strong>
\nEC2 M5d.metal<\/strong>
\nDiferen\u021ba<\/strong><\/p>\n

cache
\n218
\n311
\n-29,90%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n45887
\n34368
\n33,52%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n453982
\n252190
\n80,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n14694
\n24077
\n-38,97%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n134711
\n111877
\n20,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n943
\n728
\n29,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n3088242
\n2770985
\n11,45%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n55515663
\n15367075
\n261,26%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nAceasta este deja o cu totul alt\u0103 poveste: M6g este de cinci ori mai rapid dec\u00e2t A1 la executarea opera\u021biunilor de citire din baza de date Scylla NoSQL, iar noile instan\u021be M6gd folosesc unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare rapide NVMe.<\/p>\n

Avansul ARM pe toate fronturile<\/h2>\n

\nProcesorul AWS Graviton2 este doar un exemplu de utilizare a ARM \u00een centrele de date. Dar semnalele vin din mai multe direc\u021bii. De exemplu, pe 15 noiembrie 2019, startup-ul american Nuvia a ob\u021binut 53 de milioane de dolari \u00een finan\u021bare de risc<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Startup-ul a fost fondat de trei ingineri de frunte care au lucrat la crearea de procesoare la Apple \u0219i Google. Ei promit s\u0103 dezvolte procesoare pentru centrele de date care vor concura cu Intel \u0219i AMD.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 conform informa\u021biilor disponibile<\/a><\/noindex>, Nuvia a proiectat de la zero un nucleu de procesor care poate fi construit \u201edeasupra\u201d arhitecturii ARM, dar f\u0103r\u0103 a ob\u021bine o licen\u021b\u0103 ARM.<\/p>\n

Toate acestea indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 procesoarele ARM sunt preg\u0103tite s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 pia\u021ba serverelor. La urma urmei, tr\u0103im \u00eentr-o epoc\u0103 post-PC. Livr\u0103rile anuale de procesoare x86 au sc\u0103zut cu aproape 10% fa\u021b\u0103 de v\u00e2rful din 2011, \u00een timp ce cipurile RISC au crescut la 20 de miliarde. Ast\u0103zi, 99% din procesoarele de 32 \u0219i 64 de bi\u021bi din lume sunt RISC.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torii premiului Turing, John Hennessy \u0219i David Patterson, au publicat \u00een februarie 2019 un articol \u201eO nou\u0103 er\u0103 de aur pentru arhitectura computerelor\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>. Iat\u0103 ce scriu ei: <\/p>\n

Pia\u021ba a solu\u021bionat disputa dintre RISC \u0219i CISC. De\u0219i CISC a c\u00e2\u0219tigat etapele ulterioare ale epocii PC, RISC c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 acum, odat\u0103 cu intrarea \u00een epoca post-PC. Nu au fost create noi ISA-uri CISC de zeci de ani. Spre surprinderea noastr\u0103, opinia general\u0103 cu privire la cele mai bune principii ISA pentru procesoarele de uz general se \u00eenclin\u0103 \u00een continuare \u00een favoarea RISC, la 35 de ani dup\u0103 inven\u021bia sa\u2026 \u00cen ecosistemele cu surs\u0103 deschis\u0103, cipurile ingenios concepute vor demonstra conving\u0103tor realiz\u0103rile \u0219i, prin urmare, vor accelera implementarea comercial\u0103. Filosofia procesoarelor de uz general din aceste cipuri va fi, cel mai probabil, RISC, care a rezistat testului timpului. A\u0219tepta\u021bi-v\u0103 la inova\u021bii la fel de rapide ca \u00een timpul ultimei ere de aur, dar de data aceasta din punct de vedere al costului, energiei \u0219i securit\u0103\u021bii, nu doar al performan\u021bei.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u201e\u00cen urm\u0103torul deceniu, va avea loc o explozie cambrian\u0103 a noilor arhitecturi computerizate, ceea ce va \u00eensemna vremuri captivante pentru arhitec\u021bii de computere din mediul academic \u0219i din industrie\u201d, concluzioneaz\u0103 ei la finalul articolului.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043dc\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 SynQuacer E-Series \u0434\u043b\u044f 24-\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e ARM-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435 ARM Cortex A53 \u0441 32 \u0413\u0411 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b ARM \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 (RISC) \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 Intel \u0438 AMD \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 x86. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Intr\u0103 \u00een era serverelor ARM? 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