{"id":53854,"date":"2019-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-11T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/vvedenie-v-ssd-chast-2-interfejsnaya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:47","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:47","slug":"vvedenie-v-ssd-chast-2-interfejsnaya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vvedenie-v-ssd-chast-2-interfejsnaya","title":{"rendered":"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/37fa13397c0b8ea7af2be17b51c7ed83.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/selectel\/blog\/475304\/\">partea anterioar\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> \u00cen cadrul ciclului \u201eIntroducere \u00een SSD\u201d, am vorbit despre istoria apari\u021biei discurilor. A doua parte va discuta despre interfe\u021bele de interac\u021biune cu stocatoarele.<\/p>\n<p>Comunica\u021bia \u00eentre procesor \u0219i dispozitivele periferice se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 conform unor conven\u021bii predefinite, denumite interfe\u021be. Aceste conven\u021bii reglementeaz\u0103 nivelul fizic \u0219i programatic al interac\u021biunii.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Interfa\u021ba reprezint\u0103 un ansamblu de mijloace, metode \u0219i reguli de interac\u021biune \u00eentre elementele sistemului.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nRealizarea fizic\u0103 a interfe\u021bei afecteaz\u0103 urm\u0103toarele parametrii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>capacitatea de band\u0103 a canalului de comunicare;<\/li>\n<li>num\u0103rul maxim de dispozitive conectate simultan;<\/li>\n<li>num\u0103rul de erori ap\u0103rute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nInterfe\u021bele discurilor sunt construite pe <b>mufele de intrare-ie\u0219ire<\/b>, ceea ce este opus intr\u0103rii-ie\u0219irii prin memorie \u0219i nu ocup\u0103 loc \u00een spa\u021biul de adresare al procesorului.<\/p>\n<h2>Mufele paralele \u0219i seriale<\/h2>\n<p>\nDup\u0103 metoda de schimb de date, mufele de intrare-ie\u0219ire se \u00eempart \u00een dou\u0103 tipuri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>paralele;<\/li>\n<li>seriale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDup\u0103 cum sugereaz\u0103 numele, mufele paralele trimit un cuv\u00e2nt ma\u0219inal compus din mai mul\u021bi bi\u021bi deodat\u0103. Mufa paralel\u0103 este cea mai simpl\u0103 metod\u0103 de schimb de date, deoarece nu necesit\u0103 solu\u021bii tehnice complicate. \u00cen cel mai simplu caz, fiecare bit al cuv\u00e2ntului ma\u0219inal este trimis pe linia sa semnal, iar pentru feedback se folosesc dou\u0103 linii semnal de control: <b>Datele sunt preg\u0103tite<\/b> \u0219i <b>Datele au fost primite<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cabledepot.com\/05DTSERPAR.html\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7521e01508ceb9a7ab6c346fd55edb0e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nDin prima impresie, mufele paralele se scaleaz\u0103 excelent: mai multe linii semnal \u2014 mai mul\u021bi bi\u021bi transmi\u015fi deodat\u0103 \u0219i, prin urmare, o capacitate de band\u0103 mai mare. Cu toate acestea, datorit\u0103 cre\u0219terii num\u0103rului de linii semnal, \u00eentre ele apare o interac\u021biune de interferen\u021b\u0103, duc\u00e2nd la distorsiuni ale mesajelor transmise.<\/p>\n<p>Mufele seriale reprezint\u0103 opusul mufelor paralele. Trimiterea datelor se face c\u00e2te un bit deodat\u0103, ceea ce reduce num\u0103rul total de linii semnal, dar complic\u0103 controlerul de intrare-ie\u0219ire. Controlerul emi\u021b\u0103torului prime\u0219te un cuv\u00e2nt ma\u0219inal deodat\u0103 \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 transmit\u0103 c\u00e2te un bit, iar controlerul receptorului, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, trebuie s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 bi\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103-i stocheze \u00een aceea\u0219i ordine.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cabledepot.com\/05DTSERPAR.html\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1a264c6efc7d854fbf4513aec347f954.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nNum\u0103rul mic de linii semnal permite cre\u0219terea f\u0103r\u0103 interferen\u021be a frecven\u021bei de transmitere a mesajului.<\/p>\n<h2>SCSI<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/922b430a5fda8ae5e46db82db9573719.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nInterface-ul Microrcomputer al Sistemelor (SCSI) a ap\u0103rut \u00een 1978 \u0219i a fost conceput ini\u021bial pentru a conecta dispozitive de diferite tipuri \u00eentr-un singur sistem. Specifica\u021bia SCSI-1 prevedea conectarea a p\u00e2n\u0103 la 8 dispozitive (\u00eempreun\u0103 cu controlerul), cum ar fi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>scanere;<\/li>\n<li>unit\u0103\u021bi de band\u0103 (streamere);<\/li>\n<li>unit\u0103\u021bi optice;<\/li>\n<li>unit\u0103\u021bi de disc \u0219i alte dispozitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Ini\u021bial, SCSI se numea Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI), dar comitetul de standardizare nu ar fi aprobat denumirea \u00een onoarea companiei, iar dup\u0103 o sesiune de brainstorming a fost ales numele Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI). \u00abTat\u0103l\u00bb SCSI, Larry Boucher, a inten\u021bionat ca acronimul s\u0103 fie pronun\u021bat ca \u00absexy\u00bb, dar <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.endl.com\/ida.htm\">Dal Allan<\/a><\/noindex> a citit \u00abs\u0441uzzy\u00bb (\u00abs\u0103zi\u00bb). Ulterior, pronun\u021barea \u00abs\u0103zi\u00bb s-a consacrat pentru acest standard.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\u00cen terminologia SCSI, dispozitivele conectate sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 tipuri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ini\u021biatori;<\/li>\n<li>dispozitive \u021bint\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIni\u021biatorul trimite un comand\u0103 dispozitivului \u021bint\u0103, care apoi trimite un r\u0103spuns ini\u021biatorului. Ini\u021biatorii \u0219i dispozitivele \u021bint\u0103 sunt conectate la un autobuz SCSI comun, l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a c\u0103ruia \u00een standardul SCSI-1 este de 5 MB\/s.<\/p>\n<p>Topologia utilizat\u0103 \u00abautobuz comun\u00bb impune o serie de constr\u00e2ngeri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la capetele autobuzului sunt necesare dispozitive speciale \u2013 terminatoare;<\/li>\n<li>l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a autobuzului este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00eentre toate dispozitivele;<\/li>\n<li>num\u0103rul maxim de dispozitive conectate simultan este limitat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cablesdirect.com\/store\/p\/2877.aspx\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/caecf6cf48e6f0c219080f93e1224206.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Dispozitivele de pe autobuz sunt identificate printr-un num\u0103r unic, numit <b>SCSI Target ID<\/b>. Fiecare unitate SCSI din sistem este reprezentat\u0103 de minimum un dispozitiv logic, a c\u0103rui adresare are loc printr-un num\u0103r unic \u00een cadrul dispozitivului fizic <b>Logical Unit Number<\/b> (LUN).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/f85b1a966dbb47dea78320e27c9cbaac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nComenzile \u00een SCSI sunt trimise sub form\u0103 de <b>blocuri de descriere a comenzii<\/b> (Command Descriptor Block, CDB), const\u00e2nd dintr-un cod de opera\u021bie \u0219i parametrii comenzii. Standardul descrie peste 200 de comenzi, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een patru categorii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Mandatory<\/b> \u2013 trebuie s\u0103 fie suportate de dispozitiv;<\/li>\n<li><b>Optional<\/b> \u2013 pot fi implementate;<\/li>\n<li><b>Vendor-specific<\/b> \u2013 utilizate de un anumit produc\u0103tor;<\/li>\n<li><b>Obsolete<\/b> \u2013 comenzi \u00eenvechite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPrintre numeroasele comenzi, doar trei dintre ele sunt obligatorii pentru dispozitive:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>TEST UNIT READY<\/b> \u2013 verificarea st\u0103rii dispozitivului;<\/li>\n<li><b>REQUEST SENSE<\/b> \u2013 solicit\u0103 codul de eroare al comenzii anterioare;<\/li>\n<li><b>INQUIRY<\/b> \u2013 solicit\u0103 caracteristicile esen\u021biale ale dispozitivului.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDup\u0103 primirea \u0219i procesarea comenzii, dispozitivul \u021bint\u0103 trimite ini\u021biatorului un cod de stare care descrie rezultatul execu\u021biei.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea ulterioar\u0103 a specifica\u021biei SCSI (SCSI-2 \u0219i Ultra SCSI) a extins lista comenzilor utilizate \u0219i a crescut num\u0103rul de dispozitive conectate la 16, iar viteza de transfer de date prin magistrala SCSI la 640 MB\/s. Deoarece SCSI este o interfa\u021b\u0103 paralel\u0103, cre\u0219terea frecven\u021bei de transfer a fost asociat\u0103 cu reducerea lungimii maxime a cablului, ceea ce a dus la inconveniente de utilizare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu standardul Ultra-3 SCSI, a fost introdus\u0103 suportul pentru \u201econectare la cald\u201d \u2013 conectarea dispozitivelor \u00een timpul aliment\u0103rii.<\/p>\n<p>Primul SSD cunoscut cu interfa\u021b\u0103 SCSI este considerat a fi M-Systems FFD-350, lansat \u00een 1995. Discul avea un cost ridicat \u0219i nu a avut o r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire larg\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen prezent, SCSI paralel nu mai este o interfa\u021b\u0103 popular\u0103 pentru conectarea discurilor, dar setul de comenzi este \u00eenc\u0103 utilizat activ \u00een interfe\u021bele USB \u0219i SAS.<\/p>\n<h2>ATA \/ PATA<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0f152c456d01911a4e64b565741cb8cd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nInterfa\u021ba <b>ATA<\/b> (Advanced Technology Attachment), cunoscut \u0219i sub numele de <b>PATA<\/b> (Parallel ATA) a fost dezvoltat de compania Western Digital \u00een 1986. Numele de marketing al standardului IDE (\u00eengl. Integrated Drive Electronics - \u201eelectronica integrat\u0103 \u00een driver\u201d) sublinia o inova\u021bie important\u0103: controlerul acestuia era integrat \u00een driver, nu pe o plac\u0103 de extensie separat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Decizia de a plasa controlerul \u00een interiorul driverului a rezolvat mai multe probleme simultan. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, distan\u021ba dintre stocare \u0219i controler s-a mic\u0219orat, ceea ce a avut un impact pozitiv asupra caracteristicilor stoc\u0103rii. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, controlerul integrat era \u201eadaptat\u201d doar pentru un anumit tip de driver \u0219i, prin urmare, era mai ieftin.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/de2944768a139aeccef20e1688ed7baf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nATA, la fel ca SCSI, utilizeaz\u0103 metoda paralel\u0103 de intrare-ie\u0219ire, ceea ce se reflect\u0103 \u00een cablurile utilizate. Pentru conectarea discurilor cu interfa\u021ba IDE sunt necesare cabluri cu 40 de fire, numite \u0219i \u0219leiuri. \u00cen specifica\u021biile mai recente sunt utilizate \u0219leiuri cu 80 de fire: mai mult de jum\u0103tate dintre acestea sunt \u00eemp\u0103m\u00e2nt\u0103ri pentru a reduce interferen\u021ba la frecven\u021be \u00eenalte.<\/p>\n<p>Pe \u0219leiul ATA sunt prezente \u00eentre dou\u0103 \u0219i patru conectori, unul dintre ei fiind conectat la placa de baz\u0103, iar ceilal\u021bi la unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare. Atunci c\u00e2nd dou\u0103 dispozitive sunt conectate printr-un singur \u0219lei, unul dintre ele trebuie configurat ca <b>Master<\/b>, iar cel\u0103lalt ca <b>Slave<\/b>. Al treilea dispozitiv poate fi conectat exclusiv \u00een modul \u00abdoar citire\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.informit.com\/articles\/article.aspx?p=2028834&amp;seqNum=3\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/91490f1a349198d18c6e4947fc53476d.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPozi\u021bia jumper-ului stabile\u0219te rolul unui anumit dispozitiv. Termenii Master \u0219i Slave \u00een raport cu dispozitivele nu sunt tocmai corec\u021bi, deoarece, \u00een raport cu controlerul, toate dispozitivele conectate sunt Slaves.<\/p>\n<p>O inova\u021bie special\u0103 \u00een ATA-3 este apari\u021bia <b>Autocontrul<\/b>, <b>Tehnologia de Analiz\u0103 \u0219i Raportare (S.M.A.R.T.)<\/b>. Cinci companii (IBM, Seagate, Quantum, Conner \u0219i Western Digital) s-au unit \u0219i au standardizat tehnologia de evaluare a st\u0103rii unit\u0103\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>Suportul pentru unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare cu stare solid\u0103 a ap\u0103rut \u00een cea de-a patra versiune a standardului, lansat\u0103 \u00een 1998. Aceast\u0103 versiune a standardului asigura o vitez\u0103 de transfer de date de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 33.3 MB\/s.<\/p>\n<p>Standardul impune cerin\u021be stricte pentru cablurile ATA:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cablul trebuie s\u0103 fie plat;<\/li>\n<li>lungimea maxim\u0103 a cablului este de 18 inci (45.7 centimetri).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCablul scurt \u0219i lat era incomod \u0219i \u00eencurca r\u0103cirea. Cre\u0219terea frecven\u021bei de transfer cu fiecare versiune nou\u0103 a standardului devenea tot mai dificil\u0103, iar ATA-7 a rezolvat problema \u00eentr-un mod radical: interfa\u021ba paralel\u0103 a fost \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu una serial\u0103. Dup\u0103 aceasta, ATA a c\u0103p\u0103tat denumirea de Parallel \u0219i a devenit cunoscut sub numele de PATA, iar cea de-a \u0219aptea versiune a standardului a primit o nou\u0103 denumire - Serial ATA. Num\u0103r\u0103toarea versiunilor SATA a \u00eenceput cu unitatea.<\/p>\n<h2>SATA<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/62bbd54846d285ac7545fd019935f4a4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nStandardul Serial ATA (SATA) a fost introdus pe 7 ianuarie 2003 \u0219i a rezolvat problemele predecesorului s\u0103u prin urm\u0103toarele modific\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>portul paralel a fost \u00eenlocuit cu unul serial;<\/li>\n<li>cablul l\u0103\u021bit de 80 de fire a fost \u00eenlocuit cu unul de 7 fire;<\/li>\n<li>topologia \u00abbus comun\u00bb a fost \u00eenlocuit\u0103 cu o conexiune \u00abpunct-la-punct\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nChiar dac\u0103 standardul SATA 1.0 (SATA\/150, 150 MB\/s) era u\u0219or mai rapid dec\u00e2t ATA-6 (UltraDMA\/130, 130 MB\/s), trecerea la metoda de transfer serial a fost \u00abpreg\u0103tirea terenului\u00bb pentru cre\u0219terea vitezelor.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218aisprezece linii de semnal pentru transferul de date \u00een ATA au fost \u00eenlocuite cu dou\u0103 perechi r\u0103sucite: una pentru transmisie, cealalt\u0103 pentru recep\u021bie. Conectorii SATA au fost proiecta\u021bi pentru a fi mai rezisten\u021bi la multiple reconect\u0103ri, iar specifica\u021bia SATA 1.0 a f\u0103cut posibil\u0103 \u00abconectarea la cald\u00bb (Hot Plug).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Unele pini de pe discuri sunt mai scur\u021bi dec\u00e2t to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi. Aceasta a fost realizat\u0103 pentru a sus\u021bine \u00ab\u00eenlocuirea la cald\u00bb (Hot Swap). \u00cen procesul de \u00eenlocuire, dispozitivul \u00abpierde\u00bb \u0219i \u00abg\u0103se\u0219te\u00bb liniile \u00eentr-o ordine prestabilit\u0103.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPu\u021bin peste un an, \u00een aprilie 2004, a fost lansat\u0103 a doua versiune a specifica\u021biei SATA. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 cre\u0219terea vitezei la 3 Gbit\/s, SATA 2.0 a introdus tehnologia <b>Native Command Queuing<\/b> (NCQ). Dispozitivele care suport\u0103 NCQ pot organiza de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor ordinea execu\u021biei comenzilor primite pentru a atinge performan\u021ba maxim\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newegg.com\/red-rocstor-6-data-transfer-cable\/p\/0ZF-00S7-00004\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5a10fbfb30d403d9700136018a0d94eb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n\u00cen urm\u0103torii trei ani, SATA Working Group a lucrat la \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea specifica\u021biei existente, iar versiunea 2.6 a adus conectori compac\u021bi Slimline \u0219i micro SATA (uSATA). Ace\u0219ti conectori sunt o variant\u0103 mic\u0219orat\u0103 a conectorului original SATA, fiind proiecta\u021bi pentru unit\u0103\u021bi optice \u0219i discuri mici \u00een laptopuri.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate c\u0103 l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a celei de-a doua genera\u021bii SATA era suficient\u0103 pentru hard disk-uri, unit\u0103\u021bile cu stare solid\u0103 necesitau mai mult. \u00cen mai 2009, a fost lansat\u0103 a treia versiune a specifica\u021biei SATA, cu o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 crescut\u0103 la 6 Gbit\/s.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/windowstips.ru\/chto-takoe-msata-ssd-i-chem-on-mozhet-byt-polezen-osobenno-esli-vy-ne-udovletvoreny-obshhej-skorostyu-vashego-noutbuka\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0a72172e33304d39dc8fcebc24aaca71.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nO aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 unit\u0103\u021bilor cu stare solid\u0103 a fost acordat\u0103 \u00een edi\u021bia SATA 3.1. A ap\u0103rut conectorul Mini-SATA (mSATA), destinat conect\u0103rii SSD-urilor \u00een laptopuri. Spre deosebire de Slimline \u0219i uSATA, noul conector sem\u0103na cu PCIe Mini, de\u0219i nu era compatibil electric cu PCIe. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 noul conector, SATA 3.1 se putea l\u0103uda cu posibilitatea de a pune comenzile TRIM \u00een a\u0219teptare \u00eempreun\u0103 cu comenzile de citire \u0219i scriere.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Comanda TRIM notific\u0103 unitatea cu stare solid\u0103 despre blocurile de date care nu con\u021bin sarcin\u0103 util\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 la SATA 3.1, executarea acestei comenzi ducea la resetarea memoriilor cache \u0219i la suspendarea opera\u021biunilor de intrare-ie\u0219ire, urmat\u0103 de executarea comenzii TRIM. Aceast\u0103 abordare afecta performan\u021ba discului \u00een timpul opera\u021biunilor de \u0219tergere.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSpecificatia SATA nu \u021binea pasul cu cre\u0219terea rapid\u0103 a vitezei de acces la unit\u0103\u021bile cu stare solid\u0103, ceea ce a condus la apari\u021bia \u00een 2013 a unui compromis numit SATA Express \u00een standardul SATA 3.2. \u00cen loc s\u0103 dubleze din nou l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 SATA, dezvoltatorii au folosit magistrala PCIe extins\u0103, a c\u0103rei vitez\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te 6 Gbit\/s. Discurile care suport\u0103 SATA Express au adoptat un format propriu numit M.2.<\/p>\n<h2>SAS<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/b962c09d48c8aca6a19381d6d8866558.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nStandardul SCSI, \u201ecompetitor\u201d al ATA, nu a stagnat nici el, iar la un an dup\u0103 apari\u021bia Serial ATA, \u00een 2004, s-a reinventat ca un interfa\u021b\u0103 secven\u021bial\u0103. Numele noului interfe\u021be este <b>Serial Attached SCSI<\/b> (SAS).<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i SAS a mo\u0219tenit setul de instruc\u021biuni SCSI, au fost efectuate modific\u0103ri semnificative:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>interfa\u021b\u0103 serial\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>cablul cu 29 de fire cu alimentare;<\/li>\n<li>conexiune \u00abpunct-la-punct\u00bb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTerminologia SCSI a fost de asemenea mo\u0219tenit\u0103. Controlerul este \u00een continuare numit ini\u021biator, iar dispozitivele conectate \u2013 \u021binte. Toate dispozitivele \u021bint\u0103 \u0219i ini\u021biatorul formeaz\u0103 un domeniu SAS. \u00cen SAS, l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a conexiunii nu depinde de num\u0103rul de dispozitive din domeniu, deoarece fiecare dispozitiv utilizeaz\u0103 canalul s\u0103u dedicat.<\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul maxim de dispozitive conectate simultan \u00een domeniul SAS specificat dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te 16.000, iar \u00een loc de ID-ul SCSI pentru adresare se folose\u0219te un identificator <b>World-Wide Name<\/b> (WWN).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>WWN este un identificator unic de 16 octe\u021bi, similar cu adresa MAC pentru dispozitivele SAS.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serial_Attached_SCSI\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/0659809e755f33639caaf83606dce40d.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nDe\u0219i conectorii SAS \u0219i SATA sunt asem\u0103n\u0103tori, aceste standarde nu sunt complet compatibile. Cu toate acestea, un disc SATA poate fi conectat la un conector SAS, dar invers nu este posibil. Compatibilitatea \u00eentre discurile SATA \u0219i domeniul SAS este asigurat\u0103 prin protocolul SATA Tunneling Protocol (STP).<\/p>\n<p>Prima versiune a standardului SAS-1 avea o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 de 3 Gbit\/s, iar cea mai recent\u0103, SAS-4, a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit acest parametru de 7 ori: 22,5 Gbit\/s.<\/p>\n<h2>PCIe<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/05251167ad57703662c9be5df62ca85f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPeripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI Express, PCIe) este o interfa\u021b\u0103 serial\u0103 pentru transferul de date, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 2002. Dezvoltarea a fost \u00eenceput\u0103 de compania Intel \u0219i ulterior transferat\u0103 unei organiza\u021bii specializate \u2013 PCI Special Interest Group.<\/p>\n<p>Interfa\u021ba serial\u0103 PCIe nu a fost o excep\u021bie \u0219i a devenit o continuare logic\u0103 a PCI-ului paralel, care este destinat s\u0103 conecteze pl\u0103ci de extensie.<\/p>\n<p>PCI Express se diferen\u021biaz\u0103 semnificativ de SATA \u0219i SAS. Interfa\u021ba PCIe are un num\u0103r variabil de linii. Num\u0103rul de linii este o putere a lui 2 \u0219i variaz\u0103 \u00eentre 1 \u0219i 16.<\/p>\n<p>Termenul \u201elinie\u201d \u00een PCIe nu se refer\u0103 la o linie de semnal specific\u0103, ci la un canal de comunica\u021bie duplex complet, format din urm\u0103toarele linii de semnal:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>primire+ \u0219i primire-;<\/li>\n<li>transmitere+ \u0219i transmitere-;<\/li>\n<li>patru fire de \u00eemp\u0103m\u00e2ntare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNum\u0103rul de linii PCIe influen\u021beaz\u0103 direct l\u0103\u021bimea maxim\u0103 de band\u0103 a conexiunii. Standardul modern PCI Express 4.0 permite atingerea unei viteze de 1.9 GB\/s pe o linie \u0219i 31.5 GB\/s utiliz\u00e2nd 16 linii.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/e3c4ec567c596348ebba75ff1c88c933.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nApetitul pentru unit\u0103\u021bile SSD cre\u0219te foarte repede. At\u00e2t SATA, c\u00e2t \u0219i SAS nu reu\u0219esc s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i creasc\u0103 l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 suficient pentru a \u021bine pasul cu SSD-urile, ceea ce a dus la apari\u021bia discurilor SSD cu conectare PCIe.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>De\u0219i pl\u0103cile PCIe Add-In sunt fixate cu \u0219uruburi, PCIe suport\u0103 \u201eschimbarea la cald\u201d. Pin-urile scurte PRSNT (eng. present \u2014 a fi prezent) asigur\u0103 c\u0103 placa este complet instalat\u0103 \u00een slot.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nUnit\u0103\u021bile SSD conectate prin PCIe sunt reglementate de un standard separat. <b>Specifica\u021bia Interfe\u021bei Controlerului de Memorie Non-Volatil<\/b> \u0219i sunt disponibile \u00een multiple formate, despre care vom vorbi \u00een partea urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<h2>Unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare la distan\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nOdat\u0103 cu crearea magazinelor mari de date a ap\u0103rut necesitatea unor protocoale care s\u0103 permit\u0103 conectarea unit\u0103\u021bilor aflate \u00een afara serverului. Prima solu\u021bie din acest domeniu a fost <b>Internet SCSI<\/b> (iSCSI), dezvoltat de companiile IBM \u0219i Cisco \u00een 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Ideea protocolului iSCSI este simpl\u0103: comenzile SCSI sunt \u201e\u00eempachetate\u201d \u00een pachete TCP\/IP \u0219i trimise prin re\u021bea. \u00cen ciuda conect\u0103rii la distan\u021b\u0103, clien\u021bii au iluzia c\u0103 unitatea este conectat\u0103 local. O re\u021bea de stocare de date (Storage Area Network, SAN) bazat\u0103 pe iSCSI poate fi construit\u0103 pe infrastructura de re\u021bea existent\u0103. Utilizarea iSCSI reduce semnificativ costurile de organizare a SAN-ului.<\/p>\n<p>iSCSI are o variant\u0103 \u201epremium\u201d \u2014 <b>Protocolul Fibre Channel<\/b> (FCP). SAN-ul utiliz\u00e2nd FCP se construie\u0219te pe linii de fibr\u0103 optic\u0103 dedicate. Aceast\u0103 abordare necesit\u0103 echipamente de re\u021bea optice suplimentare, dar se distinge prin stabilitate \u0219i l\u0103\u021bimi de band\u0103 ridicate.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Exist\u0103 multe protocoale pentru trimiterea comenzilor SCSI prin re\u021belele de calculatoare. Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 doar un singur standard care rezolv\u0103 sarcina opus\u0103 \u0219i permite trimiterea pachetelor IP prin magistrala SCSI \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc2143.txt\">IP-over-SCSI<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nCele mai multe protocoale pentru organizarea SAN utilizeaz\u0103 seturi de comenzi SCSI pentru gestionarea unit\u0103\u021bilor de stocare, dar exist\u0103 \u0219i excep\u021bii, cum ar fi simplul <b>ATA over Ethernet<\/b> (AoE). Protocolul AoE trimite comenzi ATA \u00een pachete Ethernet, dar \u00een sistem, unit\u0103\u021bile sunt afi\u0219ate ca SCSI.<\/p>\n<p>Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia unit\u0103\u021bilor NVM Express, protocoalele iSCSI \u0219i FCP nu mai satisfac cerin\u021bele \u00een continu\u0103 cre\u0219tere ale unit\u0103\u021bilor SSD. Au ap\u0103rut dou\u0103 solu\u021bii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>extinderea magistralei PCI Express dincolo de server;<\/li>\n<li>crearea protocolului NVMe over Fabrics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDezvoltarea bus-ului PCIe implic\u0103 crearea unor echipamente de comutare complexe, dar nu aduce modific\u0103ri \u00een protocol.<\/p>\n<p>Protocolul NVMe over Fabrics a devenit o alternativ\u0103 bun\u0103 pentru iSCSI \u0219i FCP. \u00cen NVMe-oF se utilizeaz\u0103 linii de comunica\u021bie cu fibr\u0103 optic\u0103 \u0219i un set de comenzi NVM Express.<\/p>\n<h2>DDR-T<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Introducere \u00een SSD. Partea 2. Interfa\u021ba\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3fe9daef1cc011973e9cfc48e9ffe8d2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nStandardele iSCSI \u0219i NVMe-oF rezolv\u0103 problema conect\u0103rii discurilor remote ca fiind locale, iar compania Intel a ales o alt\u0103 cale, aduc\u00e2nd discul local c\u00e2t mai aproape de procesor. S-a optat pentru sloturi DIMM, \u00een care este conectat\u0103 memoria RAM. L\u0103\u021bimea maxim\u0103 de band\u0103 a canalului DDR4 este de 25 GB\/s, ceea ce dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te semnificativ viteza bus-ului PCIe. Astfel a ap\u0103rut unitatea de stocare Intel\u00ae Optane\u2122 DC Persistent Memory.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru conectarea unit\u0103\u021bii \u00een sloturile DIMM a fost inventat un protocol <b>DDR-T<\/b>, compatibil fizic \u0219i electric cu DDR4, dar necesit\u0103 un controller special, care s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 diferen\u021ba dintre un modul de memorie \u0219i o unitate de stocare. Viteza de acces la unitate este mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t la memoria RAM, dar mai mare dec\u00e2t la NVMe.<\/p>\n<p>Protocolul DDR-T este disponibil doar cu procesoare Intel\u00ae de genera\u021bia Cascade Lake sau mai noi.<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie<\/h2>\n<p>\nAproape toate interfe\u021bele au parcurs un lung drum de dezvoltare de la metoda de transmisie serie la cea paralel\u0103. Vitezele unit\u0103\u021bilor de stocare cu stare solid\u0103 cresc rapid; ieri, unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare cu stare solid\u0103 erau o raritate, iar ast\u0103zi NVMe nu mai surprinde pe nimeni.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>\u00cen laboratorul nostru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/selectel.ru\/lab\/\">Selectel Lab<\/a><\/noindex> pute\u021bi testa singuri SSD-urile \u0219i discurile NVMe.<\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Numai utilizatorii \u00eenregistra\u021bi pot participa la sondaj. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">Conecta\u021bi-v\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, v\u0103 rug\u0103m.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Vor \u00eenlocui discurile NVMe pe cele clasice SSD \u00een viitorul apropiat?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"poll-result\">\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent  poll-result__data-percent_winner\">55.5%<\/strong>Da100<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\">\n<p>                <strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">44.4%<\/strong>Nu80<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Au votat 180 de utilizatori. S-au ab\u021binut 28 de utilizatori.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/selectel\/blog\/478684\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 SSD\u00bb \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u2014 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vvedenie-v-ssd-chast-2-interfejsnaya\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 SSD. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vvedenie-v-ssd-chast-2-interfejsnaya\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-12-11T21:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-02-18T11:01:47+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Introducere \u00een SSD. 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