{"id":54207,"date":"2019-12-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-19T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:11","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:11","slug":"eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"\u00cenc\u0103 un registrar a dat ultimul bloc de adrese IPv4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cen 2015, ARIN (responsabil pentru regiunea nord-american\u0103) <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">a fost primul<\/a><\/noindex> registrar care a epuizat rezerva de IPv4. Iar \u00een noiembrie, adresele s-au terminat \u0219i la RIPE, care gestioneaz\u0103 resursele \u00een Europa \u0219i Asia.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/481146\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u00cenc\u0103 un registrar a dat ultimul bloc de adrese IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4696d01651e7d5d0f83f68d295ecf259.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/xJABEDqVljQ\">David Monje<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Situa\u021bia din RIPE<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen 2012, RIPE <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/ripe\/mail\/archives\/ncc-announce\/2012-September\/000609.html\">au anun\u021bat<\/a><\/noindex> a anun\u021bat \u00eenceperea distribu\u021biei ultimului bloc \/8. De atunci, fiecare client al registrarului putea ob\u021bine doar 1024 de adrese, ceea ce a \u00eencetinit pu\u021bin epuizarea rezervei. \u00cens\u0103 \u00een 2015, RIPE avea \u00eenc\u0103 16 milioane de IP-uri disponibile, iar vara anului 2019 acest num\u0103r a sc\u0103zut <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">la 3 milioane<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii noiembrie, RIPE <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/ripe\/mail\/archives\/ripe-list\/2019-November\/001712.html\">au publicat o scrisoare<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een care au informat c\u0103 registrarul a dat ultimele IP-uri \u0219i resursele sale sunt epuizate. De acum \u00eenainte, rezerva va fi completat\u0103 doar din adresele care sunt returnate de organiza\u021bii diverse. Acestea vor fi distribuite pe r\u00e2nd, \u00een blocuri \/24.<\/p>\n<h2>Cine mai are adrese<\/h2>\n<p>\nIPv4 mai are \u00eenc\u0103 trei registrari, dar \u00een ultimii c\u00e2\u021biva ani au operat \u00een \u201emod de austeritate sever\u0103\u201d. De exemplu, \u00een africa AFRINIC au impus restric\u021bii asupra num\u0103rului de adrese distribuite \u0219i verific\u0103ri stricte ale utiliz\u0103rii acestora. \u00cen ciuda tuturor m\u0103surilor, exper\u021bii prezic c\u0103 IPv4 al registrarului african <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ispa.org.za\/press_releases\/african-internet-addresses-to-run-out-in-march-2020\/\">se va termina<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een martie 2020. Dar exist\u0103 opinia c\u0103 acest lucru se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla chiar mai devreme - \u00een ianuarie.<\/p>\n<p>Pu\u021bine resurse au r\u0103mas la LACNIC din America Latin\u0103 - acesta distribuie ultimul bloc \/8. Reprezentan\u021bii organiza\u021biei spun c\u0103 ofer\u0103 un maximum de 1024 de adrese pentru o companie. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">a achizi\u021biona<\/a><\/noindex> un bloc pot doar acei clien\u021bi care nu le-au ob\u021binut niciodat\u0103 \u00eenainte. M\u0103suri similare au fost luate \u00een APNIC \u00een Asia. Dar organiza\u021biei <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">\u00eei mai r\u0103m\u00e2ne<\/a><\/noindex> doar o cincime din rezerva \/8, care se va epuiza \u0219i aceasta \u00een cur\u00e2nd.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00cenc\u0103 nu este sf\u00e2r\u0219itul<\/h2>\n<p>\nExper\u021bii subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 se poate prelungi \u201edurata de via\u021b\u0103\u201d a IPv4. Este suficient s\u0103 returnezi adresele neutilizate \u00een rezerva comun\u0103. De exemplu, Ford Motor Company \u0219i compania de asigur\u0103ri Prudential Securities <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_assigned_\/8_IPv4_address_blocks\">au rezervat<\/a><\/noindex> peste 16 milioane de IPv4 publice. \u00centr-un thread tematic pe Hacker News <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21630699\">s-a exprimat presupunerea<\/a><\/noindex>, c\u0103 aceste organiza\u021bii nu au nevoie de un num\u0103r at\u00e2t de mare de IP-uri.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, returnarea adreselor ar trebui s\u0103 se fac\u0103 nu \u00een blocuri ca \u00eenainte, ci \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi strict necesare. Alt rezident HN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21635324\">a spus<\/a><\/noindex>, c\u0103 furnizorii Spectrum\/Charter \u0219i Verizon adopt\u0103 deja aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 \u2014 elibereaz\u0103 un IP din \/24 \u00een loc de un \u00eentreg bloc \/30.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>O selec\u021bie de materiale din blogul nostru de pe Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/478146\/\">Ce s\u0103 cite\u0219ti despre activitatea operatorilor de telecomunica\u021bii, protocoalele de re\u021bea \u0219i reglementarea industriei<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">Retrospectiv\u0103: cum au fost epuizate adresele IPv4<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/465535\/\">Cine implementeaz\u0103 IPv6 \u0219i ce opre\u0219te dezvoltarea sa<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u00cenc\u0103 un registrar a dat ultimul bloc de adrese IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/538f60c5ca16afe8c4808e7071320caa.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/3dOQWDCtGsM\">Paz Arando<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>O alt\u0103 solu\u021bie pentru problema deficitului de adrese poate fi cump\u0103rarea \u0219i v\u00e2nzarea acestora la licita\u021bii. De exemplu, \u00een 2017, inginerii de la MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">s-a descoperit<\/a><\/noindex>, c\u0103 universitatea de\u021bine 14 milioane de IP-uri neutilizate \u2014 majoritatea dintre ele au decis s\u0103 le v\u00e2nd\u0103. O poveste similar\u0103 s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat la \u00eenceputul lunii decembrie \u00een Rusia. Institutul de cercetare \u00een dezvoltarea re\u021belelor publice (RosNIIRoS) a anun\u021bat \u00eenchiderea registratorului local de internet LIR. Dup\u0103 aceasta, el <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kommersant.ru\/doc\/4181814\">a transferat<\/a><\/noindex> aproximativ 490 de mii IPv4 unei companii cehoslovace, Reliable Communications. Valoarea total\u0103 a pool-ului a fost estimat\u0103 de exper\u021bi la 9-12 milioane de dolari.<\/p>\n<p>Dar dac\u0103 companiile \u00eencep s\u0103 rev\u00e2nd\u0103 IP-uri unele altora \u00een mas\u0103, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPv4_address_exhaustion#Post-exhaustion_mitigation\">acest lucru va duce<\/a><\/noindex> la o cre\u0219tere a tabelelor de rutare. Totu\u0219i, \u0219i aici exist\u0103 o solu\u021bie \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lisp4.net\/\">protocolul LISP<\/a><\/noindex> (Locator\/ID Separation Protocol). Aici, autorii propun utilizarea a dou\u0103 adrese la adresarea \u00een re\u021bea. Una pentru identificarea dispozitivelor \u0219i cealalt\u0103 pentru crearea unui tunel \u00eentre servere. Aceast\u0103 abordare permite eliminarea adreselor din tabelele BGP, care nu pot fi combinate \u00eentr-un singur bloc \u2014 ca urmare, tabela de rutare cre\u0219te mai \u00eencet. Suportul LISP este deja implementat de <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lisp4.net\/implementations\/\">companii precum Cisco \u0219i LANCOM Systems (dezvolt\u0103 SD-WAN).<\/a><\/noindex> O solu\u021bie radical\u0103 pentru problema IPv4 va fi tranzi\u021bia \u00een mas\u0103<\/p>\n<p>la IPv6 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/465535\/\">. Dar, cu toate c\u0103 protocolul a fost dezvoltat acum mai bine de 20 de ani, acesta nu a fost adoptat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103. \u00cen prezent, \u00eel suport\u0103 15% dintre site-uri. De\u0219i mai multe companii depun eforturi pentru a schimba aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie. Astfel, mul\u021bi furnizori de cloud din Occident<\/a><\/noindex>au introdus taxe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21631225\">pentru IPv4 neutilizate. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, adresele utilizate (conectate la o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103) sunt oferite gratuit.<\/a><\/noindex> \u00cen general, produc\u0103torii de echipamente de re\u021bea \u0219i furnizorii de internet sunt dornici s\u0103 treac\u0103 la IPv6. Dar se confrunt\u0103 constant cu dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een timpul migra\u021biei. Vom preg\u0103ti un material separat despre aceste dificult\u0103\u021bi \u0219i modalit\u0103\u021bile de a le rezolva.<\/p>\n<p>Despre ce scriem \u00een blogul nostru corporativ VAS Experts:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Implementarea IPv6 \u2013 FAQ pentru furnizorii de internet<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Protocolul IPv6 \u2014 de la teorie la practic\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">Protocolul IPv6 - de la teorie la practic\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/ipv6-texnologiya-nastoyashhego-ili-budushhego\/\">IPv6 \u2014 tehnologia prezentului sau a viitorului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/481146\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 ARIN (\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d) \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u043b IPv4. \u0410 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0443 RIPE, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \/ Unsplash \/ David Monje \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 RIPE \u0412 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 RIPE \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \/8. \u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 ARIN (\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d) \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u043b 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