{"id":54351,"date":"2019-12-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:21","slug":"istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Istoria sistemului de nume de domenii: primele servere DNS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Data trecut\u0103 am \u00eenceput s\u0103 povestim istoria DNS<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 am rememorat cum a \u00eenceput proiectul \u0219i ce probleme a fost destinat s\u0103 rezolve \u00een re\u021beaua ARPANET. Ast\u0103zi vom vorbi despre primul server DNS BIND.<\/p>\n

\"Istoria<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFotografie \u2014 John Markos O'Neill<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Primele servere DNS<\/h2>\n

\nDup\u0103 ce \u00een 1983 Paul Mockapetris \u0219i Jon Postel\u00a0au propus conceptul<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0numele de domenii pentru re\u021beaua ARPANET, acesta a fost rapid aprobat de comunitatea IT. Printre primii care l-au implementat au fost inginerii de la Universitatea din Berkeley. \u00cen 1984, patru studen\u021bi au prezentat primul server DNS \u2014 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND). Ace\u0219tia lucrau \u00een cadrul unui grant acordat de Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).<\/p>\n

Sistemul dezvoltat de studen\u021bi transforma automat numele DNS \u00een adrese IP \u0219i invers. Interesant este c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd codul s\u0103u a fost \u00eenc\u0103rcat pe BSD<\/a><\/noindex> (sistemul de distribu\u021bie a software-ului), primele surse aveau deja num\u0103rul versiunii 4.3. O perioad\u0103 serverul DNS a fost utilizat de angaja\u021bii laboratoarelor universit\u0103\u021bii. P\u00e2n\u0103 la versiunea 4.8.3, dezvoltarea BIND a fost responsabilitatea membrilor grupului de cercetare de la Universitatea din Berkeley \u2014 Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), dar \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a anilor 1980, serverul DNS a ie\u0219it din cadrul universit\u0103\u021bii \u2014 a fost predat lui Paul Vixie de la compania\u00a0DEC<\/a><\/noindex>. Paul a lansat actualiz\u0103rile 4.9 \u0219i 4.9.1, iar apoi a fondat Internet Software Consortium (ISC), care de atunci se ocup\u0103 de suportul BIND. Potrivit lui Paul, toate versiunile anterioare s-au bazat pe codul studen\u021bilor din Berkeley \u0219i, \u00een decursul a cincisprezece ani, acesta \u0219i-a atins complet limitele de modernizare. Prin urmare, \u00een 2000, BIND a fost rescris de la zero.<\/p>\n

Serverul BIND include mai multe biblioteci \u0219i componente care implementeaz\u0103 arhitectura \u201eclient-server\u201d DNS \u0219i sunt responsabile pentru configurarea func\u021biilor serverului DNS. BIND este larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit, mai ales pe Linux, \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne o implementare popular\u0103 a serverului DNS. Aceasta solu\u021bie<\/a><\/noindex> este instalat\u0103 pe servere care asigur\u0103 suport pentru zona r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nExist\u0103 \u0219i alternative la BIND. De exemplu, PowerDNS, care vine cu distribu\u021biile Linux. A fost scris de Bert Hubert de la compania olandez\u0103 PowerDNS.COM \u0219i este sus\u021binut de comunitatea open source. \u00cen 2005, PowerDNS a fost implementat pe serverele funda\u021biei \u201eWikimedia\u201d. Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie este utilizat\u0103 de marii provideri de cloud, de companiile europene de telecomunica\u021bii \u0219i de organiza\u021biile din topul Fortune 500.<\/p>\n

BIND \u0219i PowerDNS sunt printre cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite, dar nu sunt singurele servere DNS. De asemenea, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat\u00a0Unbound<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0djbdns<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i\u00a0Dnsmasq<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Dezvoltarea sistemului de nume de domenii<\/h2>\n

\nDe-a lungul istoriei DNS, specifica\u021bia sa a fost modificat\u0103 de multe ori. Ca una dintre primele \u0219i mari actualiz\u0103ri\u00a0a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0mecanismele NOTIFY \u0219i IXFR \u00een 1996. Acestea au simplificat replicarea bazelor de date ale sistemului de nume de domenii \u00eentre serverele primare \u0219i secundare. Noua solu\u021bie a permis configurarea notific\u0103rilor pentru modific\u0103rile \u00een \u00eenregistr\u0103rile DNS. Aceast\u0103 abordare a garantat identitatea zonei DNS secundare \u0219i primare \u0219i a economisit l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 \u2014 sincronizarea a avut loc doar atunci c\u00e2nd era necesar\u0103, nu la intervale fixe.<\/p>\n

\"Istoria
\nFotografie \u2014 Richard Masoner<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Ini\u021bial, re\u021beaua DNS nu era accesibil\u0103 publicului larg \u0219i problemele poten\u021biale de securitate nu reprezentau o prioritate \u00een dezvoltarea sistemului, dar aceast\u0103 abordare s-a f\u0103cut sim\u021bit\u0103 ulterior. Odat\u0103 cu dezvoltarea internetului, vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bile sistemului au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie exploatate \u2014 de exemplu, atacurile de tip DNS spoofing au ap\u0103rut. \u00cen acest caz, memoria cache a serverelor DNS este umplut\u0103 cu date care nu au o surs\u0103 autorizat\u0103 \u0219i redirec\u021bioneaz\u0103 cererile c\u0103tre serverele atacatorilor.<\/p>\n

Pentru a rezolva problema, \u00een DNS\u00a0integrarea cu Mastodon, ceea ce a determinat reac\u021bii mixte din partea utilizatorilor. Din fericire, a\u0219a cum este specificat \u00een software-ul liber, aceasta este op\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i se decide de c\u0103tre administratorul serverului.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0semn\u0103turile criptografice pentru r\u0103spunsurile DNS (DNSSEC) \u2014 un mecanism care permite construirea unei lan\u021buri de \u00eencredere pentru domeniu din zona r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Trebuie men\u021bionat c\u0103 un mecanism similar a fost ad\u0103ugat pentru autentificarea gazdelor \u00een timpul transferului zonei DNS \u2014 a fost numit TSIG.<\/p>\n

Modific\u0103rile care simplificau replicarea bazelor de date DNS \u0219i corectau problemele de securitate au fost foarte bine primite de comunitatea IT. Dar au existat \u0219i modific\u0103ri care nu au fost primite de cea mai bun\u0103 manier\u0103 de comunitate. \u00cen special, tranzi\u021bia de la nume de domenii gratuite la cele pl\u0103tite. \u0218i acesta este un exemplu numai dintr-\u00abun r\u0103zboi\u00bb \u00een istoria DNS. Despre aceasta vom discuta \u00een materialul urm\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

\"IstoriaNoi, la 1cloud, oferim serviciul \u201eServer virtual<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d. Cu ajutorul acestuia, pute\u021bi \u00eenchiria \u0219i configura un server VDS\/VPS la distan\u021b\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva minute.
\n\"IstoriaDe asemenea, este un program de parteneriat<\/a><\/noindex> pentru to\u021bi utilizatorii. Plasa\u021bi linkuri de recomandare pe serviciul nostru \u0219i primi\u021bi recompense pentru clien\u021bii adu\u0219i.<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e DNS \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 ARPANET. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 BIND. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 John Markos O’Neill \u2014 CC BY-SA \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 1983 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b \u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441 (Paul Mockapetris) \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b (Jon Postel)\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00a0\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Istoria sistemului de nume de domenii: primele servere DNS | ProHoster","description":"Data trecut\u0103 am \u00eenceput s\u0103 povestim despre istoria DNS - ne-am amintit cu ce a \u00eenceput proiectul \u0219i ce probleme a fost menit s\u0103 rezolve.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e DNS \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-12-23T21:00:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-02-18T11:02:21+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"54351","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-24 11:00:25","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 20:07:25","updated":"2026-01-24 11:00:25","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54351"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54351\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}