{"id":54415,"date":"2019-12-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kubity-vmesto-bitov-kakoe-budushhee-gotovyat-nam-kvantovye-kompyutery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:25","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:25","slug":"kubity-vmesto-bitov-kakoe-budushhee-gotovyat-nam-kvantovye-kompyutery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kubity-vmesto-bitov-kakoe-budushhee-gotovyat-nam-kvantovye-kompyutery","title":{"rendered":"Cubii \u00een loc de bi\u021bi: ce viitor ne preg\u0103tesc calculatoarele cuantice?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cubii
\nUna dintre cele mai importante provoc\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice ale timpului nostru a devenit cursa pentru crearea primului calculator cuantic util. La aceast\u0103 competi\u021bie particip\u0103 mii de fizicieni \u0219i ingineri. IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft \u0219i Intel \u00ee\u0219i dezvolt\u0103 conceptele. Cum va schimba un asemenea dispozitiv puternic lumea noastr\u0103 \u0219i de ce este at\u00e2t de important?
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nImagina\u021bi-v\u0103 pentru o clip\u0103: un calculator cuantic complet a fost creat. Acesta a devenit un element obi\u0219nuit \u0219i natural al vie\u021bii noastre. Despre computa\u021bia clasic\u0103 se vorbe\u0219te acum doar \u00een \u0219coal\u0103, la orele de istorie. \u00cen ad\u00e2ncurile reci ale subsolurilor, ma\u0219ini puternice opereaz\u0103 cu qubi\u021bi pentru a sus\u021bine func\u021bionarea robo\u021bilor echipa\u021bi cu inteligen\u021b\u0103 artificial\u0103. Ace\u0219tia se ocup\u0103 de toate sarcinile periculoase \u0219i monotone. Plimb\u00e2ndu-v\u0103 prin parc, privi\u021bi \u00een jur \u0219i vede\u021bi tot felul de robo\u021bi. Fiin\u021bele umanoide scot c\u00e2inii la plimbare, v\u00e2nd \u00eenghe\u021bat\u0103, repar\u0103 instala\u021bii electrice, m\u0103tur\u0103 zona. Unele modele \u00eenlocuiesc animalele de companie.<\/p>\n

Am ob\u021binut posibilitatea de a dezv\u0103lui toate misterele Universului \u0219i de a privi \u00een interiorul nostru. Medicina a atins un nou nivel \u2014 medicamente inovatoare sunt dezvoltate \u00een fiecare s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103. Putem prezice \u0219i determina unde se afl\u0103 resursele deficitare, cum ar fi gazul \u0219i petrolul. Problema \u00eenc\u0103lzirii globale a fost rezolvat\u0103, metodele de economisire a energiei sunt optimizate, iar ora\u0219ele nu mai au ambuteiaje. Calculatorul cuantic nu numai c\u0103 gestioneaz\u0103 toate ma\u0219inile robotizate, dar asigur\u0103 \u0219i un trafic fluid: monitorizeaz\u0103 situa\u021bia de pe drumuri, corecteaz\u0103 rutele \u0219i preia controlul de la \u0219oferi \u00een caz de necesitate. A\u0219a ar putea ar\u0103ta era cuantic\u0103. <\/p>\n

Feverea aurului cuantic<\/h3>\n

\nPerspectivele de aplicare sunt uimitoare, de aceea investi\u021biile \u00een dezvolt\u0103rile cuantice cresc \u00een fiecare an. Pia\u021ba mondial\u0103 a calculului cuantic a fost evaluat\u0103 la 81,6 milioane de dolari SUA \u00een 2018. Speciali\u0219tii de la Market.us estimeaz\u0103 c\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2026 va atinge 381,6 milioane de dolari SUA. Aceasta va cre\u0219te cu o medie de 21,26% pe an \u00eentre 2019 \u0219i 2026. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 cre\u0219tere este stimulat\u0103 de utilizarea tot mai mare a criptografiei cuantice \u00een aplica\u021biile de securitate \u0219i este determinat\u0103 de investi\u021biile p\u0103r\u021bilor interesate din pia\u021ba calculatoarelor cuantice. La \u00eenceputul acestui an, conform analizei publicate \u00een revista \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 Nature, investitorii priva\u021bi au finan\u021bat cel pu\u021bin 52 de companii de tehnologie cuantic\u0103 din \u00eentreaga lume. Printre juc\u0103torii mari care lucreaz\u0103 la crearea unui calculator cuantic practic aplicabil se num\u0103r\u0103 IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft, Intel \u0219i D-Wave Systems. <\/p>\n

Da, deocamdat\u0103 fondurile care intr\u0103 \u00een acest domeniu anual reprezint\u0103 cheltuieli reduse (spre compara\u021bie: \u00een 2018, investi\u021biile \u00een IA au totalizat 9,3 miliarde de dolari SUA). Dar aceste cifre sunt semnificative pentru o industrie \u00eenc\u0103 imatur\u0103, care nu poate \u00eenc\u0103 s\u0103 se laude cu indicatori de performan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Rezolvarea problemelor cuantice<\/h3>\n

\nTrebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103, \u00een prezent, tehnologia se afl\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een stadiul incipient. Au reu\u0219it s\u0103 creeze doar prototipuri de ma\u0219ini cuantice, c\u00e2teva sisteme experimentale. Acestea sunt capabile s\u0103 execute algoritmi fixa\u021bi de complexitate mic\u0103. Primul calculator cu 2 qubi\u021bi a fost creat \u00een 1998, iar omenirea a avut nevoie de 21 de ani pentru a aduce dispozitivele la nivelul dorit, cunoscut sub numele de \u201esuprem\u0103 cuantic\u0103\u201d. Acest termen a fost introdus de profesorul de la Institutul de Tehnologie din California, John Preskill. El se refer\u0103 la capacitatea dispozitivelor cuantice de a rezolva probleme mai repede dec\u00e2t cele mai puternice computere clasice. <\/p>\n

Un avans \u00een acest domeniu a fost realizat de compania californian\u0103 Google. \u00cen septembrie 2019, corpora\u021bia a declarat c\u0103 dispozitivul lor Sycamore cu 53 de cubi\u021bi a efectuat un calcul \u00een 200 de secunde, o sarcin\u0103 care ar fi durat supercomputerului cel mai avansat 10.000 de ani. Afirma\u021bia a generat multe controverse. La IBM, asemenea calcule au fost categoric contestate. \u00centr-un blog, compania a scris c\u0103 supercomputerul lor Summit ar putea rezolva acea problem\u0103 \u00een 2,5 zile. Iar tot ce trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 este s\u0103 creasc\u0103 capacitatea de stocare. De\u0219i diferen\u021ba nu s-a dovedit a fi at\u00e2t de colosal\u0103, Google a fost cu adev\u0103rat prima care a atins \u201esuprema\u021bia cuantic\u0103\u201d. \u0218i aceasta este o piatr\u0103 de hotar important\u0103 \u00een cercetarea informatic\u0103. Dar nu mai mult de at\u00e2t. Isprava lui Sycamore este exclusiv demonstrativ\u0103. Nu are aplicabilitate practic\u0103 \u0219i este inutil\u0103 \u00een rezolvarea problemelor reale. <\/p>\n

Problema principal\u0103 este hardware-ul. Dac\u0103 bi\u021bii de calcul tradi\u021bionali au valoarea 0 sau 1, atunci \u00een ciudata lume cuantic\u0103, cubi\u021bii pot fi \u00een ambele st\u0103ri simultan. Aceast\u0103 proprietate se nume\u0219te superpozi\u021bie. Cubi\u021bii sunt asem\u0103n\u0103tori cu v\u00e2rtejuri care se \u00eenv\u00e2rt: se rotesc \u00een acela\u0219i timp \u00een sens orar \u0219i antiorar, se mi\u0219c\u0103 \u00een sus \u0219i \u00een jos. Dac\u0103 g\u0103si\u021bi acest lucru confuz, atunci sunte\u021bi \u00eentr-o companie bun\u0103. Richard Feynman a spus c\u00e2ndva: \u201eDac\u0103 crede\u021bi c\u0103 \u00een\u021belege\u021bi mecanica cuantic\u0103, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu o \u00een\u021belege\u021bi\u201d. Cuvinte \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021be de la un om care a c\u00e2\u0219tigat Premiul Nobel pentru... mecanica cuantic\u0103.<\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, cubi\u021bii sunt extrem de instabili \u0219i supu\u0219i influen\u021belor externe. O ma\u0219in\u0103 care trece pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 feroneria laboratorului, zgomotul intern al sistemului de r\u0103cire, o particul\u0103 cosmic\u0103 care zboar\u0103 \u2014 orice interferen\u021b\u0103 aleatorie, orice interac\u021biune rup\u0103 sincronia lor \u0219i ei decohereaz\u0103. Acest lucru este devastator pentru calcule. <\/p>\n

\u00centrebarea cheie pentru dezvoltarea calculilor cuantici este care solu\u021bie hardware din numeroasele studiate va asigura stabilitatea cubi\u021bilor. Cine va rezolva problema \u00eentreruperii coeren\u021bei \u0219i va face computerele cuantice la fel de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite ca procesoarele grafice va primi Premiul Nobel \u0219i va deveni cea mai bogat\u0103 persoan\u0103 din lume. <\/p>\n

Calea c\u0103tre commercializare<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen 2011, compania canadian\u0103 D-Wave Systems Inc. a fost prima care a \u00eenceput s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103 calculatoare cuantice, de\u0219i utilitatea lor este limitat\u0103 la anumite probleme matematice. \u00cen lunile urm\u0103toare, milioane de dezvoltatori vor putea \u00eencepe s\u0103 utilizeze procesoarele cuantice prin intermediul cloud-ului \u2014 IBM promite s\u0103 ofere acces la dispozitivul s\u0103u de 53 de qubi\u021bi. P\u00e2n\u0103 acum, \u00een cadrul programului numit Q Network, 20 de companii au ob\u021binut aceast\u0103 privilegiu. Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 produc\u0103torul de tehnologie Samsung Electronics, constructorii auto Honda Motor \u0219i Daimler, companiile chimice JSR \u0219i Nagase, precum \u0219i b\u0103ncile JPMorgan Chase & Co. \u0219i Barclays. <\/p>\n

Majoritatea companiilor care experimenteaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi cu calculul cuantic \u00eel consider\u0103 o component\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103 a viitorului. Acum, misiunea lor principal\u0103 este s\u0103 afle ce func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een calculul cuantic \u0219i ce nu. \u0218i s\u0103 fie preg\u0103tite s\u0103 integreze tehnologia \u00een afaceri, atunci c\u00e2nd aceasta va fi gata. <\/p>\n

Organiza\u021biile de transport. Volkswagen, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu compania D-Wave, dezvolt\u0103 o aplica\u021bie cuantic\u0103 \u2014 un sistem de gestionare a traficului. Noua program\u0103 va permite organiza\u021biilor de transport public \u0219i companiilor de taxi din marile ora\u0219e s\u0103 utilizeze mai eficient flota lor \u0219i s\u0103 minimalizeze timpul de a\u0219teptare pentru pasageri. <\/p>\n

Sectorul energetic. ExxonMobil \u0219i IBM promoveaz\u0103 aplicarea calculului cuantic \u00een domeniul energetic. Ace\u0219tia se concentreaz\u0103 pe dezvoltarea unei serii de noi tehnologii energetice, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea eficien\u021bei energetice \u0219i reducerea emisiilor de gaze cu efect de ser\u0103. Scala \u0219i complexitatea problemelor cu care se confrunt\u0103 sectorul energetic dep\u0103\u0219esc limit\u0103rile calculatoarelor tradi\u021bionale moderne \u0219i se potrivesc bine pentru testare pe calculatoare cuantice. <\/p>\n

Companiile farmaceutice. Accenture Labs colaboreaz\u0103 cu 1QBit, o companie de dezvoltare a software-ului cuantic. \u00cen doar 2 luni de la cercetare, au trecut la verificarea conceptului \u2014 utilizarea unei aplica\u021bii pentru modelarea interac\u021biunilor moleculare complexe la nivel atomic. Datorit\u0103 puterii calculului cuantic, a devenit posibil\u0103 analiza moleculelor mai mari. Ce va aduce aceasta societ\u0103\u021bii? Medicamente inovatoare cu efecte secundare minime.<\/p>\n

Sectorul financiar. Tehnologia bazat\u0103 pe principiile teoriei cuantice atrage din ce \u00een ce mai mult interesul b\u0103ncilor. Acestea sunt interesate s\u0103 proceseze tranzac\u021biile, afacerile \u0219i alte tipuri de date c\u00e2t mai repede posibil. Barclays \u0219i JP Morgan Chase (\u00eempreun\u0103 cu IBM) \u0219i NatWest (\u00eempreun\u0103 cu Fujitsu) \u00ee\u0219i desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 deja experimentele pentru a dezvolta software specializat. <\/p>\n

Acceptarea din partea unor mari corpora\u021bii \u0219i apari\u021bia antreprenorilor cuantici sugereaz\u0103 viabilitatea comercial\u0103 a tehnologiei cuantice. Observ\u0103m deja cum calculatoarele cuantice sunt folosite pentru probleme din lumea real\u0103 \u2014 de la cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei energetice p\u00e2n\u0103 la optimizarea rutelor de transport. \u0218i, important, valoarea tehnologiei va cre\u0219te pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce progreseaz\u0103.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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