{"id":54519,"date":"2019-12-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-27T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/50-ottenkov-korichnevogo-ili-kak-my-do-etogo-dokatilis"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:32","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:32","slug":"50-ottenkov-korichnevogo-ili-kak-my-do-etogo-dokatilis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/50-ottenkov-korichnevogo-ili-kak-my-do-etogo-dokatilis","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab50 de nuan\u021be de maro\u00bb sau \u00abCum am ajuns aici\u00bb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Declara\u021bie de responsabilitate: acest material con\u021bine doar opinia subiectiv\u0103 a autorului, plin\u0103 de stereotipuri \u0219i inven\u021bii. Faptele din material sunt prezentate sub form\u0103 de metafore, care pot fi distorsionate, exagerate, \u00eenfrumuse\u021bate sau complet inventate.<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"\u00ab50<\/p>\n

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ASM<\/h3>\n

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\u00cenc\u0103 se discut\u0103 despre cine a fost primul care a dat na\u0219tere tuturor acestor lucruri. Da, da, vorbesc despre cum oamenii au trecut de la comunicarea obi\u0219nuit\u0103 cu persoane umane la comunicarea... cu animalele \ud83d\ude42.<\/p>\n

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Unii ar spune c\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIX-lea, c\u00e2nd un savant a descris principiile generale ale unei astfel de comunic\u0103ri poten\u021biale. Al\u021bii sus\u021bin c\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00een timpul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, c\u00e2nd cercet\u0103torii au studiat modalit\u0103\u021bile de comunicare \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 animalele pentru a intercepta mesajele inamice sau pur \u0219i simplu pentru a se juca cu animalele de companie \u00een \u0219ah (de\u0219i Bobic pierdea mereu \u00een fa\u021ba st\u0103p\u00e2nului, procesul era interesant pentru am\u00e2ndoi). Nu este at\u00e2t de important cum a \u00eenceput totul, c\u00e2t de important este unde s-a ajuns, dar despre asta pas cu pas.<\/p>\n

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La \u00eenceput, erau destul de pu\u021bini oameni care \u0219tiau s\u0103 comunice cu animalele, iar aceast\u0103 activitate nu era foarte popular\u0103. \u0218i este evident - nu este ca \u0219i cum ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba o limb\u0103 uman\u0103. Aici abordarea discursului este complet diferit\u0103, iar inteligen\u021ba noastr\u0103 difer\u0103, precum \u0219i percep\u021bia asupra lumii. Multe lucruri pur \u0219i simplu nu pot fi transmise: cum \u00eei explici unei vaci ce este culoarea ro\u0219ie, dac\u0103 ea nu o percepe? \u0218i sunetele multor animale sunt greu de pronun\u021bat \u0219i chiar de auzit. Dar e bine, pentru \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i progres, mul\u021bi curajo\u0219i s-au apucat de studiu \u0219i, \u00een decursul anilor, au st\u0103p\u00e2nit aceast\u0103 abilitate. Cu adev\u0103rat: nu exist\u0103 nimic imposibil pentru om!<\/p>\n

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Cu toate acestea, progresul nu s-a oprit aici. Ca \u00eentotdeauna, oamenii tind s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i simplifice sarcinile. Aici dificult\u0103\u021bile erau multe, nu doar faptul c\u0103, odat\u0103 ce ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat limbajul unui animal, st\u0103p\u00e2nirea urm\u0103toarei nu era mult mai simpl\u0103. Unele principii, desigur, se transferau, dar departe de toate (sunete noi, tr\u0103s\u0103turi diferite de g\u00e2ndire ale animalelor etc.).<\/p>\n

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A\u0219a a fost g\u00e2ndit Sintetizatorul Automatic de Morfeme, sau, pe scurt, SAM. Un dispozitiv mic, care \u00eencap \u00een buzunar. Dar c\u00e2t de util! \u00cel setezi pentru a lucra cu un anumit tip de animale, ape\u0219i pe butoanele morfemelor corecte... \u0219i acesta sintetizeaz\u0103 singur sunetele necesare! Nu mai trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021bi pronun\u021bia \u0219i s\u0103-\u021bi r\u0103ne\u0219ti limba. Desigur, trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi diferen\u021bele de mentalitate ale diferitelor animale. De exemplu, nu ar trebui s\u0103 men\u021bionezi \u0219oareci \u00een preajma unui elefant, asta s-ar putea s\u0103-l sperie foarte tare. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te pronun\u021bia, totul a devenit mult mai simplu. \u0218i, cel mai important, me\u0219te\u0219ugarii din \u00eentreaga lume pot s\u0103 se conecteze \u0219i s\u0103 adauge acestui aparat cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre limbajele altor animale, iar apoi to\u021bi pot folosi acest aparat pentru a comunica cu animale noi. Procesul de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare a devenit mult mai simplu \u0219i mai rapid, iar num\u0103rul doritorilor de a st\u0103p\u00e2ni aceast\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 a crescut.<\/p>\n

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SAM<\/h3>\n

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Dup\u0103 un timp, toat\u0103 lumea utiliza noua inven\u021bie, iar pronun\u021bia direct\u0103 a sunetelor a fost aproape uitat\u0103. Noua genera\u021bie a \u00eenceput imediat s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be s\u0103 comunice prin SAM. Da, uneori f\u0103ceau gre\u0219eli nefericite, iar ap\u0103s\u00e2nd pe butonul gre\u0219it al sintetizatorului, aduceau animalul \u00een confuzie, sau chiar \u00een furie. Uneori, animalele \u00eei mu\u0219cau sau \u00eei b\u0103teau. Dar ce s\u0103 faci, se mai \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u0219i asta.<\/p>\n

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\u00cen general, lucrurile mergeau destul de bine, aceast\u0103 descoperire a extins posibilit\u0103\u021bile comunic\u0103rii interspecii, dar era totu\u0219i greu s\u0103 nume\u0219ti aceast\u0103 comunicare convenabil\u0103. Judeca\u021bi singuri: mai \u00eent\u00e2i trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021bi s\u0103 lucrezi cu SAM, apoi particularit\u0103\u021bile g\u00e2ndirii diferitelor animale, \u00een proces vei \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba din gre\u0219eli \u0219i, poate, vei provoca un atac de cord unor animale din neaten\u021bie, ap\u0103s\u00e2nd pe butonul gre\u0219it.<\/p>\n

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Oamenii au \u00een\u021beles aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 \u0219i au inventat un sintetizator mai inteligent, sau, cum l-au numit ei, Sintetizator Inteligent. Aparatul era deja un pic mai mare, dar \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103pea u\u0219or \u00een rucsac. C\u00e2te posibilit\u0103\u021bi noi deschidea! Puteai deja s\u0103 tastezi texte \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 uman\u0103. Ei bine... aproape. Limbajul era \u00eenc\u0103 un pic st\u00e2ngaci, era necesar s\u0103 comunici prin comenzi. A\u0219adar, \u00een loc de simplul \u201edu-te \u0219i adu papucii\u201d, trebuia s\u0103 scrii \u201e\u00eentoarce-te \u00eenapoi, \u00eenainte 3 pa\u0219i, dac\u0103 vezi papucii - ia-i, dac\u0103 nu - mergi mai departe\u2026\u201d. \u0218i a\u0219a mai departe. Odat\u0103 descris, puteai s\u0103 \u00eei dai un nume convenabil, cum ar fi \u201eadu papucii\u201d, iar data viitoare s\u0103 scrii direct simplu \u0219i clar. Oricum, puteai denumi termenii cu numele care \u00ee\u021bi conveneau, descriind procesele\u2026 era pur \u0219i simplu o mare de oportunit\u0103\u021bi! \u0218i aveai \u0219i multe protec\u021bii: era tot mai greu s\u0103 conduci un animal la moarte sau pur \u0219i simplu la furie. Dar cel mai important - limbajul era deja \u00een\u021beles de aproape oricine. Adic\u0103, nu doar c\u0103 nu era nevoie s\u0103 studiezi pronun\u021bia, dar nici m\u0103car nu era necesar s\u0103 \u0219tii cum se traduce totul \u00een limbajul animalelor. De multe ori, nici m\u0103car nu era nevoie s\u0103 \u0219tii detalii despre cum g\u00e2nde\u0219te un anumit animal, aparatul rezolva multe dintre aceste lucruri \u00een locul t\u0103u.<\/p>\n

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Se p\u0103rea c\u0103 \u00een cur\u00e2nd to\u021bi copiii vor \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba cum s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 SI \u00eenc\u0103 din \u0219coal\u0103 \u0219i aceasta va deveni un instrument universal pentru to\u021bi!<\/p>\n

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Un nou \u00eenceput<\/h3>\n

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\u00cen urm\u0103torii ani, au ap\u0103rut multe alte aparate, fiecare av\u00e2nd propriile sale func\u021bii suplimentare. C\u00e2t despre Sintetizator ++, permitea realizarea multor lucruri \u00een moduri diferite, mai convenabile pentru tine. De exemplu, puteai s\u0103 tastezi unui raton \u201eadu bere\u201d, sau \u201edu-te cu berea\u201d, \u0219i toate acestea se traduceau \u00eentr-un limbaj comun, \u00een\u021beles de raton sau lemur. Puteai clarifica rela\u021biile \u00eentre obiecte. De exemplu, \u201eberea care este \u00een frigider\u201d, sau s\u0103 descrii \u201eciderul\u201d ca \u201ebere, dar din mere\u201d. Chiar \u0219i semnifica\u021biile cuvin\u021bilor, dependente de context, se puteau schimba: puteai s\u0103 \u00eei spui unei pisici \u201eordoneaz\u0103-\u021bi camera\u201d, sau \u201epleac\u0103 de aici\u201d. Cuvintele erau acelea\u0219i, dar sensul era diferit.<\/p>\n

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Posibilit\u0103\u021bile sunt mai mari, \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea dureaz\u0103 un pic mai mult, dar odat\u0103 ce ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat, comunicarea devine rapid\u0103 \u0219i convenabil\u0103. O problem\u0103 este c\u0103 noua genera\u021bie foarte rar a studiat cum se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 toate acestea \u0219i cum comunic\u0103 efectiv cu animalele. E clar c\u0103 nu au timp pentru asta, deoarece nu le este at\u00e2t de de folos ca s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be despre dispozitivele noi pentru comunicare. De ce s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021bi ceva vechi c\u00e2nd \u00een fiecare zi apare ceva nou?<\/p>\n

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Toate aceste noi dispozitive au extins semnificativ cercul persoanelor care comunic\u0103 cu animalele. Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, aceasta a dep\u0103\u0219it de mult sfera \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. Acum comunicarea cu animalele este folosit\u0103 \u0219i \u00een produc\u021bie (foarte util s\u0103 folose\u0219ti vulpi pentru a proteja culturile de \u0219obolani) \u0219i pentru cre\u0219terea animalelor (vaca poate acum s\u0103 se pasc\u0103 singur\u0103), \u0219i chiar pentru distrac\u021bie (cine a spus c\u0103 nu po\u021bi juca fotbal cu caii?).<\/p>\n

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\u0218i atunci, cuiva i-a venit ideea \u201ede ce doar s\u0103 scriem\u2026 hai s\u0103 \u0219i vorbim!\u201d. Dispozitivele existente au func\u021bionat destul de bine, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fost folosite pentru a construi altele noi. Cu alte cuvinte, pur \u0219i simplu au pus un microfon \u0219i un analizator de vorbire \u00een fa\u021ba vechiului sintetizator de texte. Acesta este mereu pornit, ascult\u0103 \u0219i... tasteaz\u0103 textul necesar pe sintetizator. Da, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 mult mai lent, pentru c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 vorbirea \u00een timp real, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd lucrezi cu o \u00eenregistrare... dar c\u00e2t de simplu este! Te a\u0219ezi, \u00ee\u021bi pui m\u00e2inile \u00een spatele capului \u0219i vorbe\u0219ti.<\/p>\n

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Unul dintre aceste dispozitive a fost un aparat numit Python. Nu este clar dac\u0103 creatorul iubea aceste \u0219erpi, dac\u0103 a testat instrumentul pe ei sau dac\u0103 a v\u0103zut recent un film despre ei... Totu\u0219i, asta nu conteaz\u0103. Important este \u2014 Progresul!!! Genera\u021bia t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 studiaz\u0103 din nou activ cum s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 noul instrument, resping\u00e2nd complet \u201emetodele str\u0103bune\u201d. Doar acolo unde viteza este important\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 lucreze cu texte tip\u0103rite. Altfel, \u00ee\u021bi po\u021bi imagina un joc de fotbal \u00een care adversarul respinge mingea dup\u0103 un minut de la momentul \u00een care a lovit-o cu capul?<\/p>\n

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JS<\/h3>\n

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Cu toate acestea, progresul nu a stat pe loc, iar dup\u0103 un timp, cineva a decis c\u0103 comunicarea ar trebui s\u0103 fie foarte simpl\u0103 pentru a fi \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t oricine s\u0103 poat\u0103 vorbi u\u0219or. De ce s\u0103-\u021bi suprasoliciti creierul cu g\u00e2nduri simple, de tipul \u201ecum s\u0103 \u00eempart asta \u00een pa\u0219i simpli \u0219i u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles pentru animale\u201d, c\u00e2nd acest timp ar putea fi dedicat solu\u021bion\u0103rii problemelor mai importante?<\/p>\n

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Astfel, a inventat un dispozitiv numit Just Speak! (\u00een englez\u0103 \u201eG\u00e2nde\u0219te Simplu!\u201d). A reu\u0219it s\u0103-l inventeze \u0219i a creat un prototip \u00een 10 zile. Dar pentru ca ideea lui s\u0103 func\u021bioneze a\u0219a cum dorea \u2014 au trecut ani. Multe companii au v\u0103zut \u00een acest dispozitiv un beneficiu economic: personalul care lucreaz\u0103 cu animalele poate fi instruit mai repede \u0219i mai ieftin! Ele au ajutat, dezvolt\u00e2nd multe dispozitive diferite care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 dup\u0103 principiul Just Speak.<\/p>\n

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Dispozitivele sunt mari, de dimensiunea unei ma\u0219ini. Dar, au ro\u021bi! \u0218i visul s-a \u00eemplinit \u2014 oricine a putut comunica cu orice animal \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 destul de familiar\u0103 pentru el. Vorbe\u0219ti \u00een dispozitiv, acesta analizeaz\u0103, traduce asta \u00eentr-un set de comenzi textuale, iar apoi \u00eentr-un set lung de sunete, morfeme \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, care sunt \u00een\u021belese de animale. La \u00eenceput, era ceva mai lent, prin urmare, dispozitivul a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit, fiind lansate multe versiuni pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi performan\u021ba. La versiunea a 8-a, s-a reu\u0219it ob\u021binerea unui dispozitiv suficient de rapid pentru majoritatea sarcinilor. Fericirea oamenilor era f\u0103r\u0103 limite: fiecare \u00eencepea s\u0103 comunice cu animalele, s\u0103 le cear\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 ceva, s\u0103 le \u00eenve\u021be lucruri noi \u0219i noi. Adesea, chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 un scop anume, ci pur \u0219i simplu pentru a \u00eencerca \u0219i a se juca.<\/p>\n

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Companiile au adoptat aceasta tehnologie, utiliz\u00e2nd din ce \u00een ce mai mult acest dispozitiv pentru toate sarcinile lor. Mul\u021bi p\u00e2n\u0103 la acel moment nu mai puteau g\u0103si sau instrui un num\u0103r suficient de personal necesar. \u0218i cel mai interesant \u2014 acum nu mai era posibil s\u0103 se omoare un animal! Uman \u0219i economic! Chiar dac\u0103 s-ar putea spune c\u0103 nu este a\u0219a \u2014 dispozitivul o va ignora \u0219i nu va pune \u00een pericol animalul. Da, uneori duce la situa\u021bii \u00een care, \u00een loc de \u201eadu ni\u0219te papuci dejec\u021bi\u201d, c\u00e2inele \u00eei murd\u0103re\u0219te mai \u00eent\u00e2i, apoi \u00eei aduce. \u0218i uneori pur \u0219i simplu se g\u00e2nde\u0219te c\u00e2teva ore la ceea ce a fost spus. Dar ce conteaz\u0103? \u00cen schimb, c\u00e2inele nu a refuzat s\u0103 execute comanda, nu s-a speriat \u0219i nu a mu\u0219cat pe nimeni!<\/p>\n

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O cotitur\u0103 gre\u0219it\u0103<\/h3>\n

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A comunica \u00eentr-o astfel de limb\u0103 a devenit mai simplu \u0219i mai pl\u0103cut, \u00een special \u00een etapele incipiente ale \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii. Practic imediat, puteai observa cum animalul te \u00een\u021belege \u0219i face ceva \u00een r\u0103spuns. Pur \u0219i simplu magie!<\/p>\n

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Dar pentru o func\u021bionare real\u0103, ambiguitatea comportamentului provoca multe probleme at\u00e2t pentru afaceri, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru angaja\u021bi. Nu se putea modifica drastic dispozitivul, deoarece pe el func\u021bioneaz\u0103 toat\u0103 lumea, toat\u0103 lumea \u0219tie cum s\u0103 comunice... \u0219i de ce s\u0103 reinvent\u0103m roata? A\u0219a c\u0103 s-a decis pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 se adauge deasupra lui dispozitive utile de asisten\u021b\u0103. Aici ai un dispozitiv care \u00ee\u021bi cur\u0103\u021b\u0103 limbajul de expresii vulgare, un dispozitiv care semnalizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 discursul t\u0103u poate fi interpretat ambiguu \u0219i un dispozitiv care testeaz\u0103 c\u0103 nu te compor\u021bi agresiv fa\u021b\u0103 de animal. Da, sunt masive, de dimensiunea unei case sau a unui bloc de apartamente. Dar nici Just Speak nu este mic.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dar cel mai mare impuls pentru progres a fost c\u0103 aproape toate aceste dispozitive erau construite pe baza aceluia\u0219i Just Speak. Adic\u0103, dispozitivul analiza \u00een timp real discursul, \u00eel transmitea altui dispozitiv prin sintez\u0103 vocal\u0103, iar acesta - unui al treilea... \u0219i a\u0219a func\u021biona totul. Da, \u00eencet. Da, nu \u00eentotdeauna func\u021biona bine \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte dispozitive. Dar pentru asta, me\u0219te\u0219ugarii realizau fiecare versiunea lor, pentru a corecta erorile dispozitivelor anterioare. \u00cen orice caz, po\u021bi g\u0103si \u0219i adapta un dispozitiv potrivit pentru situa\u021bia ta specific\u0103. Principalul lucru este c\u0103 totul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i economise\u0219te bani corpora\u021biilor.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0218i progresul nu st\u0103 pe loc: acum po\u021bi ad\u0103uga chiar un dispozitiv suplimentar deasupra JS \u0219i acest dispozitiv permite comunicarea \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 mai ordonat\u0103, practic prin comenzi convenabile. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 probabilitatea ambiguit\u0103\u021bii \u00een afirma\u021bii a sc\u0103zut considerabil. \u0218i dac\u0103 spui ceva gre\u0219it, dispozitivul se sperie \u0219i opre\u0219te procesul, oferind o avertizare corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pe scurt - Progres!!!<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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