{"id":54535,"date":"2019-12-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-27T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/hishhnik-ili-zhertva-kto-zashhitit-udostoveryayushhie-tsentry"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:33","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:33","slug":"hishhnik-ili-zhertva-kto-zashhitit-udostoveryayushhie-tsentry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hishhnik-ili-zhertva-kto-zashhitit-udostoveryayushhie-tsentry","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor sau victim\u0103? Cine va proteja centrele de certificare.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103?<\/h4>\n

\nTema fraudelor comise cu ajutorul certificatului de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103 a c\u00e2\u0219tigat o amploare public\u0103 considerabil\u0103 \u00een ultima vreme. Mass-media federal\u0103 a adoptat regula de a povesti periodic pove\u0219ti terifiante despre cazuri de utilizare ilegal\u0103 a semn\u0103turii electronice. Cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 infrac\u021biune \u00een acest domeniu este \u00eenregistrarea unei persoane juridice sau a unui \u00eentreprinz\u0103tor individual pe numele unui cet\u0103\u021bean al Federa\u021biei Ruse care nu b\u0103nuie\u0219te nimic. De asemenea, o alt\u0103 metod\u0103 popular\u0103 de fraud\u0103 este tranzac\u021bia prin care se modific\u0103 drepturile de proprietate asupra imobilelor (c\u00e2nd cineva vinde apartamentul t\u0103u \u00een numele t\u0103u, iar tu nici nu \u0219tii).<\/p>\n

Dar s\u0103 nu ne l\u0103s\u0103m presa\u021bi de descrierea posibilelor ac\u021biuni ilegale cu semn\u0103tura electronic\u0103, pentru a nu oferi idei creative infractorilor. Hai s\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem de ce aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 a c\u0103p\u0103tat astfel de dimensiuni \u0219i ce trebuie s\u0103 facem cu adev\u0103rat pentru a o eradica. Pentru aceasta, este necesar s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem clar ce sunt centrele de certificare, cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acestea \u0219i dac\u0103 sunt \u00eentr-adev\u0103r at\u00e2t de \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare precum ni le prezint\u0103 mass-media \u0219i declara\u021biile persoanelor interesate.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

De unde provind semn\u0103turile?<\/h4>\n

\n\"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor
\n
\nDeci, e\u0219ti utilizator. Ai nevoie de un certificat de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103. Nu conteaz\u0103 pentru ce scopuri, \u0219i \u00een ce statut te afli (companie, persoan\u0103 fizic\u0103, \u00eentreprinz\u0103tor individual) \u2013 procesul de ob\u021binere a certificatului este standard. \u0218i te adresezi centrului de certificare pentru a cump\u0103ra un certificat de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Centrul de certificare este o companie c\u0103reia legisla\u021bia rus\u0103 \u00eei impune o serie de cerin\u021be stricte.<\/p>\n

Pentru a avea dreptul de a emite o semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103 calificat\u0103 avansat\u0103, centrul de certificare trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 printr-o procedur\u0103 special\u0103 de acreditare la Ministerul Comunica\u021biilor. Procedura de acreditare implic\u0103 respectarea unei serii de reguli stricte, pe care nu orice companie le poate \u00eendeplini.<\/p>\n

\u00cen particular, centrul de certificare trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 o licen\u021b\u0103 care \u00eei ofer\u0103 dreptul de a dezvolta, produce \u0219i distribui mijloace criptografice, sisteme informa\u021bionale \u0219i de telecomunica\u021bie. Aceast\u0103 licen\u021b\u0103 este emis\u0103 de FSB dup\u0103 ce solicitantul trece printr-o serie de verific\u0103ri riguroase.<\/p>\n

Angaja\u021bii centrului de certificare trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 studii superioare \u00een domeniul tehnologiilor informa\u021biei sau al securit\u0103\u021bii informa\u021biilor.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, legea oblig\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bile de certificare s\u0103 asigure responsabilitatea pentru \"daunele cauzate ter\u021bilor ca urmare a \u00eencrederii acestora \u00een informa\u021biile men\u021bionate \u00een certificatul de verificare a semn\u0103turii electronice emis de acea autoritate, sau \u00een informa\u021biile con\u021binute \u00een registrul certificatelor, pe care \u00eel p\u0103streaz\u0103 acea autoritate\" \u00een valoare de cel pu\u021bin 30 de milioane de ruble.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum vede\u021bi, nu este at\u00e2t de simplu.<\/p>\n

\u00cen prezent, \u00een \u021bar\u0103 exist\u0103 aproximativ 500 de autorit\u0103\u021bi de certificare care au dreptul de a emite semn\u0103turi electronice calificate avansate (SECA). Acestea includ nu doar centre de certificare private, ci \u0219i autorit\u0103\u021bi de certificare din diverse structuri guvernamentale (inclusiv FNS, PRF \u0219i altele), b\u0103nci, pie\u021be comerciale, inclusiv cele de stat.<\/p>\n

Certificatul de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103 se creeaz\u0103 folosind algoritmi de criptare, certifica\u021bi de FSB-ul Federa\u021biei Ruse. Acesta permite persoanelor juridice \u0219i fizice s\u0103 schimbe documente juridic valide \u00een format electronic. Conform datelor oficiale ale autorit\u0103\u021bilor de certificare, cea mai mare parte (95%) din SECA sunt emise persoanelor juridice, restul \u2013 persoanelor fizice.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce a\u021bi contactat autoritatea de certificare, urm\u0103toarele se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Autoritatea de certificare verific\u0103 identitatea persoanei care a solicitat certificatul de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103;
    \nNumai dup\u0103 confirmarea identit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i verificarea tuturor documentelor, autoritatea emite certificatul, care include informa\u021bii despre de\u021bin\u0103torul certificatului \u0219i cheia sa public\u0103 de verificare;<\/li>\n
  2. Autoritatea de certificare gestioneaz\u0103 ciclul de via\u021b\u0103 al certificatului: asigur\u0103 emisia, suspendarea (inclusiv la cererea de\u021bin\u0103torului), re\u00eennoirea \u0219i expirarea acestuia.<\/li>\n
  3. O alt\u0103 func\u021bie a autorit\u0103\u021bii de certificare este cea de service. Nu este suficient s\u0103 emite\u021bi un certificat. Utilizatorii au nevoie regulat de diferite consultan\u021be privind procedura de emisie \u0219i utilizare a semn\u0103turii, consultan\u021be cu privire la aplicarea \u0219i alegerea tipului de certificat. Mari autorit\u0103\u021bi, cum ar fi Autoritatea companiei \"Deloa\u021ba\", ofer\u0103 servicii de suport tehnic, dezvolt\u0103 diverse software, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021besc procesele de afaceri, monitorizeaz\u0103 schimb\u0103rile din domeniile de aplicare a certificatelor etc. Concurs\u00e2nd \u00eentre ele, autorit\u0103\u021bile lucreaz\u0103 la calitatea furniz\u0103rii serviciilor IT, dezvolt\u00e2nd acest domeniu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Cazacii au fost trimi\u0219i!<\/h4>\n

    \n\"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor
    \n
    \nS\u0103 analiz\u0103m punctul 1 al algoritmului prezentat mai sus pentru ob\u021binerea certificatului electronic. Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ea verifica identitatea\u201d persoanei care a solicitat certificatul? Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 persoana pe numele c\u0103reia se emite certificatul trebuie s\u0103 se prezinte personal la biroul Autorit\u0103\u021bii de Certificare sau la un punct de emitere care are un acord de parteneriat cu Autoritatea de Certificare \u0219i s\u0103 prezinte acolo documentele originale. \u00cen special, pa\u0219aportul cet\u0103\u021beanului Federa\u021biei Ruse. \u00cen unele cazuri, c\u00e2nd este vorba despre semn\u0103turile persoanelor juridice \u0219i ale \u00eentreprinderilor individuale, procedura de verificare este \u0219i mai complicat\u0103 \u0219i necesit\u0103 prezentarea unor documente suplimentare.<\/p>\n

    Exact \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, adic\u0103 la \u00eenceput, c\u00e2nd nu s-a ajuns nici m\u0103car la emiterea semn\u0103turii, este de fapt cea mai mare problem\u0103. \u0218i cuv\u00e2ntul cheie aici este: \u201epa\u0219aport\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Scurgerea datelor personale \u00een \u021bar\u0103 a c\u0103p\u0103tat dimensione cu adev\u0103rat industriale. Exist\u0103 resurse pe internet unde po\u021bi ob\u021bine scanuri ale pa\u0219apoartelor cet\u0103\u021benilor Federa\u021biei Ruse pentru o sum\u0103 mic\u0103 de bani sau chiar gratuit. \u0218i scanurile pa\u0219apoartelor \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103, care a fost afectat\u0103 de mo\u0219tenirea postsovietic\u0103 \u00een stilul \u201earat\u0103-mi documentele\u201d, pot fi colectate de la cet\u0103\u021beni din \u00eentreaga \u021bar\u0103 \u2013 nu doar \u00een b\u0103nci sau \u00een alte institu\u021bii financiare, ci \u0219i \u00een hoteluri, \u0219coli, universit\u0103\u021bi, la casele de bilete aviatici \u0219i feroviare, \u00een centrele pentru copii, \u00een punctele de servicii pentru clien\u021bi cu telefoane mobile \u2013 practic peste tot unde se cere prezentarea pa\u0219aportului pentru servicii, adic\u0103 aproape \u00een toate locurile. Odat\u0103 cu dezvoltarea tehnologiilor digitale, acest canal larg de acces la datele personale a fost exploatat de lucr\u0103torii din domeniul criminalit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n

    De asemenea, sunt foarte frecvente \u201eserviciile\u201d de furare a datelor personale ale anumitor indivizi.<\/p>\n

    \u00cen plus, exist\u0103 o \u00eentreag\u0103 armat\u0103 de a\u0219a-numi\u021bi \u201eproprietari nominali\u201d \u2013 persoane, de obicei foarte tinere, foarte s\u0103race \u0219i cu o educa\u021bie deficitar\u0103 sau pur \u0219i simplu c\u0103zute \u00een derizoriu, c\u0103rora infractorii le promit o recompens\u0103 modest\u0103 pentru a se prezenta cu pa\u0219aportul la Autoritatea de Certificare sau la un punct de emitere \u0219i a solicita acolo o semn\u0103tur\u0103 pe numele lor, \u00een calitate, de exemplu, de director al unei firme. Trebuie s\u0103 spun c\u0103 o astfel de persoan\u0103 nu are ulterior nicio leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu activitatea firmei \u0219i nu poate oferi nicio ajutor real anchetei atunci c\u00e2nd escrocheria este descoperit\u0103.<\/p>\n

    A\u0219adar, scanarea pa\u0219aportului nu este o problem\u0103. Dar pentru acreditare este nevoie de originalul pa\u0219aportului, cum r\u0103m\u00e2ne cu asta, va \u00eentreba cititorul atent? Pentru a ocoli aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, exist\u0103 puncte de eliberare neserioase \u00een lume. \u00cen ciuda procesului riguros de selec\u021bie, statutul de punct de eliberare este periodic ob\u021binut de personaje infrac\u021bionale, care apoi \u00eencep s\u0103 comit\u0103 ac\u021biuni ilegale cu datele personale ale cet\u0103\u021benilor.<\/p>\n

    Aceste dou\u0103 lucruri combinate ne ofer\u0103 toat\u0103 acea valv\u0103 de probleme cu criminalizarea utiliz\u0103rii semn\u0103turii electronice, pe care o avem acum.<\/p>\n

    Unul singur \u00een c\u00e2mp nu este un r\u0103zboinic?<\/h4>\n

    \n\"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor
    \n
    \nToat\u0103 aceast\u0103 armat\u0103 de escroci, f\u0103r\u0103 exagerare, este acum filtrat\u0103 doar de centrele de acreditare. \u00cen orice centru de acreditare exist\u0103 propriile servicii de securitate. To\u021bi cei care solicit\u0103 o semn\u0103tur\u0103 sunt verifica\u021bi cu aten\u021bie \u00een etapa de verificare a identit\u0103\u021bii. To\u021bi cei care doresc s\u0103 colaboreze \u00een calitate de punct de eliberare pentru un anumit centru de acreditare sunt, de asemenea, verifica\u021bi cu rigurozitate at\u00e2t \u00een etapa de \u00eencheiere a contractului de parteneriat, c\u00e2t \u0219i ulterior, \u00een timpul interac\u021biunii comerciale.<\/p>\n

    Nu poate fi altfel, deoarece acreditarea neserioas\u0103 amenin\u021b\u0103 \u00eenchiderea centrului de acreditare \u2013 legisla\u021bia \u00een acest domeniu este strict\u0103.<\/p>\n

    Dar este imposibil s\u0103 \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219ezi totul, iar o parte din punctele de eliberare neserioase tot \u00abse strecoar\u0103\u00bb ca parteneri ai centrului de acreditare. Iar \u00abnominalul\u00bb poate s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 motiv nici m\u0103car s\u0103 refuze eliberarea certificatului \u2013 av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 se adreseaz\u0103 centrului de acreditare \u00eentr-un mod complet legal.<\/p>\n

    De asemenea, \u00een cazul \u00een care se descoper\u0103 o \u00een\u0219el\u0103torie cu semn\u0103tura pe numele unei persoane specifice, doar centrul de acreditare poate rezolva problema. Deoarece centrul de acreditare \u00een acest caz retrage certificatul semn\u0103turii, desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 o investiga\u021bie intern\u0103, urm\u0103rind \u00eentreaga lan\u021b de eliberare a certificatului \u0219i poate furniza instan\u021bei documentele necesare cu privire la ac\u021biunile frauduloase \u00een eliberarea cheii semn\u0103turii electronice. Numai materialele de la centrul de acreditare vor ajuta instan\u021ba s\u0103 rezolve cazul \u00een favoarea p\u0103r\u021bii care a avut de suferit: a persoanei, pe numele c\u0103reia a fost eliberat\u0103 fraudulos semn\u0103tura.<\/p>\n

    Cu toate acestea, analfabetismul digital general func\u021bioneaz\u0103 aici \u00een detrimentul celor afecta\u021bi. Nu to\u021bi merg p\u00e2n\u0103 la cap\u0103t pentru a-\u0219i proteja interesele. \u0218i ac\u021biunile ilegale cu semn\u0103tura electronic\u0103 trebuie contestate neap\u0103rat \u00een instan\u021b\u0103. Iar centrele de acreditare sunt principalele suporturi \u00een acest sens.<\/p>\n

    S\u0103 ucidem toate centrele de acreditare?<\/h4>\n

    \n\"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor
    \n
    \n\u0218i astfel, \u00een statul nostru s-a decis modificarea normelor de fonctionare ale UC \u0219i cerin\u021bele pentru acestea. Un grup de deputa\u021bi \u0219i senatori a elaborat un proiect de lege corespunz\u0103tor, care a fost deja aprobat de Duma de Stat \u00een prima lectur\u0103 pe 7 noiembrie 2019.<\/p>\n

    Documentul prevede o reform\u0103 ampl\u0103 a sistemului de certificate de semn\u0103turi electronice. Acesta, \u00een special, preconizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 persoanele juridice \u0219i \u00eentreprinz\u0103torii individuali (II) vor putea ob\u021bine semn\u0103tura electronic\u0103 calificat\u0103 avansat\u0103 (UECAP) doar de la FNS, iar organiza\u021biile financiare \u2013 de la Banca Central\u0103. Centrele de certificare (UC) acreditate de Ministerul Comunica\u021biilor, care emit licen\u021be \u00een prezent, vor putea s\u0103 le emit\u0103 doar persoanelor fizice.<\/p>\n

    \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, cerin\u021bele pentru astfel de UC se preconizeaz\u0103 a fi strict aferente. M\u0103rimea minim\u0103 a activelor nete ale unui centru de certificare acreditat trebuie s\u0103 fie crescut\u0103 de la 7 milioane de ruble la 1 miliard de ruble, iar m\u0103rimea minim\u0103 a asigur\u0103rii financiare \u2013 de la 30 milioane de ruble la 200 milioane de ruble. Dac\u0103 un centru de certificare are filiale \u00een cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 treimi din regiunile ruse\u0219ti, atunci m\u0103rimea minim\u0103 a activelor nete poate fi redus\u0103 la 500 milioane de ruble.<\/p>\n

    Perioada de acreditare a centrelor de certificare se reduce de la cinci la trei ani. Pentru \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rile tehnice \u00een activitatea centrelor de certificare se introduce r\u0103spunderea administrativ\u0103.<\/p>\n

    Toate acestea ar trebui s\u0103 reduc\u0103 num\u0103rul fraudelor cu semn\u0103turi electronice, consider\u0103 autorii proiectului de lege.<\/p>\n

    Ce rezultat va avea?<\/h4>\n

    \n\"Pr\u0103d\u0103tor
    \n
    \nA\u0219a cum se poate observa u\u0219or, noul proiect de lege nu abordeaz\u0103 \u00een niciun fel problema utiliz\u0103rii criminale a documentelor cet\u0103\u021benilor Federa\u021biei Ruse \u0219i a furtului de date personale. Indiferent de cine va emite semn\u0103tura UC sau FNS, identitatea titularului semn\u0103turii va trebui \u00een continuare s\u0103 fie verificat\u0103, iar proiectul de lege nu prevede nicio inova\u021bie \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. Dac\u0103 un punct de emitere necinstit a func\u021bionat prin scheme criminale pentru un UC obi\u0219nuit, atunci ce va \u00eempiedica acela\u0219i lucru pentru stat?<\/p>\n

    \u00cen versiunea actual\u0103 a proiectului de lege nu este specificat cine \u0219i ce fel de responsabilitate va purta pentru emiterea semn\u0103turii electronice calificate (UKEP), dac\u0103 aceasta a fost utilizat\u0103 \u00een acte de fraud\u0103. Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, nici \u00een Codul Penal nu exist\u0103 un articol adecvat care s\u0103 permit\u0103 trage la r\u0103spundere penal\u0103 pentru eliberarea unui certificat de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103 pe baza unor date personale furate.<\/p>\n

    O problem\u0103 separat\u0103 este supra\u00eenc\u0103rcarea autorit\u0103\u021bilor de certificare (U\u0426), care va ap\u0103rea inevitabil odat\u0103 cu noile reguli \u0219i va face furnizarea de servicii cet\u0103\u021benilor \u0219i persoanelor juridice foarte lent\u0103 \u0219i complicat\u0103.<\/p>\n

    Func\u021bia de servicii a U\u0426 nu este deloc considerat\u0103 \u00een proiectul de lege. Dac\u0103 vor fi \u00eenfiin\u021bate departamente de asisten\u021b\u0103 a abona\u021bilor \u00een cadrul marilor U\u0426 de stat propuse, c\u00e2t timp va dura acest proces \u0219i ce investi\u021bii materiale vor fi necesare, cine se va ocupa de servicii pentru clien\u021bi p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd va fi creat\u0103 o astfel de infrastructur\u0103 \u2013 r\u0103m\u00e2ne neclar. Este evident c\u0103 dispari\u021bia competi\u021biei \u00een acest domeniu poate duce u\u0219or la stagnare \u00een industrie.<\/p>\n

    Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ob\u021binem o monopolizare a pie\u021bei U\u0426 de c\u0103tre structuri de stat, supra\u00eenc\u0103rcarea acestor structuri cu \u00eencetinirea \u00eentregii activit\u0103\u021bi legate de EDO, lipsa suportului pentru utilizatorul final \u00een caz de fraud\u0103 \u0219i distrugerea complet\u0103 a pie\u021bei actuale U\u0426 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu infrastructura existent\u0103 (aproximativ 15.000 de locuri de munc\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga \u021bar\u0103).<\/p>\n

    Cine va suferi? Vor suferi \u00een urma adopt\u0103rii unui astfel de proiect de lege aceia\u0219i care sufer\u0103 \u0219i acum, adic\u0103 utilizatorii finali \u0219i centrele de certificare.<\/p>\n

    O afacere care prosper\u0103 pe baza furtului de date personale va continua s\u0103 \u00eenfloreasc\u0103. Nu este timpul ca autorit\u0103\u021bile de aplicare a legii \u0219i legiuitorii s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eendrepte aten\u021bia asupra acestei probleme \u0219i s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat la provoc\u0103rile epocii digitale? Posibilit\u0103\u021bile de furt de date personale \u0219i utilizarea lor criminal\u0103 au crescut de mai multe ori \u00een ultimi 10-15 ani. A crescut \u0219i nivelul de preg\u0103tire al criminalilor. Este necesar s\u0103 reac\u021bion\u0103m fur\u00e2nd m\u0103suri stricte de responsabilitate pentru orice ac\u021biune ilegal\u0103 cu datele personale ale altora, at\u00e2t pentru companii \u0219i angaja\u021bii acestora, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru persoanele fizice. \u0218i pentru a rezolva cu adev\u0103rat problema utiliz\u0103rii criminale a certificatelor de semn\u0103tur\u0103 electronic\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 cre\u0103m un proiect de lege care s\u0103 prevad\u0103 responsabilitate, inclusiv penal\u0103, pentru astfel de ac\u021biuni. Nu un proiect de lege care pur \u0219i simplu redistribuie fluxurile financiare, complic\u00e2nd procedura pentru utilizatorul final \u0219i care nu ofer\u0103 protec\u021bie nim\u0103nui \u00een cele din urm\u0103.
    \n
    Sursa:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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