{"id":54586,"date":"2019-12-29T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-28T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nuzhno-li-sozdavat-raid-massiv-iz-ssd-i-kakie-kontrollery-dlya-etogo-nuzhny"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:37","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:37","slug":"nuzhno-li-sozdavat-raid-massiv-iz-ssd-i-kakie-kontrollery-dlya-etogo-nuzhny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nuzhno-li-sozdavat-raid-massiv-iz-ssd-i-kakie-kontrollery-dlya-etogo-nuzhny","title":{"rendered":"Este necesar s\u0103 crea\u021bi un RAID din SSD-uri \u0219i ce controlere sunt necesare pentru aceasta.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Salut Habr! \u00cen acest material, vom discuta dac\u0103 merit\u0103 s\u0103 organiz\u0103m matrice RAID bazate pe solu\u021bii solid-state SATA SSD \u0219i NVMe SSD \u0219i dac\u0103 vom avea un profit semnificativ din aceasta. Am decis s\u0103 ne l\u0103murim asupra acestei \u00eentreb\u0103ri, analiz\u00e2nd tipurile \u0219i variantele de controlere care permit acest lucru, precum \u0219i domeniile de aplicare ale acestor configura\u021bii.<\/p>\n

\"Este
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nOricum, fiecare dintre noi a auzit m\u0103car o dat\u0103 \u00een via\u021b\u0103 defini\u021bii precum \u201eRAID\u201d, \u201ematrice RAID\u201d, \u201econtroler RAID\u201d, dar este pu\u021bin probabil s\u0103 fi dat o importan\u021b\u0103 serioas\u0103 acestora, deoarece unui utilizator de PC obi\u0219nuit nu-i pas\u0103 prea mult. \u00cens\u0103, fiecare dintre noi \u00ee\u0219i dore\u0219te viteze mari de la unit\u0103\u021bile interne \u0219i fiabilitatea func\u021bion\u0103rii acestora. C\u0103ci, indiferent c\u00e2t de puternic\u0103 ar fi configura\u021bia computerului, viteza de func\u021bionare a unit\u0103\u021bii devine un factor limitativ atunci c\u00e2nd discut\u0103m despre performan\u021ba general\u0103 a PC-ului \u0219i serverului. <\/p>\n

A\u0219a a fost p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul \u00een care solu\u021biile HDD tradi\u021bionale au fost \u00eenlocuite de modernele NVMe SSD cu o capacitate comparabil\u0103 de 1 TB \u0219i mai mult. \u0218i dac\u0103 \u00eenainte, \u00een PC-uri, \u00eent\u00e2lneam frecvent combina\u021bii SATA SSD + c\u00e2teva HDD de mari capacitate, ast\u0103zi acestea \u00eencep s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocuite de o alt\u0103 solu\u021bie - NVMe SSD + c\u00e2teva SATA SSD de mari capacitate. C\u00e2nd vorbim despre servere corporative \u0219i \u201ecloud-uri\u201d, multe companii au trecut deja la SATA SSD, pur \u0219i simplu pentru c\u0103 sunt mai rapide dec\u00e2t \u201ehard disk-urile\u201d conven\u021bionale \u0219i pot procesa un num\u0103r mai mare de opera\u021biuni de intrare\/ie\u0219ire simultan.<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nCu toate acestea, fiabilitatea sistemului r\u0103m\u00e2ne totu\u0219i la un nivel destul de sc\u0103zut: nu putem, asemenea \u201eb\u0103t\u0103liei telepa\u021bilor\u201d, s\u0103 prezicem cu exactitate, nici m\u0103car p\u00e2n\u0103 la o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, c\u00e2nd unul sau altul dintre unit\u0103\u021bile solid-state va ceda. \u0218i dac\u0103 HDD-urile \u201emor\u201d treptat, permi\u021b\u00e2ndu-ne s\u0103 sesiz\u0103m simptomele \u0219i s\u0103 lu\u0103m m\u0103suri, SSD-urile \u201emur\u201d. \u0218i acum este momentul s\u0103 ne \u00eentreb\u0103m, de ce este nevoie de toate acestea? Merit\u0103 s\u0103 organiz\u0103m matrice RAID bazate pe solu\u021bii solid-state SATA SSD \u0219i NVMe SSD \u0219i vom ob\u021bine un profit semnificativ din aceasta? <\/p>\n

De ce este nevoie de matrice RAID?<\/h2>\n

\nCuv\u00e2ntul \u201ematrice\u201d implic\u0103 deja faptul c\u0103 pentru crearea sa sunt utilizate mai multe dispozitive de stocare (HDD \u0219i SSD), care sunt combinate printr-un controler RAID \u0219i recunoscute de sistemul de operare ca un singur spa\u021biu de stocare a datelor. Obiectivul global pe care \u00eel permit matricele RAID este minimizarea timpului de acces la date, cre\u0219terea vitezei de citire\/scriere \u0219i fiabilitatea, care este atins\u0103 datorit\u0103 posibilit\u0103\u021bii de recuperare rapid\u0103 \u00een caz de defec\u021biune. Apropo, pentru backupurile de acas\u0103, utilizarea RAID-ului nu este deloc obligatorie. \u00cens\u0103, dac\u0103 ai propriul server de acas\u0103, la care ai nevoie de acces constant 24\/7, aici situa\u021bia este diferit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 peste zece nivele de matrice RAID, fiecare dintre ele av\u00e2nd un num\u0103r diferit de dispozitive utilizate \u0219i av\u00e2nd propriile avantaje \u0219i dezavantaje: de exemplu, RAID 0 ofer\u0103 o performan\u021b\u0103 ridicat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 toleran\u021b\u0103 la erori, RAID 1 permite realizarea unei oglindiri automate a datelor f\u0103r\u0103 cre\u0219terea vitezei, iar RAID 10 combin\u0103 func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bile celor men\u021bionate anterior. RAID 0 \u0219i 1 sunt cele mai simple (deoarece nu necesit\u0103 calcule software) \u0219i, ca urmare, sunt cele mai populare. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, alegerea unui anumit nivel de RAID depinde de sarcinile impuse matricei de discuri \u0219i de capabilit\u0103\u021bile controlerului RAID.<\/p>\n

RAID de acas\u0103 \u0219i corporativ: care este diferen\u021ba?<\/h2>\n

\nBaza oric\u0103rei afaceri moderne o constituie volume mari de date, care trebuie s\u0103 fie stocate \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 pe serverele companiilor. De asemenea, a\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat anterior, trebuie asigurat un acces constant 24\/7 la acestea. Este evident c\u0103, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u201ehardware\u201d, partea software este important\u0103, dar \u00een acest caz vorbim de echipamente care asigur\u0103 stocarea \u0219i procesarea fiabil\u0103 a informa\u021biilor. Niciun software nu va salva compania de faliment dac\u0103 echipamentele \u201ehardware\u201d nu corespund sarcinilor care le sunt atribuite.<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nPentru aceste sarcini, orice produc\u0103tor de \u201ehardware\u201d ofer\u0103 a\u0219a-numitele dispozitive corporative. La Kingston, acestea sunt solu\u021bii SSD puternice, sub form\u0103 de modele SATA. Kingston 450R (DC450R)<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i seria DC500<\/a><\/noindex>, precum \u0219i modele NVMe DC1000M U.2 NVMe, DCU1000 U.2 NVMe \u0219i DCP-1000 PCI-e, destinate utiliz\u0103rii \u00een centrele de date (CD) \u0219i supercomputere. Array-urile din astfel de unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare sunt de obicei folosite \u00een combina\u021bie cu controlere hardware.<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nPentru pia\u021ba de consum (adic\u0103 pentru PC-uri de acas\u0103 \u0219i servere NAS) sunt disponibile unit\u0103\u021bi precum Kingston KC2000<\/a><\/noindex> NVMe PCIe, dar \u00een acest caz nu este necesar s\u0103 achizi\u021biona\u021bi un controller hardware. Se poate utiliza controller-ul \u00eencorporat \u00een placa de baz\u0103 a PC-ului sau a serverului NAS, cu condi\u021bia s\u0103 nu inten\u021biona\u021bi s\u0103 construi\u021bi un server de acas\u0103 pentru sarcini neobi\u0219nuite (de exemplu, s\u0103 crea\u021bi un mic hosting acas\u0103 pentru prieteni). \u00cen plus, array-urile RAID de acas\u0103 nu presupun de obicei prezen\u021ba a sute sau mii de unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare, limit\u00e2ndu-se la dou\u0103, patru sau opt dispozitive (mai frecvent SATA).<\/p>\n

Tipuri \u0219i clase de controlere RAID<\/h2>\n

\nExist\u0103 trei tipuri de controlere RAID, bazate pe principiile de implementare a array-urilor RAID: <\/p>\n

1. Software, \u00een care gestionarea array-ului se efectueaz\u0103 de CPU \u0219i DRAM (adic\u0103 execu\u021bia codului software se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 pe procesor).<\/p>\n

2. Integrate, adic\u0103 \u00eencorporate \u00een pl\u0103cile de baz\u0103 ale PC-urilor sau serverelor NAS.<\/p>\n

3. Hardware (modulare), reprezent\u00e2nd pl\u0103ci discrete de expansiune pentru conectorii PCI\/PCIe ai pl\u0103cilor de baz\u0103 sistem. <\/p>\n

Care este diferen\u021ba esen\u021bial\u0103 \u00eentre ele? Controlerele RAID software sunt inferioare celor integrate \u0219i hardware \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba \u0219i rezilien\u021ba, \u00eens\u0103 nu necesit\u0103 hardware special pentru func\u021bionare. Totu\u0219i, este important s\u0103 v\u0103 asigura\u021bi c\u0103 procesorul sistemului gazd\u0103 este suficient de puternic pentru a rula software-ul RAID, f\u0103r\u0103 a afecta negativ performan\u021ba aplica\u021biilor care func\u021bioneaz\u0103, de asemenea, pe gazd\u0103. Controlerele integrate dispun de obicei de memorie cache proprie \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 o parte din resursele CPU. <\/p>\n

Hardware controllers have their own cache memory and built-in processors to execute software algorithms. They generally support all types of RAID levels and multiple types of drives simultaneously. For instance, modern hardware controllers from Broadcom can connect SATA, SAS, and NVMe devices at the same time, allowing upgrades without changing controllers: specifically, when transitioning from SATA SSD to NVMe SSD, there\u2019s no need to change controllers.<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nOn this note, we come to the categorization of the controllers themselves. If there are three-mode controllers, there must be others as well. In this case, the answer is affirmative. Depending on their functions and capabilities, RAID controllers can be divided into several types:<\/p>\n

1. Standard controllers with RAID functionality<\/b>
\nIn the entire hierarchy, this is the simplest type of controller that allows combining HDDs and SSDs into RAID arrays of levels '0', '1', or '0+1'. This is implemented at the firmware level. However, such devices are unlikely to be recommended for corporate use, as they lack cache and do not support array levels '5', '3', etc. They are quite suitable, though, for entry-level home servers.<\/p>\n

2. Controllers that work alongside other RAID controllers<\/b>
\nThis type of controller can operate in tandem with the integrated controllers of motherboards. This is implemented on the following principle: the discrete RAID controller handles 'logical' tasks, while the integrated controller manages data exchanges between drives. However, there is a caveat: the simultaneous operation of such controllers is only possible on compatible system boards, which significantly narrows their application area.<\/p>\n

3. Standalone RAID controllers<\/b>
\nThese discrete solutions contain all the necessary chips for operation with enterprise-class servers, equipped with their own BIOS, cache memory, and processors for rapid error correction and checksum calculations. Moreover, they meet high reliability standards in manufacturing and possess high-quality memory modules.<\/p>\n

4. External RAID controllers<\/b>
\nNu este greu de dedus c\u0103 to\u021bi ace\u0219ti controlere enumerate mai sus sunt interne \u0219i primesc energie prin conectorul PCIe al pl\u0103cii de baz\u0103. Ce ne spune asta? C\u0103 defectarea pl\u0103cii de baz\u0103 poate duce la erori \u00een func\u021bionarea array-ului RAID \u0219i la pierderi de date. Controlerele externe, pe de alt\u0103 parte, sunt scutite de aceast\u0103 nepl\u0103cere, deoarece sunt plasate \u00eentr-un corp separat cu o unitate de alimentare independent\u0103. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te fiabilitatea, aceste controlere ofer\u0103 cel mai \u00eenalt nivel de stocare a datelor.<\/p>\n

Broadcom<\/a><\/noindex>, Microsemi Adaptec, Intel, IBM, Dell \u0219i Cisco sunt doar c\u00e2teva dintre companiile care ofer\u0103 controlere hardware RAID \u00een prezent.<\/p>\n

Modurile de func\u021bionare ale controlerele RAID SAS\/SATA\/NVMe<\/h2>\n

\nPrincipala sarcin\u0103 a controlerelor HBA \u0219i RAID \u00een trei moduri (sau controlere cu func\u021bie Tri-Mode) este de a crea RAID hardware bazat pe NVMe. Compania Broadcom are controlere din seria 9400 care pot face acest lucru: de exemplu, MegaRAID 9460-16i<\/a><\/noindex>. Acesta este un tip de controler RAID independent, dotat cu patru conectori SFF-8643 \u0219i, datorit\u0103 suportului Tri-Mode, permite conectarea simultan\u0103 a dispozitivelor SATA\/SAS \u0219i NVMe. \u00cen plus, este unul dintre cele mai eficiente controlere din punct de vedere energetic de pe pia\u021b\u0103 (consum\u0103 doar 17 wa\u021bi de energie, adic\u0103 mai pu\u021bin de 1,1 wa\u021bi pentru fiecare dintre cele 16 porturi).<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nInterfa\u021ba de conectare este PCI Express x8 versiunea 3.1, ceea ce permite realizarea unei l\u0103\u021bimi de band\u0103 de 64 Gbit\/s (\u00een 2020 se a\u0219teapt\u0103 apari\u021bia controlerelor pentru PCI Express 4.0). La baza controlerului cu 16 porturi se afl\u0103 un cip cu 2 nuclei SAS3516<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i 72-bit DDR4-2133 SDRAM (4 GB), precum \u0219i posibilitatea de a conecta p\u00e2n\u0103 la 240 de dispozitive SATA\/SAS sau p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 de dispozitive NVMe. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te organizarea array-urilor RAID, sunt suportate nivelurile \u201c0\u201d, \u201c1\u201d, \u201c5\u201d \u0219i \u201c6\u201d, precum \u0219i \u201c10\u201d, \u201c50\u201d \u0219i \u201c60\u201d. De altfel, memoria cache MegaRAID 9460-16i<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i a altor controlere din seria 9400 este protejat\u0103 \u00eempotriva fluctua\u021biilor de tensiune printr-un modul suplimentar CacheVault CVPM05.<\/p>\n

Tehnologia cu trei moduri se bazeaz\u0103 pe func\u021bia de conversie a datelor SerDes: conversia reprezent\u0103rii secven\u021biale a datelor \u00een interfe\u021bele SAS\/SATA \u00eentr-o form\u0103 paralel\u0103 \u00een PCIe NVMe \u0219i invers. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 controlerul sincronizeaz\u0103 vitezele \u0219i protocoalele pentru a func\u021biona f\u0103r\u0103 probleme cu oricare dintre cele trei tipuri de dispozitive de stocare. Aceasta ofer\u0103 o modalitate continu\u0103 de scalare a infrastructurilor centrelor de date: utilizatorii pot folosi NVMe f\u0103r\u0103 modific\u0103ri semnificative \u00een alte configura\u021bii ale sistemului. <\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nAtunci c\u00e2nd se planific\u0103 configura\u021bii cu module de stocare NVMe, este important s\u0103 se \u021bin\u0103 cont c\u0103 solu\u021biile NVMe utilizeaz\u0103 4 linii PCIe pentru conectare, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 fiecare modul folose\u0219te toate liniile porturilor SFF-8643. Astfel, doar patru module NVMe pot fi conectate direct la controlerul MegaRAID 9460-16i. Sau se poate opta pentru dou\u0103 solu\u021bii NVMe atunci c\u00e2nd se conecteaz\u0103 simultan opt module SAS (vezi schema de conectare de mai jos).<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nIllustratia arat\u0103 utilizarea conectorului \"0\" (C0 \/ Connector 0) \u0219i a conectorului \"1\" pentru conexiunile NVMe, precum \u0219i a conectorilor \"2\" \u0219i \"3\" pentru conexiunile SAS. Aceast\u0103 aranjare poate fi schimbat\u0103 pe invers, dar fiecare modul x4 NVMe trebuie conectat folosind linii adiacente. Modurile de operare ale controlerului sunt stabilite prin utilitarele de configurare StorCLI sau Human Interface Infrastructure (HII), care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een mediu UEFI. <\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nModul implicit este profilul \u201ePD64\u201d (suport doar pentru SAS \/ SATA). A\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat mai sus, sunt disponibile trei profili: modul \u201eSAS\/SATA only mode\u201d (PD240 \/ PD64 \/ PD 16), modul \u201eNVMe only mode\u201d (PCIe4) \u0219i modul mixt, \u00een care pot func\u021biona toate tipurile de module de stocare: \u201ePD64-PCIe4\u201d (suport pentru 64 de discuri fizice \u0219i virtuale cu 4 module NVMe). \u00cen modul mixt, valoarea profilului setat trebuie s\u0103 fie \u201eProfileID=13\u201d. De asemenea, profilul selectat este p\u0103strat ca principal \u0219i nu se reseteaz\u0103 nici m\u0103car la revenirea la set\u0103rile din fabric\u0103 prin comanda Set Factory Defaults. Acesta poate fi schimbat doar manual.<\/p>\n

Merit\u0103 s\u0103 creezi un RAID pe SSD?<\/h2>\n

\nDeci, deja am \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 array-urile RAID sunt cheia pentru performan\u021ba \u00eenalt\u0103. Dar merit\u0103 s\u0103 construie\u0219ti un RAID din SSD-uri pentru utilizare acas\u0103 \u0219i \u00een medii corporative? Mul\u021bi sceptici afirm\u0103 c\u0103 cre\u0219terea vitezei nu este suficient de semnificativ\u0103 pentru a justifica cheltuielile pe NVMe-uri. Dar este aceasta adev\u0103rat? Probabil c\u0103 nu. Cea mai mare restric\u021bie \u00een utilizarea SSD-urilor \u00een RAID (at\u00e2t \u00een medii domestice, c\u00e2t \u0219i la nivel corporativ) poate fi pre\u021bul. Oricum am da-o, costul pe gigabyte la HDD-uri este semnificativ mai mic. <\/p>\n

Conectarea mai multor \u201ediscuri\u201d SSD la un controler RAID pentru a crea un array din SSD-uri \u00een anumite configura\u021bii poate avea un impact enorm asupra performan\u021bei. Totu\u0219i, nu trebuie s\u0103 uit\u0103m c\u0103 performan\u021ba maxim\u0103 este limitat\u0103 de l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a controlerului RAID \u00een sine. Nivelul RAID care ofer\u0103 cea mai bun\u0103 vitez\u0103 de operare este RAID 0.<\/p>\n

\"Este
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\nOrganizarea unui RAID 0 obi\u0219nuit cu dou\u0103 SSD-uri, folosind metoda de \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire a datelor \u00een blocuri fixe \u0219i alternarea lor \u00eentre stoc\u0103rile SSD, va duce la dublarea performan\u021bei (comparativ cu vitezele oferite de un singur SSD). Astfel, un array RAID 0 cu patru SSD-uri va fi deja de patru ori mai rapid dec\u00e2t cel mai lent SSD din array (\u00een func\u021bie de restric\u021biile de l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 la nivelul controlerului RAID SSD). <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ne baz\u0103m pe o simpl\u0103 aritmetic\u0103, SSD-urile SATA sunt de aproximativ 3 ori mai rapide dec\u00e2t HDD-urile SATA tradi\u021bionale. Solu\u021biile NVMe sunt \u0219i mai eficiente \u2014 de 10 ori sau mai mult. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 dou\u0103 hard disk-uri \u00eentr-un RAID de nivel zero vor afi\u0219a o performan\u021b\u0103 dublat\u0103, cresc\u00e2ndu-o cu 50%, dou\u0103 SSD-uri SATA vor fi de 6 ori mai rapide, iar dou\u0103 SSD-uri NVMe vor fi de 20 de ori mai rapide. De exemplu, un singur drive Kingston KC2000 NVMe PCIe poate atinge viteze de citire \u0219i scriere secven\u021bial\u0103 de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 3200 MB\/s, care \u00een configura\u021bia RAID 0 va ajunge la impresionante 6 GB\/s. Viteza de citire\/scriere a blocurilor \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare de 4 KB va cre\u0219te de la 350.000 IOPS la 700.000 IOPS. Dar\u2026 \u00een acela\u0219i timp, RAID-ul \u201ezero\u201d nu ne ofer\u0103 redundan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Se poate spune c\u0103, \u00een condi\u021bii casnice, redundan\u021ba stoc\u0103rii nu este de obicei necesar\u0103, astfel c\u0103 cea mai potrivit\u0103 configura\u021bie RAID pentru SSD devine cu adev\u0103rat RAID 0. Aceasta este o modalitate fiabil\u0103 de a ob\u021bine o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a performan\u021bei ca alternativ\u0103 la utilizarea unor tehnologii precum unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare solide bazate pe Intel Optane. Vom discuta despre modul \u00een care se vor comporta solu\u021biile SSD \u00een cele mai populare tipuri de RAID (\"1\", \"5\", \"10\", \"50\") \u00een materialul nostru urm\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

Acest articol a fost preg\u0103tit cu sprijinul colegilor no\u0219tri de la Broadcom, care furnizeaz\u0103 controlere inginerilor de la Kingston pentru testarea cu unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare SATA\/SAS\/NVMe de clas\u0103 enterprise. Datorit\u0103 acestui simbioze prietenoase, clien\u021bii nu trebuie s\u0103 se \u00eendoiasc\u0103 de fiabilitatea \u0219i stabilitatea func\u021bion\u0103rii unit\u0103\u021bilor Kingston cu controlerele HBA \u0219i RAID fabricate. Broadcom<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Informa\u021bii suplimentare despre produsele Kingston pot fi g\u0103site de pe site-ul oficial<\/a><\/noindex> companie.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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