{"id":54868,"date":"2020-01-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-05T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/ideya-detsentralizovannoj-sotsialnoj-seti-sleduyushhego-pokoleniya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:55","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:55","slug":"ideya-detsentralizovannoj-sotsialnoj-seti-sleduyushhego-pokoleniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ideya-detsentralizovannoj-sotsialnoj-seti-sleduyushhego-pokoleniya","title":{"rendered":"Ideea unei re\u021bele sociale descentralizate de nou\u0103 genera\u021bie","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ideea unei re\u021bele sociale descentralizate de nou\u0103 genera\u021bie\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/c0ed09ed12d9b49cee573d6f361f93b2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\u00cen acest articol, v\u0103 prezint g\u00e2ndurile mele cu privire la istoria \u0219i perspectivele de dezvoltare ale internetului, re\u021belele centralizate \u0219i descentralizate \u0219i, ca rezultat, o posibil\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 a re\u021belei descentralizate de nou\u0103 genera\u021bie.<\/p>\n<h1>Ceva nu este \u00een regul\u0103 cu internetul<\/h1>\n<p>\nAm avut prima \u00eent\u00e2lnire cu internetul \u00een anul 2000. Sigur, aceasta nu este \u00eenceputul s\u0103u \u2014 re\u021beaua exista deja \u00eenainte, dar acea perioad\u0103 poate fi considerat\u0103 ca \u00eenceputul adev\u0103rat al internetului. World Wide Web \u2014 o inven\u021bie genial\u0103 a lui Tim Berners-Lee, web1.0 \u00een forma sa clasic\u0103 canonic\u0103. O mul\u021bime de site-uri \u0219i pagini, care se refer\u0103 \u00eentre ele prin hyperlink-uri. La prima vedere \u2014 o arhitectur\u0103 simpl\u0103, ca toate inven\u021biile geniale: <b>descentralizat\u0103 \u0219i liber\u0103<\/b>. Vreau \u2014 navighez pe site-urile altora, urm\u0103rind hyperlink-urile; vreau \u2014 \u00eemi creez propriul site, pe care public ceea ce m\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 \u2014 de exemplu, articolele mele, fotografii, programe, hyperlink-uri c\u0103tre site-uri interesante pentru mine. Iar al\u021bii \u00eemi plaseaz\u0103 link-uri c\u0103tre mine. <\/p>\n<p>S-ar p\u0103rea \u2014 o imagine idilic\u0103? Dar deja \u0219ti\u021bi cum s-a terminat totul.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nNum\u0103rul paginilor a crescut exponen\u021bial, iar c\u0103utarea informa\u021biei a devenit o sarcin\u0103 destul de complicat\u0103. Hyperlink-urile scrise de autori pur \u0219i simplu nu puteau structura acest volum imens de informa\u021bii. La \u00eenceput au ap\u0103rut cataloagele, completate manual, iar apoi uria\u0219e motoare de c\u0103utare, care au \u00eenceput s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 algoritmi heuristici ingenio\u0219i pentru indexare. Site-urile au fost create \u0219i abandonate, informa\u021biile au fost duplicate \u0219i distorsionate. Internetul s-a comercializat rapid \u0219i s-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat tot mai mult de re\u021beaua academic\u0103 ideal\u0103. Limbajul de marcare s-a transformat rapid \u00eentr-un limbaj de formatare. A ap\u0103rut reclama, bannerele enervante \u0219i tehnologia de optimizare \u0219i \u00een\u0219elare a motoarelor de c\u0103utare \u2014 SEO. Re\u021beaua s-a umplut rapid de de\u0219euri informa\u021bionale. Hyperlink-urile au \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai fie un instrument de leg\u0103tur\u0103 logic\u0103 \u0219i s-au transformat \u00een instrumente de promovare. Site-urile s-au \u00eenchis, s-au izolat, devenind din \u201epagini\u201d deschise \u00een \u201eaplica\u021bii\u201d hermetice, transform\u00e2ndu-se \u00een simple mijloace de generare a venitului. <\/p>\n<p>At that time, I had some thought that \"something is off here\". A bunch of different websites, from primitive homepages with gaudy designs to \"megaportals\" overloaded with flashing banners. Even if the sites are on the same topic \u2014 they are completely unrelated, each with its own design, structure, annoying banners, poorly functioning search, download issues (yes, I wanted offline access to information). Even then, the internet was starting to resemble a kind of television, where all sorts of trinkets were glued to useful content. <br \/>\nDecentralization turned into a nightmare. <\/p>\n<h1>What do I want?<\/h1>\n<p>\nParadoxically, even then, unaware of web 2.0 or p2p, I as a user did not need decentralization! Reflecting on my unclouded thoughts from that time, I conclude that I needed... <b>a single database<\/b>! One that would return all results, not just those best suited for the ranking algorithm. One where all those results would be uniformly formatted and styled with my own unique design, not the gaudy DIY designs of numerous Vasya Pupkins. A database that could be saved offline without fearing that the site will disappear tomorrow and the information will be lost forever. One where I could enter my own information \u2014 for example, comments and tags. A database where I could perform searches, sorting, and filtering using my own algorithms.<\/p>\n<h1>Web 2.0 and social networks<\/h1>\n<p>\n\u00centre timp, a ap\u0103rut conceptul Web 2.0. Formulat \u00een 2005 de Tim O'Reilly, ca \u201eo metod\u0103 de proiectare a sistemelor care, prin luarea \u00een considerare a interac\u021biunilor de re\u021bea, devin cu at\u00e2t mai bune cu c\u00e2t mai mul\u021bi oameni le folosesc\u201d, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere implicarea activ\u0103 a utilizatorilor \u00een crearea \u0219i editarea colectiv\u0103 a con\u021binutului web. F\u0103r\u0103 exagerare, v\u00e2rful \u0219i triumful acestui concept sunt re\u021belele sociale. Platforme uria\u0219e care reunesc miliarde de utilizatori \u0219i stocheaz\u0103 sute de petabytes de date.<\/p>\n<p>What have we gained in social networks?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>unificarea interfe\u021bei; s-a dovedit c\u0103 toate op\u021biunile pentru crearea unui design variat \u0219i strident nu sunt necesare utilizatorilor; toate paginile tuturor utilizatorilor au acela\u0219i design \u0219i acest lucru este convenabil pentru toat\u0103 lumea; singura diferen\u021b\u0103 este con\u021binutul.<\/li>\n<li>unificarea func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii; toat\u0103 diversitatea scripturilor s-a dovedit a fi, de asemenea, inutil\u0103. \u201eFeed\u201d, prieteni, albume\u2026 \u00een timp ce re\u021belele sociale au evoluat, func\u021bionalitatea lor s-a stabilizat \u0219i este pu\u021bin probabil s\u0103 se schimbe: func\u021bionalitatea este determinat\u0103 de tipurile de activitate ale oamenilor, iar oamenii nu se schimb\u0103 prea mult.<\/li>\n<li>o baz\u0103 de date unificat\u0103; lucrul cu o astfel de baz\u0103 de date s-a dovedit a fi mult mai convenabil dec\u00e2t cu multe site-uri disparate; c\u0103utarea a devenit mult mai simpl\u0103. \u00cen loc s\u0103 scanezi continuu paginile diverselor site-uri slab corelate, s\u0103 cache-ui totul \u0219i s\u0103 o clasifici prin algoritmi heuristici complec\u0219i - o interogare relativ simpl\u0103 c\u0103tre o baz\u0103 unificat\u0103 cu o structur\u0103 cunoscut\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>interfa\u021ba de feedback - like-uri \u0219i redistribuiri; \u00een web-ul obi\u0219nuit, Google nu putea ob\u021bine deloc feedback de la utilizatori dup\u0103 ce ace\u0219tia d\u0103deau clic pe un link \u00een rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii. \u00cen re\u021belele sociale, acest feedback s-a dovedit a fi simplu \u0219i natural.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCe am pierdut? <b>Am pierdut descentralizarea, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 - libertate<\/b>. Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 acum datele noastre nu ne mai apar\u021bin. Dac\u0103 \u00eenainte puteam s\u0103 ne public\u0103m pagina personal\u0103 chiar pe computerul nostru, acum ne pred\u0103m toate datele gigantilor din internet. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce Internetul s-a dezvoltat, guvernele \u0219i corpora\u021biile s-au ar\u0103tat interesate de el, ceea ce a dus la probleme de cenzur\u0103 politic\u0103 \u0219i restric\u021bii de copyright. Pagini noastre din re\u021belele sociale pot fi blocate \u0219i \u0219terse dac\u0103 con\u021binutul nu respect\u0103 anumite reguli ale re\u021belei sociale; un post necugetat poate atrage r\u0103spundere administrativ\u0103 \u0219i chiar penal\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i acum ne \u00eentreb\u0103m din nou: oare nu ar trebui s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la descentralizare? Dar \u00eentr-o form\u0103 diferit\u0103, lipsit\u0103 de defectele primei \u00eencerc\u0103ri?<\/p>\n<h1>Re\u021bele de tip peer-to-peer<\/h1>\n<p>\nPrimele re\u021bele p2p au ap\u0103rut cu mult \u00eenainte de web 2.0 \u0219i s-au dezvoltat paralel cu evolu\u021bia webului. Principalul utilizare clasic\u0103 a p2p este schimbul de fi\u0219iere; primele re\u021bele au fost dezvoltate pentru a face schimb de muzic\u0103. Primele re\u021bele (precum Napster) erau, de fapt, centralizate, a\u0219a c\u0103 au fost rapid \u00eenchise de de\u021bin\u0103torii de drepturi. Urm\u0103torii au urmat calea descentraliz\u0103rii. \u00cen 2000 au ap\u0103rut protocoalele ED2K (primul client eDokney) \u0219i Gnutella, iar \u00een 2001 - protocolul FastTrack (clientul KaZaA). Treptat, gradul de descentralizare a crescut, tehnologiile s-au \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit. \u00cen locul sistemelor cu \u201ecoad\u0103 de desc\u0103rcare\u201d au venit torrentele, iar conceptul de tabele hash distribuite DHT a ap\u0103rut. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce statul a str\u00e2ns din \u0219uruburi, anonimatul participan\u021bilor a devenit mai c\u0103utat. Din 2000 se dezvolt\u0103 re\u021beaua Freenet, din 2003 - I2P, iar \u00een 2006 a \u00eenceput proiectul RetroShare. Se pot men\u021biona numeroase re\u021bele p2p, at\u00e2t cele care au existat anterior \u0219i au disp\u0103rut, c\u00e2t \u0219i cele care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acum: WASTE, MUTE, TurtleF2F, RShare, PerfectDark, ARES, Gnutella2, GNUNet, IPFS, ZeroNet, Tribbler \u0219i multe altele. Exist\u0103 multe. Sunt diferite. Foarte diferite - at\u00e2t \u00een scop, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een structur\u0103... Probabil c\u0103 nu toate aceste denumiri sunt cunoscute pentru mul\u021bi dintre voi. \u0218i aceasta nu este tot.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, re\u021belele p2p au numeroase dezavantaje. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 dezavantajele tehnice specifice fiec\u0103rei implement\u0103ri a protocolului \u0219i clientului, se poate observa o problem\u0103 general\u0103 - dificultatea de a c\u0103uta (adic\u0103 tot ce a \u00eent\u00e2mpinat Web 1.0, dar \u00eentr-o variant\u0103 \u0219i mai complex\u0103). Aici nu exist\u0103 Google cu c\u0103utarea sa omniprezent\u0103 \u0219i instantanee. \u0218i dac\u0103 pentru re\u021belele de schimb de fi\u0219iere se poate folosi c\u0103utarea dup\u0103 numele fi\u0219ierului sau dup\u0103 metainforma\u021bii, g\u0103sirea unor lucruri, de exemplu, \u00een re\u021belele overlay onion sau i2p, este foarte complicat\u0103, dac\u0103 nu imposibil\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen general, dac\u0103 facem analogii cu internetul clasic, majoritatea re\u021belelor descentralizate sunt blocate undeva la nivelul FTP. Imagina\u021bi-v\u0103 un internet \u00een care nu exist\u0103 nimic altceva dec\u00e2t FTP: nici site-uri moderne, nici web2.0, nici Youtube... A\u0219a se afl\u0103 re\u021belele descentralizate. \u0218i \u00een ciuda unor \u00eencerc\u0103ri de a schimba ceva, p\u00e2n\u0103 acum modific\u0103rile sunt pu\u021bine.<\/p>\n<h1>Con\u021binut<\/h1>\n<p>\nS\u0103 ne \u00eendrept\u0103m aten\u021bia c\u0103tre o alt\u0103 parte important\u0103 a acestui puzzle \u2014 con\u021binutul. Con\u021binutul este principala problem\u0103 a oric\u0103rui site de internet, \u00een special a celor descentralizate. De unde s\u0103-l ob\u021binem? Sigur, putem conta pe un grup de entuzia\u0219ti (precum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu re\u021belele P2P existente), dar atunci dezvoltarea re\u021belei va fi destul de lent\u0103, iar con\u021binutul va fi pu\u021bin.<\/p>\n<p>Lucrul cu internetul obi\u0219nuit presupune c\u0103utarea \u0219i studierea con\u021binutului. Uneori \u2014 salvarea (dac\u0103 con\u021binutul este interesant \u0219i util, mul\u021bi, \u00een special cei care au venit pe re\u021bea \u00een timpul dial-up \u2014 inclusiv eu \u2014 salv\u00e2ndu-l cu \u00een\u021belepciune offline, pentru a nu-l pierde; c\u0103ci internetul este ceva ce nu putem controla, ast\u0103zi un site exist\u0103, m\u00e2ine nu, ast\u0103zi un videoclip pe YouTube \u2014 m\u00e2ine va fi \u0219ters, \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te torrentele (pe care le percepem mai degrab\u0103 ca un simplu mijloc de livrare dec\u00e2t ca o re\u021bea P2P), salvarea este de fapt implicit\u0103. \u0218i, de altfel, aceasta este una dintre problemele torrentele: un fi\u0219ier desc\u0103rcat o dat\u0103 este greu de mutat acolo unde ar fi mai convenabil de utilizat (de obicei, trebuie s\u0103 regenera\u021bi manual distribu\u021bia) \u0219i nu poate fi redenumit deloc (se poate face un hardlink, dar despre aceasta \u0219tie foarte pu\u021bin\u0103 lume).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen general, mul\u021bi p\u0103streaz\u0103 con\u021binutul \u00eentr-un fel sau altul. Care este soarta lui ulterioar\u0103? De obicei, fi\u0219ierele salvate se reg\u0103sesc undeva pe disc, \u00eentr-un folder numit Desc\u0103rc\u0103ri, \u00eentr-o mas\u0103 comun\u0103, \u0219i stau acolo \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte mii de fi\u0219iere. Asta e r\u0103u \u2014 \u0219i chiar r\u0103u pentru utilizator. Dac\u0103 internetul are motoare de c\u0103utare, atunci computerul local al utilizatorului nu are nimic de genul acesta. E bine dac\u0103 utilizatorul este ordonat \u0219i obi\u0219nuit s\u0103 sortimenteze fi\u0219ierele desc\u0103rcate. Dar nu to\u021bi sunt a\u0219a...<\/p>\n<p>De fapt, acum exist\u0103 \u0219i mul\u021bi care nu salveaz\u0103 nimic, ci se bazeaz\u0103 complet pe online. Dar \u00een re\u021belele P2P se presupune c\u0103 con\u021binutul este stocat local pe dispozitivul utilizatorului \u0219i distribuit altor participan\u021bi. Este posibil s\u0103 g\u0103sim o astfel de solu\u021bie care s\u0103 permit\u0103 implicarea ambelor categorii de utilizatori \u00eentr-o re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a le schimba obiceiurile \u0219i, mai mult, u\u0219ur\u00e2ndu-le via\u021ba? <\/p>\n<p>Ideea este destul de simpl\u0103: ce-ar fi s\u0103 cre\u0103m un instrument care s\u0103 permit\u0103 utilizatorilor s\u0103 salveze con\u021binut din internetul obi\u0219nuit \u00eentr-un mod convenabil \u0219i transparent, prin salvarea inteligent\u0103 - cu meta-informa\u021bii semantice, nu \u00eentr-un morman comun, ci \u00eentr-o structur\u0103 specific\u0103 cu posibilitatea de a fi reorganizat\u0103 ulterior, \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp s\u0103 distribuie con\u021binutul salvat \u00eentr-o re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103? <\/p>\n<h1>S\u0103 \u00eencepem cu salvarea<\/h1>\n<p>\nNu ne vom concentra pe utilizarea utilitar\u0103 a internetului pentru a verifica prognozele meteo sau orarele zborurilor. Ne intereseaz\u0103 mai mult obiectele autosuficiente \u0219i mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin imuabile - articole (de la tweet-uri\/post\u0103ri pe re\u021belele sociale \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la articole mai mari, cum este acesta de pe Habr), c\u0103r\u021bi, imagini, programe, \u00eenregistr\u0103ri audio \u0219i video. De unde provine, de obicei, informa\u021bia? \u00cen mod obi\u0219nuit, aceasta este<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>re\u021belele sociale (diverse \u0219tiri, note scurte - \u201etweet-uri\u201d, imagini, audio \u0219i video)<\/li>\n<li>articole pe site-uri tematice (de tip Habr); resurse bune nu sunt at\u00e2t de multe, de obicei aceste resurse sunt de asemenea construite pe principiul re\u021belelor sociale<\/li>\n<li>site-uri de \u0219tiri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCa regul\u0103 general\u0103, exist\u0103 func\u021bii standard: \u201elike\u201d, \u201eshare\u201d, \u201edistribuie \u00een re\u021belele sociale\u201d etc.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m un <b>plugin pentru browser<\/b>, care va salva \u00een mod special tot ce am dat like, am distribuit, am salvat \u00een \u201efavorit\u201d (sau am ap\u0103sat un buton special al plugin-ului, afi\u0219at \u00een meniul browser-ului - \u00een caz c\u0103 site-ul nu are func\u021bia de like\/share\/ad\u0103ugare \u00een bookmarks). Ideea principal\u0103 este c\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu dai like - a\u0219a cum ai f\u0103cut de milioane de ori p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, iar sistemul salveaz\u0103 articolul, imaginea sau videoclipul \u00eentr-un depozit offline special, iar acest articol sau imagine devine disponibil - at\u00e2t pentru vizionarea offline prin intermediul unei interfe\u021be a clientului descentralizat, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een \u00eens\u0103\u0219i re\u021beaua descentralizat\u0103! Din punctul meu de vedere, este foarte convenabil. F\u0103r\u0103 ac\u021biuni suplimentare, \u0219i rezolv\u0103m simultan o mul\u021bime de sarcini:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>salvarea con\u021binutului valoros care ar putea fi pierdut sau \u0219ters<\/li>\n<li>umplerea rapid\u0103 a re\u021belei descentralizate<\/li>\n<li>agregarea con\u021binutului din diverse surse (po\u021bi fi \u00eenregistrat pe zeci de resurse de internet, iar toate like-urile\/share-urile se vor aduna \u00eentr-o baz\u0103 local\u0103 unic\u0103)<\/li>\n<li>structurarea con\u021binutului care te intereseaz\u0103 dup\u0103 <b>preferin\u021bele tale<\/b> reguli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEste evident c\u0103 extensia pentru browser trebuie s\u0103 fie adaptat\u0103 structurii fiec\u0103rui site (asta este cu adev\u0103rat realizabil \u2014 deja exist\u0103 extensii pentru salvarea con\u021binutului din Youtube, Twitter, VK etc.). Exist\u0103 pu\u021bine site-uri pentru care merit\u0103 s\u0103 se creeze extensii personalizate. De obicei, acestea sunt re\u021bele sociale populare (nu cred c\u0103 sunt mai mult de zece) \u0219i c\u00e2teva site-uri tematice de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate, cum ar fi Habra (acestea sunt foarte pu\u021bine). Cu cod deschis \u0219i specifica\u021bii disponibile, dezvoltarea unei noi extensii bazate pe un \u0219ablon nu ar trebui s\u0103 dureze mult. Pentru celelalte site-uri, se poate utiliza un buton universal de salvare, care ar salva \u00eentreaga pagin\u0103 \u00een mhtml \u2014 poate, dup\u0103 ce a cur\u0103\u021bat pagina de reclame. <\/p>\n<h1>Acum despre structurare<\/h1>\n<p>\nPrin \"salvare inteligent\u0103\" \u00een\u021beleg cel pu\u021bin salvarea cu metainforma\u021bii: sursa con\u021binutului (URL), setul de like-uri anterioare, etichete, comentarii, identificatorii acestora etc. C\u0103ci, la salvarea obi\u0219nuit\u0103, aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie se pierde... Prin surs\u0103 se poate \u00een\u021belege nu doar URL-ul direct, ci \u0219i componenta semantic\u0103: de exemplu, un grup pe o re\u021bea social\u0103 sau utilizatorul care a distribuit postarea. Extensia poate fi suficient de inteligent\u0103 pentru a utiliza aceste informa\u021bii pentru structurarea \u0219i etichetarea automat\u0103. De asemenea, trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 utilizatorul poate ad\u0103uga \u00eentotdeauna unele metainforma\u021bii con\u021binutului salvat, pentru care trebuie prev\u0103zute instrumente de interfa\u021b\u0103 c\u00e2t mai convenabile (am multe idei despre cum s\u0103 fac asta).<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, se rezolv\u0103 problema structur\u0103rii \u0219i organiz\u0103rii fi\u0219ierelor locale ale utilizatorului. Aceasta este deja o utilitate pe care o putem folosi chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 p2p. Pur \u0219i simplu o baz\u0103 de date offline, care \u0219tie ce, de unde \u0219i \u00een ce context am salvat, \u0219i permite realizarea unor mici cercet\u0103ri. De exemplu, g\u0103sirea utilizatorilor de pe o re\u021bea social\u0103 extern\u0103 care au dat cele mai multe like-uri la acelea\u0219i posturi ca \u0219i tine. Ofer\u0103 multe re\u021bele sociale aceste informa\u021bii \u00een mod evident?<\/p>\n<p>Aici trebuie men\u021bionat c\u0103 un singur plugin de browser, desigur, nu este suficient. Al doilea component esen\u021bial al sistemului este un serviciu de re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een fundal \u0219i gestioneaz\u0103 at\u00e2t re\u021beaua p2p (cereri din re\u021bea \u0219i cereri din partea clientului), c\u00e2t \u0219i salvarea de nou con\u021binut prin intermediul pluginului. Serviciul, lucr\u00e2nd \u00eempreun\u0103 cu pluginul, va plasa con\u021binutul \u00een locul dorit, va calcula hash-urile (\u0219i poate determina c\u0103 un astfel de con\u021binut a fost deja salvat anterior), va ad\u0103uga informa\u021biile meta necesare \u00een baza de date local\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ceea ce este interesant este c\u0103 sistemul ar fi util chiar \u0219i \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 p2p. Multe persoane folosesc clipere web care adaug\u0103 con\u021binut interesant din internet, de exemplu, \u00een Evernote. Arhitectura propus\u0103 este o variant\u0103 extins\u0103 a unui astfel de clipper.<\/p>\n<h1>\u0218i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, schimbul p2p<\/h1>\n<p>\nCel mai pl\u0103cut lucru este c\u0103 informa\u021bia \u0219i meta-informa\u021bia (at\u00e2t capturate din web, c\u00e2t \u0219i propriile mele) pot fi schimbate. Conceptul de re\u021bea social\u0103 se transfer\u0103 foarte bine pe arhitectura p2p. Se poate spune c\u0103 re\u021beaua social\u0103 \u0219i p2p sunt f\u0103cute una pentru cealalt\u0103. Orice re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103, \u00een ideal, ar trebui construit\u0103 ca o re\u021bea social\u0103, doar a\u0219a va func\u021biona eficient. \u2018Prietenii\u2019, \u2018Grupurile\u2019 sunt acelea\u0219i noduri, cu care ar trebui s\u0103 existe leg\u0103turi stabile, iar acestea se ob\u021bin dintr-o surs\u0103 natural\u0103 - interesele comune ale utilizatorilor.<\/p>\n<p>Principiile salv\u0103rii \u0219i distribu\u021biei de con\u021binut \u00eentr-o re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103 sunt complet identice cu principiile salv\u0103rii (capt\u0103rii) con\u021binutului din internetul obi\u0219nuit. Dac\u0103 folosi\u021bi un anumit con\u021binut din re\u021bea (a\u0219adar, l-a\u021bi salvat), oricine poate folosi resursele dumneavoastr\u0103 (hard disk \u0219i l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103), necesare pentru a ob\u021bine acest con\u021binut specific.<\/p>\n<p><b>Like-uri <\/b> \u2014 cel mai simplu instrument de salvare \u0219i partajare. Dac\u0103 am dat un like \u2014 nu conteaz\u0103, \u00een internetul extern sau \u00een re\u021beaua descentralizat\u0103 \u2014 \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eemi place con\u021binutul, iar dac\u0103 e a\u0219a \u2014 \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 sunt dispus s\u0103-l p\u0103strez local \u0219i s\u0103-l ofer altor participan\u021bi ai re\u021belei descentralizate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Con\u021binutul nu se va \u2018pierde\u2019; acum este salvat local, pot reveni la el mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een orice moment, f\u0103r\u0103 a m\u0103 preocupa c\u0103 cineva l-ar putea \u0219terge sau bloca.<\/li>\n<li>Pot s\u0103 categorisez (imediat sau mai t\u00e2rziu) acest con\u021binut, s\u0103-l etichetez, s\u0103-l comentez, s\u0103-l asociez cu alte materiale, \u00een general s\u0103 fac ceva semnificativ cu el - s\u0103-l numim \u201eformarea meta-informa\u021biei\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Pot \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i aceast\u0103 meta-informa\u021bie cu ceilal\u021bi membri ai re\u021belei<\/li>\n<li>Pot sincroniza meta-informa\u021bia mea cu meta-informa\u021bia altor membri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nProbabil c\u0103 abandonarea op\u021biunii de dislike pare logic\u0103: dac\u0103 un con\u021binut nu-mi place, este perfect ra\u021bional c\u0103 nu vreau s\u0103-mi folosesc spa\u021biul de pe disc pentru a-l stoca \u0219i banda mea de internet pentru a-l distribui. Deci, dislike-urile nu se integreaz\u0103 foarte bine \u00een descentralizare (de\u0219i uneori, totu\u0219i, poate fi util) <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/openmedia.io\/news\/pryamaya-liniya-s-putinym-v-youtube-ne-nravitsya-nikomu\">uneori este util<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n<p>Uneori trebuie s\u0103 salvez \u0219i ceea ce \u201enu-mi place\u201d. Exist\u0103 un cuv\u00e2nt \u201etrebuie\u201d :)<br \/>\n\u00ab<b>Bookmarks<\/b>\u00bb (sau \u201e\u00centre primele\u201d) \u2014 nu \u00eemi exprim opinia fa\u021b\u0103 de con\u021binut, ci \u00eel salvez \u00een baza mea local\u0103 de bookmark-uri. Cuv\u00e2ntul \u201e\u00eentre primele\u201d nu se potrive\u0219te foarte bine semantic (pentru asta exist\u0103 like-uri \u0219i clasificarea ulterioar\u0103), iar \u201ebookmark-uri\u201d se potrive\u0219te perfect. Con\u021binutul din \u201ebookmark-uri\u201d este, de asemenea, distribuit \u2014 dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi este \u201enecesar\u201d (adic\u0103 \u00eel \u201efolose\u0219ti\u201d \u00eentr-un fel sau altul), atunci este logic c\u0103 poate fi \u201enecesar\u201d \u0219i altora. De ce s\u0103 nu \u00ee\u021bi folose\u0219ti resursele pentru asta?<\/p>\n<p>Func\u021bia \u201e<b>prieteni<\/b>\u201e. Acestea sunt s\u0103rb\u0103tori, oameni cu interese similare, adic\u0103 cei care, cel mai probabil, vor avea con\u021binut interesant. \u00centr-o re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103, acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, abonarea la fluxul de \u0219tiri de la prieteni \u0219i accesul la cataloagele lor (albumele) cu con\u021binutul salvat de ei.<\/p>\n<p>Similar, func\u021bia \u201e<b>grupuri<\/b>\u201e \u2014 anumite fluxuri colective, sau forumuri, sau ceva de genul acesta, la care po\u021bi, de asemenea, s\u0103 te abonezi \u2014 \u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 prime\u0219ti toate materialele grupului \u0219i le distribui. Este posibil ca \u201egrupurile\u201d, asemenea forumurilor mari, s\u0103 fie ierarhice \u2014 asta ar permite o mai bun\u0103 structurare a con\u021binutului grupurilor, precum \u0219i limitarea fluxului de informa\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103 nu prime\u0219ti\/nici s\u0103 nu distribui ceea ce nu este foarte interesant pentru tine.<\/p>\n<h1>Tot restul<\/h1>\n<p>\nEste important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 arhitectura descentralizat\u0103 este \u00eentotdeauna mai complex\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea centralizat\u0103. \u00cen resursele centralizate, exist\u0103 un dictat rigid al codului serverului. \u00cen cele descentralizate, este necesar s\u0103 se negocieze \u00eentre numero\u0219i participan\u021bi egali. Desigur, nu se poate f\u0103r\u0103 criptografie, blockchains \u0219i alte progrese, \u00een mare parte dezvoltate pentru criptovalute. <\/p>\n<p>Presupun c\u0103 ar putea fi necesare anumite clasific\u0103ri reciproce de \u00eencredere criptografic\u0103, formate de participan\u021bii re\u021belei pentru unii pentru al\u021bii. Arhitectura trebuie s\u0103 permit\u0103 o lupt\u0103 eficient\u0103 \u00eempotriva botnet-urilor, care, exist\u00e2nd \u00een vreun cloud, pot de exemplu s\u0103-\u0219i manipuleze singure evalu\u0103rile. Mi-ar pl\u0103cea ca corpora\u021biile \u0219i fermele de botnet-uri, cu tot avansul lor tehnologic, s\u0103 nu preia controlul asupra unei astfel de re\u021bele descentralizate; s\u0103 fie principala sa resurs\u0103 oamenii reali, capabili s\u0103 produc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 structureze con\u021binut interesant \u0219i util pentru al\u021bi oameni.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, mi-a\u0219 dori ca o astfel de re\u021bea s\u0103 avanseze civiliza\u021bia spre progres. \u00cen aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103, am o mul\u021bime de idei, care \u00eens\u0103 nu se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een limitele acestui articol. Spun doar c\u0103, \u00eentr-un anume mod, con\u021binutul \u0219tiin\u021bific, tehnic, medical etc. ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 prioritate fa\u021b\u0103 de cel de divertisment, iar acest lucru va necesita o anumit\u0103 moderare. Moderarea unei re\u021bele descentralizate este o sarcin\u0103 nonlinear\u0103, dar realizabil\u0103 (de fapt, cuv\u00e2ntul \u201emoderare\u201d aici este complet inadecvat \u0219i nu reflect\u0103 esen\u021ba procesului - nici extern, nici intern... \u0219i nici nu am g\u0103sit o denumire pentru acest proces). <\/p>\n<p>Probabil c\u0103 ar fi inutil s\u0103 men\u021bionez necesitatea asigur\u0103rii anonimatului - at\u00e2t prin mijloace \u00eencorporate (cum ar fi \u00een i2p sau Retroshare), c\u00e2t \u0219i prin redirec\u021bionarea \u00eentregului trafic prin TOR sau <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"90\">VPN<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p>\u0218i \u00een final, arhitectura software-ului (schematic\u0103 ilustrat\u0103 \u00een imaginea din articol). A\u0219a cum s-a men\u021bionat anterior, primul component al sistemului este un plugin pentru browser, care capteaz\u0103 con\u021binutul cu metainforma\u021bii. Al doilea component esen\u021bial este un serviciu p2p, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een fundal (\u201ebackend\u201d). Func\u021bionarea re\u021belei nu ar trebui evident s\u0103 depind\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 browserul este activ. Al treilea component este software-ul clientului \u2014 frontend. Acesta poate fi un serviciu web local (\u00een acest caz, utilizatorul poate lucra cu re\u021beaua descentralizat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a ie\u0219i din browserul preferat) sau o aplica\u021bie GUI separat\u0103 pentru un sistem de operare specific (Windows, Linux, MacOS, Android, iOS etc.). \u00cemi place ideea coexisten\u021bei tuturor variantelor de frontend. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, aceasta va impune o arhitectur\u0103 mai strict\u0103 a backend-ului.<\/p>\n<p>Exist\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 multe aspecte care nu au fost incluse \u00een acest articol. Conectarea la distribuirea depozitelor existente de fi\u0219iere (adic\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd ai deja c\u00e2\u021biva terabai\u021bi desc\u0103rca\u021bi \u0219i oferi clientului s\u0103 scaneze acest lucru, s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 hash-urile, s\u0103 le compare cu cele existente \u00een Re\u021bea \u0219i s\u0103 se al\u0103ture distribu\u021biei, precum \u0219i s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 din Re\u021bea metainforma\u021bii despre propriile fi\u0219iere \u2014 denumiri corecte, descrieri, evalu\u0103ri, recenzii etc.), conectarea la surse externe de metainforma\u021bie (precum bazele de date Libgen), utilizarea op\u021bional\u0103 a spa\u021biului de stocare pentru a p\u0103stra con\u021binut criptat al altora (ca \u00een Freenet), arhitectura de integrare cu re\u021belele descentralizate existente (aici este cu adev\u0103rat o p\u0103dure \u00eentunecat\u0103), ideea de media hashing (utilizarea hash-urilor perceptrice speciale pentru con\u021binutul media \u2014 imagini, audio \u0219i video, ceea ce va permite compararea fi\u0219ierelor media cu acela\u0219i sens, de dimensiuni, rezolu\u021bie etc. diferite) \u0219i multe altele.<\/p>\n<h1>Rezumatul articolului<\/h1>\n<p>\n1. \u00cen re\u021belele descentralizate nu exist\u0103 Google cu c\u0103ut\u0103rile \u0219i clasamentele sale \u2014 dar exist\u0103 o Comunitate de oameni reali. Re\u021beaua social\u0103 cu mecanismele sale de feedback (like-uri, repost\u0103ri\u2026) \u0219i graficul social (prietenii, comunit\u0103\u021bile\u2026) este un model ideal de nivel aplica\u021bie pentru o re\u021bea descentralizat\u0103.<br \/>\n2. Ideea principal\u0103 pe care o aduc prin acest articol este salvarea automat\u0103 a con\u021binutului interesant din internetul obi\u0219nuit prin intermediul aprecierii\/repartiz\u0103rii; acest lucru poate fi util \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 p2p, fiind vorba doar de gestionarea unui arhiv personal de informa\u021bii interesante.<br \/>\n3. Acest con\u021binut poate, de asemenea, s\u0103 umple automat re\u021beaua descentralizat\u0103.<br \/>\n4. Principiul de salvare automat\u0103 a con\u021binutului interesant func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd se apreciaz\u0103\/repartizeaz\u0103 \u00een cadrul celei mai descentralizate re\u021bele.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/482912\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u2014 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 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