{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Alte articole din ciclu:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Istoria releului\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Metoda de 'transfer rapid de informa\u021bii', sau na\u0219terea releului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">Telegrafist<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanism<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Antreprenori<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Telegraful vorbitor<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Pur \u0219i simplu conecta\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">O genera\u021bie uitat\u0103 de computere cu relee<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Era electronic\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Istoria calculatoarelor electronice\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prolog<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Colosul<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Revolu\u021bia electronic\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Istoria tranzistorului\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">P\u0103trunz\u00e2nd \u00een \u00eentuneric<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">Din focul r\u0103zboiului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Reinventare multipl\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Istoria internetului\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">Re\u021beaua de baz\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Dezintegrarea, partea 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Dezintegrarea, partea 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Deschiz\u00e2nd interactivitatea<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Extinz\u00e2nd interactivitatea<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2014 na\u0219terea<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2014 pachet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2014 subre\u021bea<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Computerul ca dispozitiv de comunicare<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Istoria internetului: interac\u021biunea \u00eentre re\u021bele<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00cen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">\u00een partea anterioar\u0103 a nara\u021biunii<\/a><\/noindex> am aflat cum un savant \u0219i cadru didactic american <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">Joseph Henry<\/a><\/noindex> a c\u0103l\u0103torit pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een Europa. Vizit\u00e2nd Londra, a f\u0103cut o oprire la un om pe care \u00eel respecta profund, matematicianul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">Charles Babbage<\/a><\/noindex>. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Henry era prietenul s\u0103u, Alexander Bach, \u0219i un nou cunoscut, tot experimentator \u00een domeniul telegrfului, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a><\/noindex>. Babbage le-a spus oaspe\u021bilor c\u0103 inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103-i prezinte parlamentului ma\u0219ina sa de calcul, dar cu \u0219i mai mult\u0103 pl\u0103cere le-a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it ideea noului s\u0103u dispozitiv, \"care va dep\u0103\u0219i semnificativ capacit\u0103\u021bile primului\". Henry a notat detalii generale despre acest plan \u00een jurnalul s\u0103u:<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 se \u00eemparte \u00een dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi, una dintre care domnul B. o nume\u0219te depozit, iar cealalt\u0103 \u2013 moar\u0103. Depozitul este umplut cu roti\u021be marcate cu cifre. \u00cen mod periodic, resursele sunt extrase \u0219i mutate \u00een moar\u0103, unde au loc manipul\u0103rile necesare. La final, aceast\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 va putea s\u0103 rezume \u00eentr-un tabel orice formul\u0103 de natur\u0103 algebric\u0103.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nUn istoric nu poate s\u0103 nu simt\u0103 un fior pe \u0219ira spin\u0103rii din cauza acestor \u00eent\u00e2lniri fortuite \u00een vie\u021bile umane. Aici s-au intersectat dou\u0103 fire ale istoriei ma\u0219inilor de calcul, una dintre ele apropiindu-se de final, iar cealalt\u0103 abia \u00eencep\u00e2nd.<\/p>\n<p>De fapt, de\u0219i ma\u0219ina lui Babbage este adesea considerat\u0103 \u00eenceputul istoriei computatoarelor universale moderne, leg\u0103tura dintre ele este destul de slab\u0103. Ma\u0219ina sa (pe care nu a construit-o niciodat\u0103) a fost culminarea unui vis despre calcule mecanice. Acest vis, exprimat pentru prima dat\u0103 de Leibniz, a fost inspirat de mecanismele de ceas din ce \u00een ce mai complexe, create de me\u0219te\u0219ugari \u00eenc\u0103 din Evul Mediu. Dar niciun computer de uz general nu a fost construit pe mecanic\u0103 pur\u0103 \u2013 aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 este prea complicat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Iat\u0103 c\u0103 releul electromagnetic, conceput de Henry \u0219i al\u021bii, poate fi integrat destul de u\u0219or \u00een contururi computa\u021bionale, a c\u0103ror complexitate pare de neimaginat f\u0103r\u0103 el. Totu\u0219i, pentru a ajunge la acest punct au mai r\u0103mas \u00eenc\u0103 decenii, iar Henry \u0219i contemporanii s\u0103i nu puteau anticipa o astfel de dezvoltare. Acesta a devenit str\u0103mo\u0219ul unui num\u0103r nenum\u0103rat de tranzistori, care au f\u0103cut posibil\u0103 lumea digital\u0103 de ast\u0103zi, at\u00e2t de interconectat\u0103 cu via\u021ba noastr\u0103 modern\u0103. Releele au umplut interiorul primelor ma\u0219ini de calcul programabile, care au domnit pentru o perioad\u0103 scurt\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd au fost \u00eenlocuite de rudele lor complet electronice.<\/p>\n<p>Releele au fost inventate de mai multe ori, independent unul de cel\u0103lalt, \u00een anii 1830. Obiectivele lor erau variate (cei cinci inventatori ai s\u0103i au conceput cel pu\u021bin trei variante de utilizare) \u2013 la fel ca exemplele de utilizare. Dar este convenabil s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la ele ca la un dispozitiv cu dubl\u0103 \u00eentrebuin\u021bare. Poate fi folosit ca un comutator, control\u00e2nd un alt dispozitiv electric (inclusiv, ceea ce este important, un alt releu), sau ca un amplificator, transform\u00e2nd un semnal slab \u00eentr-unul puternic.<\/p>\n<h2>Comutator<\/h2>\n<p>\nJoseph Henry combina \u00een aceea\u0219i persoan\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021be profunde \u00een filosofia naturii, mecanic\u0103 \u0219i un interes pentru problema telegrafului mecanic. \u00cen anii 1830, o astfel de combina\u021bie de calit\u0103\u021bi era, probabil, \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 doar la Whiston. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1831, el a construit un circuit de 2,5 km, capabil s\u0103 activeze un clopo\u021bel, folosind cel mai puternic magnet disponibil. Poate c\u0103, dac\u0103 ar fi continuat s\u0103 lucreze cu aceea\u0219i ardoare asupra telegrafului \u0219i ar fi demonstrat aceea\u0219i perseveren\u021b\u0103 ca Morse, numele s\u0103u ar fi fost consemnat \u00een manuale.<\/p>\n<p>Dar Henry, profesor la Academia din Albany \u0219i apoi la Colegiul din New Jersey (acum Universitatea Princeton), construia \u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bia dispozitive electrice \u00een scopuri de cercetare, educa\u021bie \u0219i demonstra\u021bii \u0219tiin\u021bifice. Nu era interesat s\u0103 transforme un instrument pedagogic \u00eentr-un sistem de transmitere a mesajelor.<\/p>\n<p>Aproximativ \u00een 1835, el a inventat o demonstra\u021bie ingenioas\u0103 folosind dou\u0103 circuite. Aminti\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 Henry a descoperit dou\u0103 dimensiuni ale electricit\u0103\u021bii \u2013 intensitatea \u0219i cantitatea (le numim tensiune \u0219i curent). El a creat circuite cu baterii intense \u0219i magne\u021bi pentru a transmite electromagnetismul pe distan\u021be mari \u0219i circuite cu baterii cantitative \u0219i magne\u021bi pentru a genera for\u021be electromagnetice de mare putere.<\/p>\n<p>Noua sa unitate combina ambele propriet\u0103\u021bi. Electromagnetul cantitativ puternic putea ridica sarcini de sute de kilograme. Magnetul intens de la cap\u0103tul circuitului lung era folosit pentru a ridica un fir metalic mic: un comutator. \u00cenchiderea circuitului intens f\u0103cea ca magnetul s\u0103 ridice firul, ceea ce deconecta comutatorul \u0219i circuitul cantitativ. Electromagnetul cantitativ l\u0103sa apoi brusc s\u0103 cad\u0103 sarcina cu un zgomot asurzitor.<\/p>\n<p>Relantiul acesta \u2013 \u0219i anume asta era rolul magnetului intens \u0219i firului s\u0103u \u2013 era necesar pentru a demonstra transformarea energiei electrice \u00een mecanic\u0103, precum \u0219i modul \u00een care o mic\u0103 for\u021b\u0103 poate controla una mare. O u\u0219oar\u0103 imersie a firului \u00een acid pentru a \u00eenchide circuitul provoca o mic\u0103 mi\u0219care a comutatorului, care se finaliza cu o catastrof\u0103 sub forma c\u0103derii metalului, \u00eentr-o cantitate suficient\u0103 pentru a zdrobi pe oricine ar fi fost suficient de stupid s\u0103 stea sub el. Pentru Henry, relantiul era un instrument de demonstrare a principiilor \u0219tiin\u021bifice. Era o levier electric.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenry a fost probabil primul care a conectat astfel cele dou\u0103 circuite \u2013 folosind electromagnetismul unuia pentru a controla altul. Al doilea, din c\u00e2te \u0219tim, a fost William Cook \u0219i Charles Wheatstone, de\u0219i ei aveau scopuri complet diferite.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen martie 1836, la scurt timp dup\u0103 ce a asistat la o demonstra\u021bie a unui telegraf din Heidelberg, care folosea un ac galvanic pentru a transmite semnale, Cook a fost inspirat de o cutie muzical\u0103. Cook considera c\u0103 utilizarea acelor pentru a marca literele \u00een telegraful real ar necesita mai multe ace \u0219i, prin urmare, mai multe circuite. El \u00ee\u0219i dorea ca electromagnetul s\u0103 activeze un mecanism care ar putea fi oricum de complex \u00een demonstrerea literei dorite.<\/p>\n<p>El a conceput o ma\u0219in\u0103 asem\u0103n\u0103toare unei cutii muzicale, cu un tambur \u00eenconjurat de numeroase bolduri. De o parte a tamburului ar trebui s\u0103 fie o scal\u0103 circular\u0103 cu litere. La fiecare cap\u0103t al liniei telegrafice ar trebui s\u0103 existe o astfel de cutie. O arcuri tensionat\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 tamburul s\u0103 se roteasc\u0103, dar \u00een cea mai mare parte a timpului acesta va fi fixat cu un opritor. C\u00e2nd este ap\u0103sat butonul telegrafic, circuitul se \u00eenchide, activ\u00e2nd electromagne\u021bii care deschid cele dou\u0103 opritoare, iar ambele ma\u0219ini se rotesc. C\u00e2nd litera dorit\u0103 este indicat\u0103 pe scal\u0103, butonul este eliberat, opritoarele revin la loc \u0219i opresc mi\u0219carea tamburilor. Cook, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u0219tie, a recreat modelul cronometric al telegrafului lui Ronald, inventat cu dou\u0103 decenii \u00eenainte, \u0219i primele experimente ale fra\u021bilor Shappe cu telegrafia (diferen\u021ba fiind c\u0103 ace\u0219tia utilizau sunetul pentru sincronizarea scalelor, nu electricitate).<\/p>\n<p>Cook a realizat c\u0103 acela\u0219i mecanism ar putea ajuta la rezolvarea unei probleme vechi a telegrafului \u2013 informarea p\u0103r\u021bii primitoare despre un nou mesaj. Pentru aceasta, ar putea fi folosit un al doilea circuit cu un alt electromagnet, care ar activa un clopo\u021bel mecanic. \u00cenchiderea circuitului ar trage opritorul, iar clopo\u021belul ar suna.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen martie 1837, Cook a \u00eenceput colaborarea cu Wh\u00edstone pe tema telegrafului, iar \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 s-au g\u00e2ndit \u0219i la necesitatea unui al doilea circuit. \u00cen loc de a crea un circuit independent pentru semnalizarea notific\u0103rii (\u0219i a trasa kilometri de fire suplimentare), nu ar fi fost mai simplu s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 circuitul principal pentru controlul semnalului?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nP\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, Cook \u0219i Whiston s-au \u00eentors la designul cu ac \u0219i era evident c\u0103 se putea conecta un mic fir cu un ac, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, atunci c\u00e2nd cap\u0103tul s\u0103u era atras de un electromagnet, coada acestuia s\u0103 \u00eenchidera un al doilea circuit. Acest circuit ar activa semnalul. Dup\u0103 un anumit interval, timp \u00een care receptorul mesajului putea s\u0103 se trezeasc\u0103, s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 semnalul \u0219i s\u0103 preg\u0103teasc\u0103 un creion \u0219i h\u00e2rtie, acul putea fi folosit pentru a transmite mesajul \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen decurs de doi ani, pe dou\u0103 continente, de dou\u0103 ori, cu dou\u0103 scopuri diferite, oamenii au realizat c\u0103 electromagnetul putea fi folosit ca un comutator pentru a controla un alt circuit. Dar se putea imagina \u0219i o metod\u0103 complet diferit\u0103 de interac\u021biune \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 circuite.<\/p>\n<h2>Amplificator<\/h2>\n<p>\nP\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een toamna anului 1837, Samuel Morse era \u00eencrez\u0103tor c\u0103 idee sa de telegraf electric putea func\u021biona. Folosind o baterie puternic\u0103 \u0219i un magnet Henry, el trimitea mesaje pe o distan\u021b\u0103 de o jum\u0103tate de kilometru. Dar, pentru a dovedi Congresului posibilitatea de a transmite mesaje prin telegraful s\u0103u pe tot continentul, avea nevoie de mult mai mult. Era clar c\u0103, indiferent de puterea bateriilor, \u00eentr-un anumit moment circuitul ar deveni prea lung pentru a transmite un semnal clar la cel\u0103lalt cap\u0103t. Dar Morse a realizat c\u0103, \u00een ciuda c\u0103derii puterii de la distan\u021b\u0103, electromagnetul putea deschide \u0219i \u00eenchide un alt circuit, alimentat de propria sa baterie, care, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, putea transmite semnalul mai departe. Procesul putea fi repetat de c\u00e2te ori era necesar \u0219i ar putea acoperi distan\u021be de orice lungime. De aceea, aceste magne\u021bi intermediare au fost numi\u021bi \u201erelay\u201d \u2013 ca sta\u021biile po\u0219tale pentru schimbarea cailor. Ele primeau mesajul electric de la partenerul sl\u0103bit \u0219i \u00eel transmiteau mai departe cu o nou\u0103 for\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Nu se poate stabili dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 idee a fost inspirat\u0103 de lucr\u0103rile lui Henry, dar Morse a fost cu siguran\u021b\u0103 primul care a utilizat un releu \u00een acest scop. Pentru el, releul era nu un comutator, ci un amplificator capabil s\u0103 transforme un semnal slab \u00eentr-unul puternic.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDe cealalt\u0103 parte a Atlanticului, aproximativ \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edward Davey<\/a><\/noindex>, farmacist londonez, a venit cu o idee similar\u0103. Probabil c\u0103 s-a interesat de telegraf \u00een jurul anului 1835. P\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul anului 1837, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 efectueze experimente regulat cu un circuit de o jum\u0103tate de kilometru \u00een Regent's Park, \u00een nord-vestul Londrei.<\/p>\n<p>La scurt timp dup\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea lui Cook \u0219i Whitstone \u00een martie 1837, Davey a sim\u021bit concuren\u021ba \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 mai serios la construirea unei sisteme practice. A observat c\u0103 for\u021ba de deviere a acului galvanic sc\u0103dea semnificativ la cre\u0219terea lungimii s\u00e2rmei. A\u0219a cum a scris mul\u021bi ani mai t\u00e2rziu:<\/p>\n<p>Atunci m-am g\u00e2ndit c\u0103 chiar \u0219i cea mai mic\u0103 mi\u0219care a acului, comparabil\u0103 cu grosimea unui p\u0103r, ar fi suficient\u0103 pentru a aduce \u00een contact cele dou\u0103 suprafe\u021be metalice, \u00eenchiz\u00e2nd noul circuit, care depinde de bateria local\u0103; \u0219i astfel s-ar putea repeta la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it.<\/p>\n<p>Davey a numit aceast\u0103 idee de transformare a unui semnal electric slab \u00eentr-unul puternic \u00abre\u00eennoitor electric\u00bb. Dar nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 realizeze aceast\u0103 sau vreo alt\u0103 idee legat\u0103 de telegraf. A ob\u021binut un brevet pentru telegraf \u00een 1838, independent de Cook \u0219i Whitstone. \u00cens\u0103 \u00een 1839, a plecat \u00een Australia, fugind de un mariaj nefericit, l\u0103s\u00e2nd domeniul competitorilor. Compania sa de telegraf a cump\u0103rat acest brevet c\u00e2\u021biva ani mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n<h2>Releu \u00een lume<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen istoria tehnologiilor ne concentr\u0103m mult pe sisteme, dar adesea ignor\u0103m componentele lor. Ne desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103m povestea telegrafului, telefonului, luminii electrice, cufund\u00e2ndu-i pe creatorii lor \u00een razele calde ale aprob\u0103rii noastre. Dar aceste sisteme au putut ap\u0103rea doar datorit\u0103 combina\u021biei, recombin\u0103rii \u0219i modific\u0103rii elementelor existente, care au crescut lini\u0219tit \u00een umbr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Releul este unul dintre aceste elemente. A evoluat rapid \u0219i a c\u00e2\u0219tigat diversitate pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce re\u021belele de telegraf au \u00eenceput s\u0103 creasc\u0103 activ \u00een anii 1840 \u0219i 1850. \u00cen deceniul urm\u0103tor, a ap\u0103rut \u00een sisteme electrice de diferite tipuri. Cea mai timpurie modificare a fost utilizarea unui ancore metalice rigide, a\u0219a cum se folosea la semnalul telegrafic, pentru a \u00eenchide circuitul. Dup\u0103 deconectarea electromagnetului, ancora era deta\u0219at\u0103 de circuit printr-o arcuri. Acest mecanism era mai fiabil \u0219i mai durabil dec\u00e2t buc\u0103\u021bile de s\u00e2rm\u0103 sau acele. Au fost dezvoltate \u0219i modele care erau \u00eenchise din fabric\u0103, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 designul ini\u021bial, care era deschis din fabric\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Un releu tipic de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XIX. Arcul T men\u021bine ancorele B departe de contactul C. C\u00e2nd electromagnetul M este activat, el dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te arcul \u0219i \u00eenchide circuitul \u00eentre firul W \u0219i contactul C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primii ani ai telegrafiei, releele erau rareori folosite ca amplificatoare sau \u201ere\u00eentineritori\u201d, deoarece un circuit putea fi \u00eentins pe 150 km. \u00cens\u0103, ele erau foarte utile pentru conectarea liniilor slabe cu liniile locale de \u00eenalt\u0103 tensiune, care puteau fi folosite pentru alimentarea altor aparate, precum registrul Morse.<\/p>\n<p>Zeci de brevete din SUA din a doua parte a secolului XIX descriu tipuri noi de relee \u0219i aplica\u021biile lor inovatoare. Releul diferen\u021bial, care diviza bobina astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t efectul electromagnetic s\u0103 fie compensat \u00eentr-o direc\u021bie \u0219i amplificat \u00een cealalt\u0103, permitea utilizarea comunica\u021biei telegrafice duplex: dou\u0103 semnale care c\u0103l\u0103toreau \u00een direc\u021bii opuse printr-un singur fir. Thomas Edison a folosit releul polarizat (sau polar) pentru a crea un sistem quadriplex, capabil s\u0103 trimit\u0103 4 semnale simultan printr-un singur fir: c\u00e2te dou\u0103 \u00een fiecare direc\u021bie. \u00cen releul polarizat, ancorele erau un magnet permanent, reac\u021bion\u00e2nd la direc\u021bia curentului, nu la for\u021b\u0103. Datorit\u0103 magne\u021bilor permanen\u021bi, era posibil s\u0103 se construiasc\u0103 relee cu contacte comutabile, care dup\u0103 comutare r\u0103m\u00e2neau deschise sau \u00eenchise.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218i iat\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, releul\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Releu polarizat<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Releele, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 telegraf, au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie folosite \u0219i \u00een sistemele de semnalizare ale c\u0103ilor ferate. Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia re\u021belelor electrice, releele au fost folosite \u0219i \u00een aceste sisteme, mai ales ca dispozitive de protec\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Dar chiar \u0219i aceste re\u021bele lungi \u0219i complexe nu necesitau mai mult de la relee dec\u00e2t ceea ce acestea erau capabile s\u0103 ofere. Telegraful \u0219i calea ferat\u0103 au ajuns \u00een fiecare ora\u0219, dar nu \u00een fiecare cl\u0103dire. Ele aveau zeci de mii de puncte finale, dar nu milioane. Sistemele electrice nu le p\u0103sa unde se termin\u0103 \u2013 ele doar furnizau curent c\u0103tre circuitul local, iar fiecare cas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eentreprindere putea s\u0103-l utilizeze c\u00e2t de mult avea nevoie.<\/p>\n<p>Telefonia a fost o chestiune complet diferit\u0103. Telefoanele trebuiau s\u0103 creeze o leg\u0103tur\u0103 de la un punct la altul, de la oricare dintre case \u0219i birouri la oricare altul, \u0219i, prin urmare, aveau nevoie de circuite de control de o amploare f\u0103r\u0103 precedent. Vocea uman\u0103, c\u0103l\u0103torind sub form\u0103 de vibra\u021bii prin cabluri, era un semnal bogat, dar slab. A\u0219adar, pentru comunica\u021biile telefonice de distan\u021b\u0103 lung\u0103 erau necesari amplificatori de cea mai bun\u0103 calitate. S-a dovedit c\u0103 comutatoarele pot func\u021biona \u0219i ca amplificatori. Acum, re\u021belele telefonice gestionau evolu\u021bia comutatoarelor mai mult dec\u00e2t orice alte sisteme.<\/p>\n<h2>Ce s\u0103 cite\u0219ti<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 James B. Calvert, \u201cTelegraful electromagnetic\u201c<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklin Leonard Pope, \u201ePractica modern\u0103 a telegrafului electric\u201c (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u043f\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0418\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta 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