{"id":55195,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/velikaya-teoriya-snezhinok"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:17","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:17","slug":"velikaya-teoriya-snezhinok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/velikaya-teoriya-snezhinok","title":{"rendered":"Marea teorie a fulgilor de nea","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Marea
\nNinsul de z\u0103pad\u0103 din centrul Rusiei a fost destul de s\u0103r\u0103c\u0103cios \u00een aceast\u0103 iarn\u0103. \u00cen unele locuri a c\u0103zut, desigur, dar \u00een luna ianuarie ne-am a\u0219teptat la vreme mai geroas\u0103 \u0219i mai z\u0103pezit\u0103. Griul plictisitor \u0219i m\u00e2zga nepl\u0103cut\u0103 \u00eempiedic\u0103 s\u0103 sim\u021bim bucuria jocurilor de iarn\u0103 obi\u0219nuite. A\u0219adar, Cloud4Y propune s\u0103 aducem pu\u021bin z\u0103pad\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba noastr\u0103, vorbind despre... fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103.<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 sunt doar de dou\u0103 tipuri. Iar unul dintre cercet\u0103torii, pe care unii \u00eel numesc uneori \u201etat\u0103l\u201d fizicii fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103, a dezvoltat o nou\u0103 teorie care explic\u0103 motivul acestora. Kenneth Libbrecht<\/a><\/noindex> este un om uimitor, care este dispus s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 California de Sud, \u00eenc\u0103lzit\u0103 de soare, \u00een mijlocul iernii, pentru a ajunge \u00een Fairbanks (Alaska), a \u00eembr\u0103ca o jachet\u0103 c\u0103lduroas\u0103 \u0219i a sta \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp \u00eenghe\u021bat cu o camer\u0103 \u0219i o bucat\u0103 de polistiren \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n

De ce? El caut\u0103 cei mai str\u0103lucitori, cei mai textura\u021bi, cei mai frumo\u0219i fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 pe care natura \u00eei poate crea. Potrivit lui, cele mai interesante exemplare tind s\u0103 se formeze \u00een cele mai reci locuri \u2014 celebrul Fairbanks \u0219i \u00een partea nordic\u0103 z\u0103pezit\u0103 a New York-ului. Totu\u0219i, cea mai bun\u0103 z\u0103pad\u0103 pe care Kenneth a v\u0103zut-o vreodat\u0103 a c\u0103zut \u00een Cochrane, un loc din nord-estul Ontarionului, unde un v\u00e2nt slab f\u0103cea fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00eenv\u00e2rt\u0103 pe cer.<\/p>\n

Fascinat de fenomen, Libbrecht studiaz\u0103 cu fervoare placa sa de polistiren, asemenea unui arheolog. Dac\u0103 exist\u0103 ceva interesant, privirea lui se va a\u021binti asupra acestuia. Dac\u0103 nu \u2014 z\u0103pada este m\u0103turat\u0103 de pe plac\u0103 \u0219i totul \u00eencepe din nou. \u0218i asta dureaz\u0103 ore \u00eentregi.<\/p>\n

Libbrecht este fizician. Dintr-o coinciden\u021b\u0103 amuzant\u0103, laboratorul s\u0103u de la California Institute of Technology se ocup\u0103 cu cercetarea structurii interne a Soarelui \u0219i chiar a dezvoltat instrumente moderne pentru detectarea undelor gravita\u021bionale. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een ultimii 20 de ani, adev\u0103rata pasiune a lui Libbrecht a fost z\u0103pada \u2014 nu doar aspectul ei, ci \u0219i ceea ce o face s\u0103 arate astfel. \u201e\u00centrebarea despre ce fel de obiecte cad din cer, cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acest lucru \u0219i de ce arat\u0103 a\u0219a, m\u0103 chinuie mereu\u201d, recunoa\u0219te Kenneth.<\/p>\n

\"Marea
\n
\nMult\u0103 vreme, pentru fizicieni, era suficient s\u0103 \u0219tie c\u0103 printre numeroasele cristale de z\u0103pad\u0103 se pot distinge dou\u0103 tipuri predominante. Unul dintre ele este o stea plat\u0103 cu \u0219ase sau dou\u0103sprezece raze, fiecare dintre ele decorat\u0103 cu dantel\u0103 splendid\u0103. Cel\u0103lalt este un fel de mini-coloan\u0103, uneori prins\u0103 \u00eentre \u201ecapacete\u201d plate, iar alteori asem\u0103n\u0103toare unui \u0219urub obi\u0219nuit. Aceste forme pot fi observate la diferite temperaturi \u0219i umidit\u0103\u021bi, dar cauza form\u0103rii fiec\u0103rei forme a r\u0103mas o enigm\u0103. Anii de observa\u021bii ai lui Libbrecht au contribuit la o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a procesului de cristalizare a fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103.<\/p>\n

Contribu\u021biile lui Libbrecht \u00een acest domeniu au ajutat la crearea unui nou model care explic\u0103 de ce fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u0219i alte cristale de z\u0103pad\u0103 formeaz\u0103 ceea ce suntem obi\u0219nui\u021bi s\u0103 vedem. Potrivit teoriei sale, publicat\u0103 <\/a><\/noindex>\u00een octombrie 2019 pe internet, descrie mi\u0219carea moleculelor de ap\u0103 \u00een apropierea punctului de \u00eenghe\u021bare (cristalizare) \u0219i modul \u00een care mi\u0219c\u0103rile specifice ale acestor molecule pot genera un ansamblu de cristale care se formeaz\u0103 \u00een condi\u021bii diferite. \u00cen monografia sa de 540 de pagini, Libbrecht descrie toate cuno\u0219tin\u021bele despre cristalele de z\u0103pad\u0103. <\/a><\/noindex>Stele cu \u0219ase col\u021buri<\/p>\n

Desigur, \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 este imposibil s\u0103 vede\u021bi dou\u0103 fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 identici (cu excep\u021bia stadiului de formare). Acest fapt este legat de modul \u00een care se formeaz\u0103 cristalele \u00een cer. Z\u0103pada este un ansamblu de cristale de ghea\u021b\u0103 care se formeaz\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 forma atunci c\u00e2nd toate cad \u00eempreun\u0103 pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Ele se formeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd atmosfera este suficient de rece pentru a \u00eempiedica fuziunea sau topirea \u0219i transformarea \u00een z\u0103pad\u0103 umed\u0103 sau ploaie.<\/h2>\n

\nDe\u0219i \u00een interiorul unui singur nor se pot \u00eenregistra numeroase temperaturi \u0219i niveluri de umiditate, pentru un singur fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 aceste variabile vor fi constante. De aceea, un fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 cre\u0219te adesea simetric. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, fiecare fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 este afectat de v\u00e2nt, lumina soarelui \u0219i al\u021bi factori. Practic, fiecare cristal se supune haosului norului \u0219i, prin urmare, adopt\u0103 forme variate.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i \u00eentr-un singur nor pot fi m\u0103surate numeroase temperaturi \u0219i niveluri de umiditate, pentru un singur fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 aceste variabile vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne constante. De aceea, fulgul de z\u0103pad\u0103 cre\u0219te adesea simetric. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, fiecare fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 este supus influen\u021bei v\u00e2ntului, luminii solare \u0219i altor factori. Practic, fiecare cristal se supune haosului norului \u0219i, prin urmare, ia forme diferite.<\/p>\n

Conform unei cercet\u0103ri realizate de Libbrecht, cele mai vechi reflec\u021bii asupra acestor forme delicate au fost \u00eenregistrate \u00een anul 135 \u00ee.Hr. \u00een China. \u201eFlorile plantelor \u0219i copacilor sunt, de obicei, cu cinci col\u021buri, dar florile z\u0103pezii sunt \u00eentotdeauna cu \u0219ase col\u021buri\u201d, a scris savantul Han Yin. Iar primul cercet\u0103tor care a \u00eencercat s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 de ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 acest lucru a fost, probabil, Johannes Kepler, un savant \u0219i erudit german.<\/p>\n

\u00cen anul 1611, Kepler i-a f\u0103cut un cadou de Anul Nou patronului s\u0103u, \u00eemp\u0103ratului Sf\u00e2ntului Imperiu Roman Rudolf II: un mic tractat <\/a><\/noindex>intitulat \u201eDespre fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 hexagonali\u201d. <\/p>\n

\u201eTravers\u00e2nd podul, m\u0103 fr\u0103m\u00e2nt\u0103 ru\u0219inea \u2013 te-am l\u0103sat f\u0103r\u0103 cadou de Anul Nou! \u0218i dintr-o dat\u0103, \u00eemi face cu ochiul o ocazie convenabil\u0103! Vaporizarea apei, condensat\u0103 de frig \u00een z\u0103pad\u0103, se a\u0219terne sub form\u0103 de fulgi pe haina mea, to\u021bi, la fel, fiind hexagonali, cu raze pufoase. Jur pe Hercule, iat\u0103 un lucru care, mai mic dec\u00e2t orice pic\u0103tur\u0103, are form\u0103 \u0219i poate fi un cadou mult a\u0219teptat pentru iubitorul Nimicului \u0219i este demn de un matematician, care posed\u0103 Nimicul \u0219i prime\u0219te Nimic, deoarece cade din cer \u0219i ascunde asem\u0103narea unei stele hexagonale!\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201eTrebuie s\u0103 existe un motiv pentru care z\u0103pada are forma unei stele hexagonale. Nu poate fi o \u00eent\u00e2mplare\u201d, era convins Johannes Kepler. Poate c\u0103 \u0219i-a amintit de o scrisoare de la contemporanul s\u0103u Thomas Harriot, un savant \u0219i astronom englez, care de asemenea a lucrat ca navigator pentru exploratorul sir Walter Raleigh. \u00cen jurul anului 1584, Harriot c\u0103uta cea mai eficient\u0103 modalitate de a aranja bilele de tun pe pun\u021bile cor\u0103biilor lui Raleigh. Harriot a descoperit c\u0103 modelele hexagonale p\u0103reau a fi cea mai bun\u0103 op\u021biune pentru aranjarea sferelor \u0219i a discutat aceast\u0103 chestiune \u00een coresponden\u021ba cu Kepler. Kepler se \u00eentreba dac\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 ceva similar \u00een fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u0219i ce anume provoac\u0103 \u0219i sus\u021bine aceste \u0219ase raze. <\/p>\n

Formele fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103<\/b>\"Marea
\n
\n\"Marea
\n
\n\"Marea
\n
\nSe poate spune c\u0103 aceasta a fost o \u00een\u021belegere ini\u021bial\u0103 a principiilor fizicii atomice, despre care se va vorbi abia peste 300 de ani. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, moleculele de ap\u0103 cu cele dou\u0103 atomi de hidrogen \u0219i unul de oxigen au tendin\u021ba de a se lega \u00eentre ele, form\u00e2nd mase hexagonale. Kepler \u0219i contemporanii s\u0103i nici nu \u00ee\u0219i imaginau c\u00e2t de important este acest lucru.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum spun fizicienii, datorit\u0103 leg\u0103turii de hidrogen \u0219i interac\u021biunii moleculelor \u00eentre ele, putem observa o structur\u0103 cristalin\u0103 deschis\u0103. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 capacitatea de a cre\u0219te fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103, structura hexagonal\u0103 face ca ghea\u021ba s\u0103 fie mai pu\u021bin dens\u0103 \u00een compara\u021bie cu apa, ceea ce are un impact enorm asupra geochimiei, geofizicii \u0219i climatului. Cu alte cuvinte, dac\u0103 ghea\u021ba nu ar pluti, via\u021ba pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt ar fi imposibil\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103, dup\u0103 tratatul lui Kepler, observarea fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103 a devenit mai mult un hobby dec\u00e2t o \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 serioas\u0103. \u00cen anii 1880, un fotograf american pe nume Wilson Bentley, care tr\u0103ia \u00eentr-un mic ora\u0219 din Vermont, numit Jericho, mereu acoperit de z\u0103pad\u0103, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fac\u0103 fotografii cu fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 folosind plac\u0103 fotografic\u0103. A reu\u0219it s\u0103 creeze peste 5000 de fotografii \u00eenainte de a muri de pneumonie.<\/p>\n

\"Marea
\n
\nMai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een anii 1930, cercet\u0103torul japonez Ukichiro Nakaya a \u00eenceput s\u0103 studieze sistematic diferitele tipuri de cristale de z\u0103pad\u0103. La mijlocul secolului, Nakaya cultiva fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u00een laborator, folosind fire de p\u0103r de iepure plasate \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 r\u0103cit\u0103. A experimentat cu ajust\u0103rile de umiditate \u0219i temperatur\u0103, cultiv\u00e2nd tipurile principale de cristale \u0219i a adunat catalogul s\u0103u original de forme posibile. Nakaya a descoperit c\u0103 fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 de stea tind s\u0103 se formeze la -2 \u00b0C \u0219i la -15 \u00b0C. Coloanele se formeaz\u0103 la -5 \u00b0C \u0219i aproximativ la -30 \u00b0C. <\/p>\n

Este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 la temperaturi de aproximativ -2 \u00b0C apar forme sub\u021biri de fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 sub form\u0103 de pl\u0103ci, la -5 \u00b0C formeaz\u0103 coloane sub\u021biri \u0219i ace, iar c\u00e2nd temperatura scade sub -15 \u00b0C, devin cu adev\u0103rat pl\u0103ci sub\u021biri, iar la temperaturi mai mici de -30 \u00b0C revin la coloane mai groase.<\/p>\n

\"Marea
\n
\n\u00cen condi\u021bii de umiditate sc\u0103zut\u0103, fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 de stea formeaz\u0103 mai multe ramifica\u021bii \u0219i seam\u0103n\u0103 cu pl\u0103cile hexagonale, dar la umiditate ridicat\u0103 devin mai complicate, cu un aspect dantelat.<\/p>\n

Conform lui Libbrecht, motivele apari\u021biei diferitelor forme de fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103 au devenit mai clare datorit\u0103 lucr\u0103rii lui Nakaya. S-a stabilit c\u0103 cristalele de z\u0103pad\u0103 se transform\u0103 \u00een stele \u0219i pl\u0103ci plate (nu structuri tridimensionale) atunci c\u00e2nd marginile cresc rapid \u00een exterior, iar fe\u021bele cresc mai \u00eencet \u00een sus. Coloanele sub\u021biri cresc diferit, cu fe\u021be care cresc rapid \u0219i margini care cresc mai \u00eencet.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, procesele principale care influen\u021beaz\u0103 dac\u0103 un fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 devine o stea sau o coloan\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n neexploatate. Poate c\u0103 secretul se afl\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile de temperatur\u0103. Iar Libbrecht a \u00eencercat s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 r\u0103spunsul la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare.<\/p>\n

Re\u021beta fulgului de z\u0103pad\u0103<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cempreun\u0103 cu micu\u021ba sa echip\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori, Libbrecht a \u00eencercat s\u0103 elaboreze re\u021beta fulgului de z\u0103pad\u0103. Adic\u0103 un set de ecua\u021bii \u0219i parametrii care pot fi \u00eenc\u0103rca\u021bi \u00een computer pentru a ob\u021bine de la IA o diversitate splendid\u0103 de fulgi.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103rile sale au \u00eenceput acum dou\u0103zeci de ani, c\u00e2nd a aflat despre o form\u0103 exotic\u0103 de fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 numit\u0103 coloan\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103. Aceasta seam\u0103n\u0103 cu o bobin\u0103 de fir sau cu dou\u0103 ro\u021bi \u0219i un ax. N\u0103scut \u00een nordul \u021b\u0103rii, a fost \u0219ocat de faptul c\u0103 nu a v\u0103zut niciodat\u0103 un astfel de fulg.<\/p>\n

Impresionat de formele infinite ale cristalelor de z\u0103pad\u0103, s-a ocupat de studierea<\/a><\/noindex> naturii acestora, cre\u00e2nd un laborator pentru cultivarea fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103. Rezultatele observa\u021biilor de-a lungul anilor au ajutat la crearea unui model pe care autorul \u00eensu\u0219i \u00eel consider\u0103 revolu\u021bionar. El a propus ideea difuziei moleculare pe baza energiei superficiale. Aceast\u0103 idee descrie cum cre\u0219terea unui cristal de z\u0103pad\u0103 depinde de condi\u021biile ini\u021biale \u0219i de comportamentul moleculelor care \u00eel formeaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Marea
\n
\nImagina\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 moleculele de ap\u0103 sunt dispuse liber, deoarece vaporii de ap\u0103 \u00eencep abia s\u0103 \u00eenghe\u021be. Dac\u0103 ai putea fi \u00een interiorul unei mici observatorii \u0219i s\u0103 prive\u0219ti acest proces, ai putea vedea cum moleculele de ap\u0103 \u00eenghe\u021bat\u0103 \u00eencep s\u0103 formeze o re\u021bea rigid\u0103, unde fiecare atom de oxigen este \u00eenconjurat de patru atomi de hidrogen. Aceste cristale cresc prin includerea moleculelor de ap\u0103 din aerul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor \u00een structura lor. Ele pot cre\u0219te \u00een dou\u0103 direc\u021bii principale: \u00een sus sau \u00een exterior.<\/p>\n

Un cristal sub\u021bire \u0219i plat (fie el \u00een form\u0103 de pl\u0103cu\u021b\u0103 sau stea) se formeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd marginile se formeaz\u0103 mai repede dec\u00e2t cele dou\u0103 fe\u021be ale cristalului. Cristalul \u00een cre\u0219tere se va extinde \u00een exterior. Totu\u0219i, c\u00e2nd fe\u021bele sale cresc mai repede dec\u00e2t marginile, cristalul devine mai \u00eenalt, form\u00e2nd o ac, un st\u00e2lp gol sau un tij\u0103.<\/p>\n

Forme rare de fulgi de z\u0103pad\u0103<\/b>\"Marea
\n
\n\"Marea
\n
\n\"Marea
\n
\nUn alt aspect. V\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 observa\u021bi a treia fotografie, realizat\u0103 de Libbrecht \u00een Ontario de Nord. Acesta este un cristal cu \u201ecolonne \u00eenchise\u201d - dou\u0103 pl\u0103ci ata\u0219ate la capetele unui cristal masiv. \u00cen acest caz, fiecare plac\u0103 este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva pl\u0103ci mult mai sub\u021biri. Uita\u021bi-v\u0103 la margini, ve\u021bi vedea cum placa se \u00eemparte \u00een dou\u0103. Marginile acestor dou\u0103 pl\u0103ci sub\u021biri sunt aproximativ la fel de ascu\u021bite ca o lam\u0103 de ras. Lungimea total\u0103 a coloanei de ghea\u021b\u0103 este de aproximativ 1,5 mm.<\/p>\n

Conform modelului lui Libbrecht, vaporii de ap\u0103 se depun \u00eent\u00e2i pe col\u021burile cristalului \u0219i apoi se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc (difuzeaz\u0103) pe suprafa\u021b\u0103, fie spre marginea cristalului, fie spre fe\u021bele sale, determin\u00e2nd cristalul s\u0103 creasc\u0103 spre exterior sau \u00een sus. Care dintre aceste procese \u201ec\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103\u201d depinde \u00een principal de temperatur\u0103.<\/p>\n

Trebuie remarcat c\u0103 modelul este \u201esemi-empiric\u201d. Adic\u0103 este construit par\u021bial pentru a se potrivi cu ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103, nu pentru a explica principiile cre\u0219terii fulgilor de z\u0103pad\u0103. Instabilit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i interac\u021biunile dintre nenum\u0103ratele molecule sunt prea complexe pentru a putea fi complet dezv\u0103luite. Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 speran\u021ba c\u0103 ideile lui Libbrecht vor servi drept baz\u0103 pentru un model cuprinz\u0103tor al dinamicii cre\u0219terii ghe\u021bii, care va putea fi detaliat prin m\u0103sur\u0103tori \u0219i experimente mai precise.<\/p>\n

Nu trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 g\u00e2ndi\u021bi c\u0103 aceste observa\u021bii sunt interesante doar pentru un cerc restr\u00e2ns de oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. \u00centreb\u0103ri similare apar \u00een fizica mediilor condensate \u0219i \u00een alte domenii. Moleculele medicamentelor, cipurile semiconductoare pentru calculatoare, panourile solare \u0219i multe alte domenii depind de cristale de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate, iar grupuri \u00eentregi se ocup\u0103 cu problema cultiv\u0103rii lor. Astfel, fulgii de z\u0103pad\u0103, at\u00e2t de iubi\u021bi de Libbrecht, ar putea foarte bine s\u0103 serveasc\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bei.<\/p>\n

Ce altceva util se poate citi \u00een blog Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Energia solar\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Pentesterii \u00een prima linie a securit\u0103\u021bii cibernetice<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Startup-uri care pot surprinde<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Internet prin baloane cu aer<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Sunt necesare perne \u00een data center?<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

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Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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