{"id":55308,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:24","slug":"istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","title":{"rendered":"Istoria c\u0103r\u021bilor \u0219i viitorul bibliotecilor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Istoria
\n
\nC\u0103r\u021bile a\u0219a cum le cunoa\u0219tem ast\u0103zi nu au ap\u0103rut cu mult timp \u00een urm\u0103. \u00cen antichitate, principalul suport pentru informa\u021bie era papirusul, dar dup\u0103 interzicerea exportului s\u0103u, aceast\u0103 ni\u0219\u0103 a fost preluat\u0103 de pergament. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce Imperiul Roman se pr\u0103bu\u0219ea, c\u0103r\u021bile au \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai fie suluri, iar paginile de pergament au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie cusute \u00een volume. Acest proces a fost gradual; pentru un timp, sulurile \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bile au coexistat, dar treptat cartea \u00een forma pe care o cunoa\u0219tem ast\u0103zi a \u00eenlocuit sulurile. <\/p>\n

Produc\u021bia acestor c\u0103r\u021bi era destul de costisitoare, \u00een Evul Mediu fiind \u00een principal realizat\u0103 de m\u0103n\u0103stiri care aveau biblioteci proprii, unde \u00eentreaga echip\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103ri-copi\u0219ti, specializa\u021bi \u00een diverse domenii, putea copia relativ repede o carte sau alta. Evident, nu toat\u0103 lumea \u00ee\u0219i putea permite asta. O carte bogat ornamentat\u0103 costa c\u00e2t o cas\u0103 sau chiar o mo\u0219ie \u00eentreag\u0103. Ulterior, aceast\u0103 monopol a fost contestat de universit\u0103\u021bi, unde, \u00een loc de c\u0103lug\u0103ri, studen\u021bii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 lucreze ca \u0219i copi\u0219ti.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce alfabetizarea c\u00e2\u0219tiga popularitate \u00een r\u00e2ndul elitelor, cererea de c\u0103r\u021bi cre\u0219tea. A ap\u0103rut nevoia de a face c\u0103r\u021bile mai accesibile, iar treptat utilizarea h\u00e2rtiei a ie\u0219it \u00een prim-plan. C\u0103r\u021bile pe h\u00e2rtie, chiar \u0219i manuscrise, costau de c\u00e2teva ori mai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t cele de pergament, iar num\u0103rul lor a crescut semnificativ. Apari\u021bia tiparului a provocat un salt urm\u0103tor \u00een dezvoltarea industriei c\u0103r\u021bii. La mijlocul secolului al XV-lea, produc\u021bia de c\u0103r\u021bi a devenit \u0219i mai ieftin\u0103. Dup\u0103 aceea, produc\u021bia de c\u0103r\u021bi a devenit accesibil\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u0219i editurile comerciale. Num\u0103rul literaturii publicate a crescut rapid, iar odat\u0103 cu acesta \u0219i cantitatea de cuno\u0219tin\u021be.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acea perioad\u0103, cea mai mare parte a cuno\u0219tin\u021belor acumulate se refera la istorie \u0219i filosofie, iar accesul la biblioteci monahale, universitare sau private nu era permis pentru oricine. Situa\u021bia a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se schimbe la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XVII. Au \u00eenceput s\u0103 apar\u0103 biblioteci publice de stat, unde erau trimise exemplare ale tuturor publica\u021biilor imprimat, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu descrieri scurte ale con\u021binutului. De exemplu, a\u0219a a fost \u00een Biblioteca Na\u021bional\u0103 a Fran\u021bei (fost\u0103 Biblioteca Regal\u0103 Biblioteque du Roi), unde bibliotecarul a fost Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (\u00eentre 1690 \u0219i 1716). Bibliotecile de stat, la r\u00e2ndul lor, se uneau \u00een consor\u021bii \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i extindeau filiale. <\/p>\n

Crearea unui num\u0103r mare de biblioteci publice a fost financiar dificultoas\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00een secolele XVIII-XIX, multe m\u0103n\u0103stiri, sub amenin\u021barea confisc\u0103rii, au fost nevoite s\u0103 deschid\u0103 bibliotecile pentru public. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, pentru a umple bibliotecile de stat, au fost efectuate confisc\u0103ri de literatur\u0103 din colec\u021biile biserice\u0219ti \u0219i parohiale, unde era concentrat\u0103 o cantitate semnificativ\u0103 de opere rare. \u00cen diverse \u021b\u0103ri, acest proces s-a desf\u0103\u0219urat cu varia\u021bii \u0219i \u00een momente diferite, dar esen\u021ba evenimentelor se \u00eencadra \u00een tendin\u021ba \u0219i intervalele de timp descrise mai sus. <\/p>\n

De ce au ignorat statele dreptul de autor \u0219i au intrat \u00een conflict direct cu biserica? Cred c\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bile din cele mai progresiste \u021b\u0103ri au \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 accesul la cuno\u0219tin\u021be devine o resurs\u0103 strategic\u0103 important\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t o \u021bar\u0103 acumuleaz\u0103 mai multe cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i cu c\u00e2t acestea sunt mai accesibile popula\u021biei, cu at\u00e2t mai mul\u021bi oameni inteligen\u021bi \u0219i educa\u021bi exist\u0103 \u00een acea \u021bar\u0103, care se dezvolt\u0103 mai rapid \u00een industrie, comer\u021b \u0219i cultur\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd-o astfel mai competitiv\u0103.<\/p>\n

O bibliotec\u0103 ideal\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 de\u021bin\u0103 un volum maxim de cuno\u0219tin\u021be, s\u0103 fie accesibil\u0103 tuturor celor interesa\u021bi de informa\u021bie, iar accesul la aceasta s\u0103 fie rapid, convenabil \u0219i eficient.<\/i> <\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1995, \u00een aceea\u0219i Bibliotec\u0103 Na\u021bional\u0103 a Fran\u021bei erau deja stocate 12 milioane de publica\u021bii. Desigur, s\u0103 cite\u0219ti o asemenea cantitate de c\u0103r\u021bi este imposibil. \u00cen \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103, o persoan\u0103 poate citi aproximativ 8000 de volume (la o vitez\u0103 medie de citire de 2-3 c\u0103r\u021bi pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103). \u00cen cele mai multe cazuri, sarcina const\u0103 \u00een a ob\u021bine rapid acces la informa\u021biile specifice de care ai nevoie. Pentru aceasta, nu este suficient s\u0103 creezi o re\u021bea extins\u0103 de biblioteci urbane \u0219i regionale. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 a fost recunoscut\u0103 de mult timp, iar pentru a facilita c\u0103utarea \u0219i a uni un spectru c\u00e2t mai larg de cuno\u0219tin\u021be umane, \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea, la ini\u021biativa lui Denis Diderot \u0219i a matematicianului Jean d'Alembert, a fost creat\u0103 o enciclopedie. La \u00eenceput, activitatea lor a fost \u00eent\u00e2mpinat\u0103 cu ostilitate nu doar de biseric\u0103, ci \u0219i de figurele de stat, deoarece ideile lor erau \u00een contradic\u021bie nu doar cu clericalismul, ci \u0219i cu conservatorismul \u00een general. Deoarece ideile enciclopedi\u0219tilor au jucat un rol important \u00een preg\u0103tirea Marii Revolu\u021bii Franceze, acest lucru este pe deplin explicabil. <\/p>\n

Astfel, statele, pe de o parte, sunt interesate \u00een r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u00een r\u00e2ndul popula\u021biei, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, doresc s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 un anumit control asupra c\u0103r\u021bilor care sunt considerate nedorite (adic\u0103 cenzur\u0103).
\nDin aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, chiar \u0219i \u00een bibliotecile de stat, accesul nu se poate ob\u021bine la fiecare carte. Iar acest fenomen nu este explicat doar de vechimea \u0219i ritatea acestor publica\u021bii. <\/p>\n

Controlul asupra editurilor \u0219i bibliotecilor din partea statului exist\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi; cu apari\u021bia internetului, mizele au crescut, iar contradic\u021biile s-au amplificat. \u00cen Rusia, \u00een 1994, a ap\u0103rut biblioteca lui Maxim Mo\u0219kov. \u00cens\u0103, la doar zece ani de la \u00eenfiin\u021bare, au \u00eenceput primele procese judiciare, urmate de atacuri DoS. A devenit evident c\u0103 nu vor putea fi \u00eenc\u0103rcate toate c\u0103r\u021bile, iar proprietarul bibliotecii a fost nevoit s\u0103 ia \u201edecizii dificile\u201d. Acceptarea acestor decizii a dus la apari\u021bia altor biblioteci, noi procese judiciare, atacuri DoS, bloc\u0103ri din partea autorit\u0103\u021bilor de reglementare (adic\u0103 a statului) etc. <\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia bibliotecilor online au ap\u0103rut \u0219i dic\u021bionarele online. \u00cen 2001 a fost creat Wikipedia. Acolo, de asemenea, lucrurile nu sunt chiar simple, iar nu fiecare stat permite cet\u0103\u021benilor s\u0103i accesul la \u201einforma\u021bii necenzurate\u201d (adic\u0103 neefectuate de acest stat).<\/p>\n

\"Istoria
\n
\nDac\u0103 abona\u021bii BSE-ului din vremurile URSS primeau scrisori destul de naive prin care erau ruga\u021bi s\u0103 taie o sau alta pagin\u0103 \u0219i sperau c\u0103 o parte dintre cet\u0103\u021benii \u201econ\u0219tien\u021bi\u201d vor urma instruc\u021biunile, atunci o bibliotec\u0103 electronic\u0103 centralizat\u0103 (sau o enciclopedie) poate modifica textele nesuferite, a\u0219a cum consider\u0103 administra\u021bia acesteia. Acest aspect este excelent ilustrat \u00een povestea \u201eFerma Animalelor<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d de George Orwell \u2014 tezele, scrise cu creta pe zid, sunt corectate sub protec\u021bia nop\u021bii de c\u0103tre partea interesat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Astfel, lupta dintre dorin\u021ba de a oferi informa\u021bii unui num\u0103r c\u00e2t mai mare de oameni pentru dezvoltarea lor intelectual\u0103, cultur\u0103, bog\u0103\u021bie \u0219i dorin\u021ba de a controla g\u00e2ndurile oamenilor, de a c\u00e2\u0219tiga c\u00e2t mai mul\u021bi bani de pe urma lor continu\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi. Statele caut\u0103 un compromis, deoarece dac\u0103 multe vor fi interzise, atunci, pe de o parte, inevitabil vor ap\u0103rea surse alternative care ofer\u0103 o gam\u0103 mai interesant\u0103 (acest lucru se observ\u0103 \u00een cazul torentelor \u0219i bibliotecilor pirate). Iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, pe termen lung, aceasta va limita capacit\u0103\u021bile statului \u00eensu\u0219i. <\/p>\n

Cum ar trebui s\u0103 arate o bibliotec\u0103 electronic\u0103 de stat ideal\u0103 care s\u0103 reuneasc\u0103 interesele tuturor?<\/i> <\/p>\n

\u00cen viziunea mea, aceasta ar trebui s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 toate c\u0103r\u021bile, revistele \u0219i ziarele publicate, fiind disponibile at\u00e2t pentru citire, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru desc\u0103rcare cu o mic\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rziere. Prin mic\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rziere \u00een\u021beleg un termen maxim de \u0219ase luni - un an pentru un roman, o lun\u0103 pentru o revist\u0103 \u0219i o zi - dou\u0103 pentru un ziar. Aceasta ar trebui s\u0103 fie \u00eembog\u0103\u021bit\u0103 nu doar de c\u0103tre editori \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bile digitalizate din alte biblioteci de stat, ci \u0219i prin eforturile cititorilor \/ scriitorilor, care ar trimite texte pentru aceasta.<\/p>\n

Cea mai mare parte a c\u0103r\u021bilor \u0219i altor materiale trebuie s\u0103 fie disponibile (sub licen\u021ba Creative Commons), adic\u0103 complet gratuit. C\u0103r\u021bile ale c\u0103ror autori \u0219i-au exprimat personal dorin\u021ba de a primi bani pentru desc\u0103rcarea \u0219i vizionarea operelor lor trebuie s\u0103 fie plasate \u00eentr-o categorie separat\u0103 denumit\u0103 \u201eLiteratur\u0103 comercial\u0103\u201d. Pre\u021bul \u00een aceast\u0103 sec\u021biune trebuie s\u0103 fie limitat astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t oricine s\u0103 poat\u0103 citi \u0219i desc\u0103rca fi\u0219ierul f\u0103r\u0103 a-\u0219i face griji prea mari cu privire la buget \u2014 o frac\u021biune din m\u0103rimea pensiei minime (aproximativ 5-10 lei pe carte). Pl\u0103\u021bile pentru aceast\u0103 cerere a autorului trebuie s\u0103 fie efectuate doar autorului (coautorului, traduc\u0103torului), nu reprezentan\u021bilor s\u0103i, editorilor, rudelor, secretarelor etc.<\/p>\n

Dar cum r\u0103m\u00e2ne cu scriitorul?<\/h4>\n

\nVenitul din v\u00e2nz\u0103rile edi\u021biilor comerciale nu va fi uria\u0219, dar, \u00een cazul unui num\u0103r mare de desc\u0103rc\u0103ri, poate fi destul de considerabil. \u00cen plus, autorii pot primi granturi \u0219i premii nu doar de la stat, ci \u0219i din partea sectorului privat. Este posibil ca \u00eembog\u0103\u021birea dintr-o bibliotec\u0103 public\u0103 s\u0103 nu fie posibil\u0103, dar, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere dimensiunea sa, ea va aduce ni\u0219te bani \u0219i, mai important, va oferi oportunitatea de a citi operele unui num\u0103r mare de oameni. <\/p>\n

Dar cum r\u0103m\u00e2ne cu editorul?<\/h4>\n

\nEditorul a ap\u0103rut \u0219i a existat \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care puteai vinde suporturi fizice. V\u00e2nzarea pe suporturi tradi\u021bionale nu va disp\u0103rea \u0219i va continua s\u0103 aduc\u0103 venituri pentru o vreme. De la aceasta, editurile vor exista.
\n\u00cen era c\u0103r\u021bilor electronice \u0219i a internetului, serviciile de editare sunt u\u0219or de \u00eenlocuit \u2014 \u00een cazul \u00een care este necesar, autorul poate g\u0103si singur un editor, corector sau traduc\u0103tor. <\/p>\n

Dar cum r\u0103m\u00e2ne cu statul?<\/h4>\n

\nStatul ob\u021bine o popula\u021bie cultural\u0103 \u0219i educat\u0103, care \u201e\u00ee\u0219i m\u0103re\u0219te m\u0103re\u021bia \u0219i slava prin faptele sale\u201d. \u00cen plus, acesta dob\u00e2nde\u0219te posibilitatea de a reglementa procesul de completare, chiar \u0219i minim. Desigur, o astfel de bibliotec\u0103 va avea sens doar dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 reglementare va fi egal\u0103 sau tinde spre zero, altfel, cur\u00e2nd va ap\u0103rea o alternativ\u0103. <\/p>\n

Pute\u021bi \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i viziunea dumneavoastr\u0103 despre biblioteca ideal\u0103, s\u0103 completa\u021bi versiunea mea sau s\u0103 o contrazice\u021bi \u00een comentarii.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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