{"id":55605,"date":"2020-01-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/moj-opyt-raboty-s-plesk"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:44","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:44","slug":"moj-opyt-raboty-s-plesk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/moj-opyt-raboty-s-plesk","title":{"rendered":"Experien\u021ba mea cu Plesk","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Vreau s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc c\u00e2teva impresii despre utilitatea sau inutilitatea unei panouri de control pentru un proiect web comercial pe un singur server, av\u00e2nd un administrator part-time. Povestea a \u00eenceput acum c\u00e2\u021biva ani, c\u00e2nd cuno\u0219tin\u021bele amici s\u0103i m-au rugat s\u0103 \u00eei acompaniez \u00een achizi\u021bia unui afaceri \u2014 un site de \u0219tiri \u2014 din punct de vedere tehnic. A trebuit s\u0103 m\u0103 familiarizez pu\u021bin cu ce ruleaz\u0103 pe site, s\u0103 m\u0103 asigur c\u0103 toate datele necesare au fost transmise \u00een mod corespunz\u0103tor \u0219i complet \u0219i s\u0103 estimez strategic ce ar putea fi \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba<\/a><\/noindex>
\nTranzac\u021bia s-a finalizat, violonistul a devenit inutil. Sf\u00e2r\u0219it. De fapt, nu.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSite-ul rula pe o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 dual-core de 4GB pe Linode, pe un Debian5 vechi cu o perioad\u0103 de func\u021bionare de 400 de zile \u0219i cu o asemenea list\u0103 de pachete neactualizate. Partea web era pe un CMS personalizat, nginx, php5.3 FPM, mysql optimizat cu Percona. \u00cen principiu, func\u021biona.<\/p>\n

\u00cen paralel cu discu\u021biile cu mine, noul proprietar c\u0103uta un programator pentru a aduce proiectul la a\u0219tept\u0103rile sale. A g\u0103sit unul. Programatorul a evaluat traficul \u0219i volumul \u0219i a decis c\u0103 se pricepe la optimizare \u0219i managementul costurilor. A migrat \u00eentregul site pe un hosting shared de 700 de ruble, administrat de un ISP obi\u0219nuit. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva zile, am primit un telefon din nou de la proprietar: \u201etotul se mi\u0219c\u0103 \u00eencet \u0219i pare c\u0103 ne-au spart.\u201d Am \u00eencercat s\u0103 repar situa\u021bia prin panou, dar dup\u0103 un timp de \u00eencerc\u0103ri nereu\u0219ite de a schimba versiunea PHP sau handler-ul de la fcgi la fpm, am cedat \u0219i am intrat \u00een shell. Acolo am g\u0103sit debbuging activat, care expunea parola mysql pe tot internetul, 777 la anumite foldere, care deja sc\u00e2r\u021b\u00e2iau de malware-ul \u00eenc\u0103rcat \u0219i alte m\u0103g\u0103rii de genul acesta. Proprietarul a realizat \u0219i a decis c\u0103 a economisi pe hosting, programator \u0219i un administrator care s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd cum merg lucrurile \u2014 este gre\u0219it.<\/p>\n

Ne \u00eendrept\u0103m spre RuVDS. Un pic mai aproape dec\u00e2t Linode \u00een Marea Britanie, \u0219i dac\u0103 cumva ai nevoie s\u0103 stochezi date personale \u0219i toate cele, nu va mai trebui s\u0103 te mu\u021bi nicunde altundeva. Deoarece proiectul era planificat s\u0103 se extind\u0103, am luat un VM \"pentru viitor\": 4 nuclee, 8 GB memorie, 80 GB disc. Nu c\u0103 nu a\u0219 \u0219ti s\u0103 configurez nginx manual, dar pur \u0219i simplu nu am avut entuziasm s\u0103 m\u0103 ocup de acest proiect at\u00e2t de intim (vezi mai sus despre part time). A\u0219adar, am instalat Plesk (aici voi trece peste detaliile instal\u0103rii, deoarece nu sunt foarte multe: am lansat installerul, am setat o parol\u0103 pentru admin, am introdus cheia \u2013 gata), pe atunci era versiunea 17.0. Set\u0103rile de baz\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 decent din cutie, exist\u0103 fail2ban \u0219i ultimele versiuni disponibile de PHP, nginx.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Probabil c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 m\u0103 opresc \u0219i s\u0103 explic de ce el. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 m\u0103 ocup cu astfel de lucruri rar \u0219i c\u0103 nu am un instrumentar special \u0219i preg\u0103tit pentru fiecare situa\u021bie, era clar c\u0103 aveam nevoie de o anumit\u0103 automatizare a lucrurilor de baz\u0103, pentru a putea, pe de o parte, s\u0103 fiu rapid, pe de alt\u0103 parte, s\u0103 fiu \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103, \u0219i \u00een al treilea r\u00e2nd, s\u0103 fie implementate cele mai bune practici de cineva. <\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, l-am instalat. Am economisit mult timp, repornirea site-ului pe noul server a fost practic instantanee. A r\u0103mas s\u0103 ajusteze configura\u021bia MySQL, d\u00e2ndu-i jum\u0103tate din memorie \u0219i cresc\u00e2nd num\u0103rul de buffer pools, \u0219i s\u0103 ofer nginx jum\u0103tate din nuclee (Plesk nu atinge configura\u021biile globale), iar \u00een decurs de c\u00e2teva zile s\u0103 m\u0103 uit \u00een shell pentru a verifica statisticile mysqltuner. \u0218i, da, am cump\u0103rat ImunifyAV pl\u0103tit din catalogul extensiilor pentru a sc\u0103pa de malware-ul \u00eenc\u0103rcat. S-au g\u0103sit cam 11000 de fi\u0219iere infectate. Groz\u0103via a fost c\u0103 \u00een statice se infiltra cod obfuscat, iar s\u0103 cur\u0103\u021b asta manual era complet deprimant. La \u00eenceput am \u00eencercat ClamAV, dar, dup\u0103 cum s-a dovedit, nu gestioneaz\u0103 asemenea lucruri, iar ImunifyAV a reu\u0219it. \u00cen plus, fi\u0219ierele vindecate r\u0103m\u00e2n func\u021bionale, doar c\u0103 se elimin\u0103 bucata cu malware.<\/p>\n

Arithmetica este simpl\u0103: 50$ pe lun\u0103 pentru VM, 10$ pentru Plesk (de fapt, mai pu\u021bin, deoarece am cump\u0103rat imediat pentru un an cu o reducere de dou\u0103 luni) \u0219i 3$ pentru antivirus. Sau mul\u021bi bani cheltui\u021bi pentru timpul meu, pe care l-a\u0219 fi petrecut pe server la \u00eenceput desp\u0103r\u021bind aceste mizerii manual. Proprietarul a fost mul\u021bumit de aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\n\u00centre timp, am g\u0103sit un nou programator. Ne-am \u00een\u021beles cu el asupra \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birii responsabilit\u0103\u021bilor, am creat un subdomeniu pentru versiunea de test \u0219i am \u00eenceput lucrul. El dezvolta o nou\u0103 versiune a site-ului pe Laravel, iar eu m\u0103 uitam la fail2ban%).<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nEste interesant c\u0103 fluxul de curio\u0219i nu se opre\u0219te, iar \u00een lista celor interzi\u0219i sunt \u00eentotdeauna aproximativ o sut\u0103 de adrese. Efectul e interesant: de exemplu, de obicei, dac\u0103 intru \u00een shell, la salut v\u0103d aproximativ 20000-30000 de \u00eencerc\u0103ri nereu\u0219ite de conectare prin SSH. Cu fail2ban activat, num\u0103rul scade la circa 70. Eforturi depuse: 0. F\u0103r\u0103 o pic\u0103tur\u0103 de neagr\u0103, din p\u0103cate, nu s-a putut. \u00cen mod implicit, WAF (modsecurity) era \u201epar\u021bial activat\u201d: \u00een modul de detectare. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eenregistra activit\u0103\u021bi suspecte \u00een log, dar de fapt nu lua nicio m\u0103sur\u0103. Iar fail2ban citea f\u0103r\u0103 discriminare toate log-urile, conform jails-urilor activate, \u0219i interzicea tot ce se mi\u0219ca. Astfel, am interzis jum\u0103tate din redac\u021bie :D. A trebuit s\u0103 dezactivez acest jail \u0219i s\u0103 adaug adresele IP necesare pe lista alb\u0103 pentru siguran\u021b\u0103. Eforturi depuse: am dat click de dou\u0103 ori \u0219i am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat editorii s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i spun\u0103 adresa IP.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nCe a pl\u0103cut imediat programatorului \u2014 posibilitatea de a \u00eenc\u0103rca bazele de date direct \u00een panou \u0219i acces rapid la phpMyAdmin.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nCe mi-a pl\u0103cut mie \u2014 log-urile \u0219i backup-urile. Log-urile sunt scrise \u0219i rotite automat; backup-urile se configureaz\u0103 foarte simplu. \u00cen cele mai lene\u0219e momente, se face un backup complet, de aproximativ 10 gigabi\u021bi, iar apoi, \u00een fiecare zi, unul incremental, de aproximativ 200 de megabai\u021bi, timp de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103. Restaurarea este granular\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 la un anumit fi\u0219ier sau baz\u0103 de date. Dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 restaurez dintr-un incremental, nu trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 complic mai \u00eent\u00e2i cu completul \u0219i restaurarea \u00eentregii secven\u021be, Plesk se ocup\u0103 de tot. Backup-urile pot fi \u00eenc\u0103rcate oriunde: pe ftp, pe Dropbox, pe un bucket S3, pe Google Drive \u0219i altele.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nZiua Z: programatorul a terminat \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it noul motor, l-am \u00eenc\u0103rcat \u00een produc\u021bie, am importat datele vechi \u0219i ne-am a\u0219ezat s\u0103 alegem culoarea viitoarelor noastre Maserati. \u00cenc\u0103 suntem \u00een proces de alegere.<\/p>\n

Au ap\u0103rut primele probleme. Noul site era, a\u0219a cum era de a\u0219teptat, mai greu dec\u00e2t vechiul, dar adev\u0103rata problem\u0103 a fost c\u0103 pentru atragerea traficului utilizam printre altele Yandex.Zen, care aducea vizitatori \u00een mase. Site-ul se bloca la 150 de conexiuni simultane (nu vorbesc despre RPS, pentru c\u0103 nu am m\u0103surat). Am \u00eenceput s\u0103 ap\u0103s\u0103m butoanele \u0219i s\u0103 modific\u0103m set\u0103rile php_fpm:
\n\u00a0
\n\"Experien\u021ba
\nAha, it already holds 500 connections. As the credit card was applied to the advertising funds, the traffic waves started to increase. The next milestone is 1000 simultaneous connections. Here, we already had to refine the code and take a closer look at the muscle. Plesk didn't help much in this, but we weren't really expecting it. We enabled slow query logging, added indexes to the database, removed unnecessary queries from the code, and tidied up the MySQL configuration once again as advised by mysqltuner.<\/p>\n

The new challenge is 2000 connections. Just in time, Plesk version 17.8 was released, which, among other things, included nginx caching. We updated (surprisingly easily). We're trying it out. It works! And then the feed from Yandex Zen stopped working. The site is functional, but the feed is down. No feed means no traffic. The atmosphere is heating up. Under the pressure of circumstances and lack of imagination, I immediately began to strace nginx and found out what was happening. It turns out that at some point, silly nginx cached an incoming 500 error as a response to the Yandex get feed.xml. We fixed it by adding exceptions to the cache settings:<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nClearly, the owner needs MORE, and the waves are gradually increasing. We're managing for now, but we've proactively started experimenting with memcached, as Laravel supports it almost out of the box. We didn't want to install memcached manually just to 'play around', so we set up a Docker image directly from the panel.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nWell, okay, I'm lying; I had to go into the shell and install the module via pecl. Right at instruc\u021biuni<\/a><\/noindex>. We can't speak about any increase in bandwidth yet; there haven't been any significant surges. The site engine connected on localhost:11211, stats are displaying, and memory is being used. If we like it, we'll see what to do next. Either we'll leave it as is, or we'll install a 'real' one directly on the OS. Or we'll try redis in the same way. <\/p>\n

Then we needed to set up email distribution. No relays, just smtp authentication. I created an email address, and through its credentials, we\u2019re sending mail via PHP.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nNot long ago, Plesk Obsidian (18.0) was released; we updated without fear based on past experience. Everything went very smoothly, even too smooth to say much about it. On the plus side\u2014the interface quality has significantly improved, it has modernized and become more convenient in some places. The Advanced Monitoring feature on Grafana is pretty cool.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nI haven't delved into it deeply yet, but for example, you can set alerts for any parameter to be sent to email. For the owner, lol.<\/p>\n

Deoarece vorbesc despre interfa\u021b\u0103, aceasta este adaptiv\u0103 \u0219i func\u021bioneaz\u0103 destul de bine pe telefon. \u00cen etapele incipiente, c\u00e2nd \u00eencercam s\u0103 g\u0103sim cele mai bune set\u0103ri pentru PHP \u0219i altele, m-a ajutat enorm. \u0218i mai ales c\u00e2nd programatorul, \u00eentr-un acces de entuziasm profesional, face ceva la ora 23, iar eu, \u00een acela\u0219i acces de entuziasm profesional, beau vodc\u0103 \u00een saun\u0103, \u0219i e URGENT s\u0103 schimb ceva.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nOh, apropo. \u00cen imagine se vede c\u0103 a ap\u0103rut PHP Composer. \u00cenc\u0103 nu ne-am jucat cu el, dar, de exemplu, pentru Laravel, poate economisi c\u00e2teva log\u0103ri \u00een shell \u0219i timp pentru instalarea dependen\u021belor. Exist\u0103 un sistem similar \u0219i pentru Node.JS \u0219i Ruby.<\/p>\n

Cu SSL este simplu. Dac\u0103 domeniul se rezolv\u0103 corect, Let\u2019s Encrypt se configureaz\u0103 cu un singur clic \u0219i se actualizeaz\u0103 singur, at\u00e2t pentru domeniu, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru subdomenii, \u0219i chiar pentru serviciile de email.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba
\nPlesk, ca software, este \u00een prezent destul de pl\u0103cut \u0219i stabil. Se actualizeaz\u0103 singur \u0219i OS-ul lini\u0219tit, consum\u0103 pu\u021bine resurse, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Nici nu-mi amintesc c\u0103 am \u00eent\u00e2mpinat vreo problem\u0103 eviden\u021biat\u0103 ca un defect al produsului. Au existat probleme, desigur, dar fie din cauza imperfec\u021biunii configura\u021biei, fie la intersec\u021bie, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu am prea multe de repro\u0219at. \u00cen general, impresiile din utilizarea Plesk sunt pl\u0103cute. Ce nu are, \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem acest lucru, este orice fel de clusterizare. Nici LB, nici HA. Po\u021bi \u00eencerca, dar eforturile depuse vor fi at\u00e2t de mari \u00eenc\u00e2t mai bine s\u0103 faci ini\u021bial altceva.<\/p>\n

Cred c\u0103 se poate concluziona. \u00cen cazul \u00een care nu exist\u0103 administrator sau este pu\u021bin, c\u00e2nd pre\u021bul de g\u0103zduire \u0219i al site-urilor care ruleaz\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te, s\u0103 zicem, 100 de euro, c\u00e2nd nu este vorba de un share de tip animalic cu 1500 de site-uri pe server, c\u00e2nd persoana care ia decizia are de ales \u00eentre a angaja un administrator part-time sau a cump\u0103ra software \u0219i a angaja un administrator pe \u201ejum\u0103tate de norm\u0103\u201d, sau chiar a nu avea deloc - exist\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 un sens. Din perspectiva unui administrator la distan\u021b\u0103 - acela\u0219i lucru. 10$ pe lun\u0103, iar \u00een schimb economise\u0219te timp \u0219i ofer\u0103 flexibilitate \u00een munc\u0103 pentru o sum\u0103 mult mai mare. Dac\u0103, de exemplu, cineva m\u0103 va ruga insistent s\u0103 preiau un proiect similar, voi insista s\u0103 trecem pe Plesk.mare<\/i>Vreau s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc c\u00e2teva impresii despre necesitatea sau inutilitatea unui panou de control pentru un proiect comercial pe un singur server, av\u00e2nd un administrator foarte part-time.<\/p>\n

\"Experien\u021ba<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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