{"id":55671,"date":"2020-01-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:48","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:48","slug":"kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kak-ya-uchu-detej-pitonu","title":{"rendered":"Cum \u00eemi \u00eenv\u0103\u021b copiii Python","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cum
\n
\nPrincipala mea activitate este legat\u0103 de date \u0219i programare \u00een R<\/code>, dar \u00een acest articol vreau s\u0103 v\u0103 povestesc despre pasiunea mea, care chiar aduce un venit. Mi-a pl\u0103cut \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 explic \u0219i s\u0103 povestesc ceva prietenilor, colegilor de clas\u0103 \u0219i universitate. De asemenea, \u00eentotdeauna mi-a fost u\u0219or s\u0103 g\u0103sesc un limbaj comun cu copiii, nu \u0219tiu de ce. \u00cen general, consider c\u0103 educa\u021bia \u0219i instruirea copiilor sunt unele dintre cele mai importante activit\u0103\u021bi, iar so\u021bia mea este pedagog. A\u0219adar, cu aproximativ un an \u00een urm\u0103, am pus un anun\u021b \u00een grupul local de pe Facebook, am str\u00e2ns un grup \u0219i am \u00eenceput s\u0103 predau Scratch \u0219i Python o dat\u0103 pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103. Acum am cinci grupuri, o clas\u0103 \u00een cas\u0103 \u0219i sesiuni individuale. Cum am ajuns la aceast\u0103 activitate \u0219i cum \u00eei \u00eenv\u0103\u021b pe copii, v\u0103 voi povesti \u00een acest articol.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nLocuiesc \u00een Canada, \u00een ora\u0219ul Calgary, provincia Alberta, a\u0219a c\u0103 unele aspecte vor fi legate de specificitatea local\u0103. <\/p>\n

Spa\u021biul<\/h2>\n

\nDisponibilitatea unui loc pentru cursuri a fost, \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput, principala problem\u0103. Am \u00eencercat s\u0103 caut birouri \u0219i clase de \u00eenchiriat pe or\u0103, dar nu cu foarte mare succes. Universitatea noastr\u0103 \u0219i SAIT - echivalentul local al MIT - \u00eenchiriaz\u0103 s\u0103li cu computere \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103. Pre\u021burile s-au dovedit a fi destul de mari, iar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 am aflat c\u0103 universitatea nu permite accesul minorilor, iar SAIT \u00eenchiriaz\u0103 doar studen\u021bilor s\u0103i. A\u0219adar, aceast\u0103 op\u021biune a fost exclus\u0103. Exist\u0103 multe centre de birouri care \u00eenchiriaz\u0103 camere pentru \u0219edin\u021be \u0219i birouri pe or\u0103, exist\u0103 chiar companii care ofer\u0103 o mul\u021bime de op\u021biuni, de la o clas\u0103 complet\u0103 la o camer\u0103 pentru patru persoane. Am avut speran\u021be, deoarece Alberta este o provincie petrolier\u0103 \u0219i avem, din 2014, o criz\u0103 lent\u0103; multe spa\u021bii de afaceri sunt goale. Am sperat degeaba, pre\u021burile s-au dovedit a fi at\u00e2t de mari \u00eenc\u00e2t la \u00eenceput nici nu am crezut. Este mai simplu pentru proprietari s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i lase birourile neocupate \u0219i s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 cheltuielile dec\u00e2t s\u0103 dezvolte o strategie de pre\u021buri mai competitiv\u0103. <\/p>\n

\u00cen acel moment, mi-am amintit c\u0103 \u00eemi pl\u0103tesc impozitele la timp \u0219i m-am \u00eentrebat dac\u0103 exist\u0103 ceva pentru statul nostru drag, mai precis pentru ora\u0219ul Calgary. S-a dovedit c\u0103 da, exist\u0103. Ora\u0219ul are arene pentru hochei \u0219i alte sporturi de ghea\u021b\u0103, iar \u00een aceste arene sunt camere unde r\u0103zboinicii de ghea\u021b\u0103 discut\u0103 strategii pentru viitoarele b\u0103t\u0103lii. Pe scurt, l\u00e2ng\u0103 fiecare aren\u0103 sunt c\u00e2teva camere cu mese, scaune, tabl\u0103 \u0219i chiar \u0219i un chiuvet\u0103 cu un ceainic. Pre\u021bul este destul de rezonabil \u2013 25 de dolari canadieni pe or\u0103. Am decis s\u0103 organizez cursuri de o or\u0103 \u0219i jum\u0103tate, a\u0219a c\u0103 am stabilit pre\u021bul la 35 de dolari de persoan\u0103 \u00eentr-un grup de cinci, pentru a acoperi costul chiriei \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, s\u0103-mi pun ceva \u00een buzunar. \u00cen general, \u00eemi pl\u0103cea s\u0103 \u021bin cursurile \u00een arene, deoarece rezolva o problem\u0103 \u2013 majoritatea vorbitorilor de limb\u0103 rus\u0103 locuiesc \u00een sud, iar eu locuiesc \u00een nordul ora\u0219ului, a\u0219a c\u0103 am ales o aren\u0103 situat\u0103 cam \u00een centru. Dar erau \u0219i inconveniente. Birocra\u021bia canadian\u0103 este bun\u0103 \u0219i prietenoas\u0103, dar, ca s\u0103 o spunem bl\u00e2nd, adesea poate fi pu\u021bin neeficient\u0103. Nu sunt probleme c\u00e2nd te obi\u0219nuie\u0219ti cu ritmul \u0219i planifici din timp, dar uneori apar momente nepl\u0103cute. De exemplu, pe site-ul ora\u0219ului po\u021bi s\u0103 alegi u\u0219or ora \u0219i locul, s\u0103 rezervi o camer\u0103, dar nu po\u021bi pl\u0103ti, \u00een niciun fel. Ei te sun\u0103 \u0219i accept\u0103 plata cu cardul. Po\u021bi merge la birou \u0219i pl\u0103ti \u00een numerar. A fost un moment amuzant, dar nu prea pl\u0103cut, c\u00e2nd a\u0219teptam apelul lor pentru a pl\u0103ti pentru a doua sesiune, nu am primit apelul, iar la birou am \u00eent\u00e2rziat cu cincisprezece minute \u00een ultima zi. A trebuit s\u0103 m\u0103 apropii de securitate cu o fa\u021b\u0103 \u00eendr\u0103znea\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 mint c\u0103 camera era rezervat\u0103. Noi, canadienii, credem pe cuv\u00e2nt, m-au l\u0103sat s\u0103 intru f\u0103r\u0103 probleme \u0219i nu au verificat nimic, dar nu a\u0219 fi procedat a\u0219a dac\u0103 oamenii nu ar fi fost deja \u00een drum spre sesiune. <\/p>\n

A\u0219a c\u0103 am lucrat iarna \u0219i prim\u0103vara, iar apoi au avut loc schimb\u0103ri care au fost pic\u0103tura care a umplut paharul. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, biroul a fost \u00eenchis pentru vizitatori \u0219i au propus s\u0103 accept\u0103 pl\u0103\u021bi la telefon, la col\u021b. Am stat cel pu\u021bin o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 pe hol \u00eenainte s\u0103 reu\u0219esc s\u0103 sun. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, dac\u0103 \u00eenainte o doamn\u0103 dr\u0103gu\u021b\u0103 \u00eemi lua plata pentru o or\u0103 \u0219i jum\u0103tate, acum a r\u0103spuns la telefon o fat\u0103 \u0219i a zis c\u0103 plata este doar pentru o or\u0103. La acea vreme aveam grupuri de trei sau dou\u0103 persoane, iar cei 12,5 dolari \u00een plus nu erau deloc de neglijat. Desigur, eu sunt dedicat, dar dac\u0103 so\u021bia m\u0103 d\u0103 afar\u0103, nu va mai fi nimeni s\u0103 predau. Atunci eram \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 loc de munc\u0103. <\/p>\n

Am decis s\u0103 merg la bibliotec\u0103. Bibliotecile ofer\u0103 camere minunate complet gratuit, dar exist\u0103 un dar \u2014 nu este permis\u0103 activitatea comercial\u0103. Chiar \u0219i organiza\u021biile de caritate nu au voie s\u0103 str\u00e2ng\u0103 bani acolo. Mi s-a spus c\u0103 acest lucru nu este foarte controlat, at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t nu iei bani la intrare, dar eu nu \u00eemi place s\u0103 \u00eencalc regulile. O alt\u0103 problem\u0103 este c\u0103 s\u0103lile sunt adesea ocupate \u0219i este greu s\u0103 organizezi cursuri conform programului \u00eentr-un singur loc. Am predat \u00een biblioteci pe timpul verii \u0219i la \u00eenceputul iernii, a trebuit s\u0103 aleg acele locuri care aveau disponibilitate, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 am schimbat cinci-\u0219ase biblioteci. Apoi am \u00eenceput s\u0103 rezerv locuri cu dou\u0103 luni \u00eenainte, \u0219i totu\u0219i, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 fac asta doar \u00eentr-o bibliotec\u0103 mic\u0103, \u00een celelalte nu erau locuri disponibile la ora dorit\u0103. \u0218i atunci am decis s\u0103 fac o sal\u0103 de calculatoare acas\u0103. Am pus o tabl\u0103, am cump\u0103rat un birou second-hand \u0219i c\u00e2teva monitoare vechi. Firma mi-a cump\u0103rat un laptop nou \u0219i puternic pentru munc\u0103, pentru c\u0103 analiza pe computerul meu dura aproape 24 de ore. \u00cen total, aveam un computer nou-vechi, un computer vechi, un laptop al c\u0103rui ecran a fost strivit de fiul meu \u0219i un netbook antic, pe care eu l-am distrus. Le-am conectat pe toate la monitoare \u0219i am instalat Linux Mint peste tot, cu excep\u021bia netbook-ului, pentru care am pus o distribu\u021bie foarte u\u0219oar\u0103, cred c\u0103 Puppy. Mai am un laptop folosit recent, cump\u0103rat cu 200 de dolari, pe care l-am conectat la televizor. De asemenea, este important c\u0103 proprietarul nostru ne-a schimbat feroneria recent, iar acum, \u00een camer\u0103, avem rame albe noi \u00een locul mizeriei distruse. Camera de zi, buc\u0103t\u0103ria \u0219i a doua dormitor sunt folosite ca gr\u0103dini\u021b\u0103 de so\u021bia mea, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eentreg etajul a devenit unul pur educa\u021bional. A\u0219adar, acum c\u0103 am rezolvat problema spa\u021biului, s\u0103 trecem la predare. <\/p>\n

Scratch<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cencep s\u0103 predau no\u021biunile de baz\u0103 ale program\u0103rii cu Scratch. Este un limbaj care folose\u0219te blocuri predefinite, creat la vremea sa la MIT. Cei mai mul\u021bi dintre copii au v\u0103zut deja Scratch la \u0219coal\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 se adapteaz\u0103 destul de repede. Exist\u0103 programe gata f\u0103cute \u0219i planuri de lec\u021bii, dar mie nu-mi plac deloc. Unele sunt ciudate \u2014 de exemplu, \u201ecreeaz\u0103-\u021bi povestea ta\u201d. \u00centreaga program\u0103 const\u0103 din nenum\u0103rate blocuri. say '' for 2 seconds<\/code>. Se observ\u0103 c\u0103 a fost creat de personalit\u0103\u021bi foarte creative, dar cu o astfel de abordare se poate \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba s\u0103 scrii cod spaghetti clasic indian. Eu, \u00eens\u0103, de la bun \u00eenceput povestesc despre principii precum D.R.Y. Alte colec\u021bii de exerci\u021bii sunt destul de bune, dar copiii \u00een\u021beleg rapid esen\u021ba \u0219i \u00eencep s\u0103 le rezolve ca din pu\u0219c\u0103. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 lec\u021bie fac ceea ce ar fi trebuit s\u0103 fac\u0103 \u00een cinci. \u0218i pentru c\u0103utarea \u0219i selectarea exerci\u021biilor se pierde mult timp personal. \u00cen general, Scratch mai degrab\u0103 seam\u0103n\u0103 cu o IDE, unde trebuie pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 memorezi unde s\u0103 dai clic \u0219i unde s\u0103 cau\u021bi ceea ce \u00ee\u021bi trebuie. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce elevii se descurc\u0103 mai bine, \u00eencerc s\u0103 \u00eei trec pe Python. Am chiar o feti\u021b\u0103 de \u0219apte ani care scrie programe simple \u00een Python. Ce v\u0103d eu ca beneficiu al Scratch-ului este c\u0103 introduce no\u021biuni de baz\u0103, care sunt asimilate \u00eentr-o form\u0103 ludic\u0103. Cumva, tuturor f\u0103r\u0103 excep\u021bie le este foarte greu s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 ideea de variabil\u0103. La \u00eenceput, parcurgeam rapid acest subiect \u0219i treceam mai departe, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd m\u0103 confruntam cu faptul c\u0103 ei nu \u0219tiau deloc ce s\u0103 fac\u0103 cu aceasta. Acum dedik mult timp variabilelor \u0219i revin constant la ele. Trebuie s\u0103 m\u0103 ocup de o repetare obositoare. Eu schimb diferite variabile pe ecran \u0219i \u00eei fac s\u0103 spun\u0103 valoarea lor. De asemenea, \u00een Scratch sunt structuri de control \u0219i verific\u0103ri de valori, de tipul while<\/code>, for<\/code> sau if<\/code> \u00een Python. Acestea sunt prezentate destul de u\u0219or, \u00eens\u0103 cu buclele imbricate apar probleme. \u00cencerc s\u0103 ofer c\u00e2teva sarcini cu bucle imbricate, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t ac\u021biunea acestora s\u0103 fie vizibil\u0103. Dup\u0103 aceea, trec la func\u021bii. Chiar \u0219i pentru adul\u021bi, conceptul de func\u021bie poate fi neclar, iar pentru copii \u2014 cu at\u00e2t mai mult. Vorbesc mult timp despre ce este o func\u021bie, explic idee de fabric\u0103, care prime\u0219te obiecte ca intrare \u0219i d\u0103 produse ca ie\u0219ire, sau despre buc\u0103tarul care transform\u0103 ingredientele crude \u00een m\u00e2ncare. Apoi, realiz\u0103m un program \u201ef\u0103 un sandvi\u0219\u201d cu ingrediente \u0219i apoi \u00eel transform\u0103m \u00eentr-o func\u021bie, c\u0103reia ingredientele \u00eei sunt transmise ca parametri. Pe studiul func\u021biilor \u00eenchei cu Scratch. <\/p>\n

Python<\/h2>\n

\nCu Python este mai simplu. Exist\u0103 o carte bun\u0103, Python for Kids, pe care o folosesc pentru predare. Totul este standard \u2014 \u0219iruri, ordinea opera\u021biunilor, print()<\/code>, input() <\/code>\u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Scris \u00eentr-un limbaj accesibil, cu umor, \u00eei place copiilor. Are un dezavantaj, specific multor c\u0103r\u021bi de programare. Ca \u00een cunoscuta glum\u0103 \u2014 cum s\u0103 desenezi o bufni\u021b\u0103. Oval \u2014 cerc \u2014 bufni\u021b\u0103. De la conceptele simple exist\u0103 o tranzi\u021bie prea abrupt\u0103 c\u0103tre concepte destul de complexe. \u00cemi ia c\u00e2teva lec\u021bii s\u0103 explic c\u0103 un obiect se leag\u0103 de metod\u0103 prin punct. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, nu m\u0103 gr\u0103besc, repet acela\u0219i lucru \u00een diferite moduri p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd se contureaz\u0103 m\u0103car o imagine. \u00cencep cu variabilele \u0219i continui s\u0103 le repet, deja \u00een Python. Variabilele sunt o adev\u0103rat\u0103 blestem. <\/p>\n

Un student iste\u021b, care cu c\u00e2teva luni \u00een urm\u0103 jongla cu variabilele pe Scratch, se uit\u0103 ca un miel la por\u021bile noi \u0219i nu poate s\u0103 adune x cu y, care este evident scris mai sus pe tabl\u0103. Repet\u0103m! Ce are o variabil\u0103? Nume \u0219i valoare! Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 semnul egal? Atribuire! \u0218i cum verific\u0103m egalitatea? Semnul egal dublu! \u0218i continu\u0103m s\u0103 repet\u0103m din nou \u0219i din nou, p\u00e2n\u0103 la iluminare complet\u0103. Apoi trecem la func\u021bii, unde expunerea despre argumente dureaz\u0103 cel mai mult. Argumente numite, dup\u0103 pozi\u021bii, cu valori implicite \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Nu am ajuns \u00eenc\u0103 la clase \u00een niciun grup. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Python din carte, studiem algoritmi populari, despre asta mai departe.<\/p>\n

De fapt, \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea<\/h2>\n

\nLec\u021bia mea este organizat\u0103 astfel \u2014 o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 ofer teorie, verific know-how-ul \u0219i consolid\u0103m cele \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate. O or\u0103 \u2014 laboratoare. Adesea m\u0103 las \u00een voia inspira\u021biei \u0219i vorbesc p\u00e2n\u0103 la o or\u0103, atunci r\u0103m\u00e2ne o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 pentru practic\u0103, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103. C\u00e2nd am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat Python, am parcurs un curs Algoritmi \u0219i Structuri de Date<\/i> Hiryanova de la MFTI. Mi-a pl\u0103cut foarte mult prezentarea \u0219i structura lec\u021biilor sale. Ideea lui este c\u0103 framework-urile, sintaxa, bibliotecile devin \u00eenvechite. Arhitectura, munca \u00een echip\u0103, sistemele de control al versiunilor \u2014 este \u00eenc\u0103 prea devreme. \u00cen final, r\u0103m\u00e2n algoritmii \u0219i structurile de date, care sunt bine cunoscute \u0219i vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een formate similare. Eu \u00eensumi \u00eemi amintesc doar de intergeri din Pascal-ul institu\u021bional. Deoarece elevii mei sunt \u00een principal tineri, cu v\u00e2rste cuprinse \u00eentre \u0219apte \u0219i cincisprezece ani, consider c\u0103 pentru viitorul lor este mai important s\u0103 le oferim fundamentul, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 scriem c\u00e2t mai repede un platformer \u00een Python. Totu\u0219i, ei \u00ee\u0219i doresc mai mult un platformer, \u0219i \u00eei \u00een\u021beleg. Le dau algoritmi simpli \u2014 sortarea prin bule, c\u0103utarea binar\u0103 \u00eentr-o list\u0103 sortat\u0103, nota\u021bia polonez\u0103 invers\u0103 folosind o stiv\u0103, dar discut\u0103m fiecare \u00een detaliu. A ie\u0219it la iveal\u0103 c\u0103 copiii moderni nu \u0219tiu \u00een principiu cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un computer, a\u0219a c\u0103 le explic \u0219i asta. M\u0103 str\u0103duiesc s\u0103 le corelez concepte diferite \u00een fiecare lec\u021bie. De exemplu, computerul \u2014 memorie\/procesor \u2014 memoria format\u0103 din celule (le dau s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 un modul de memorie, ghici\u021bi c\u00e2te celule sunt aici) \u2014 fiecare celul\u0103 ca o lamp\u0103 \u2014 exist\u0103 dou\u0103 st\u0103ri \u2014 true\/false \u2014 and\/or \u2014 binar\/decimal \u2014 8 bi\u021bi = 1 byte \u2014 byte = 256 variante \u2014 tip de date logic pe un bit \u2014 numere \u00eentregi pe un byte \u2014 float<\/code> pe dou\u0103 bytes \u2014 string<\/code> pe un byte \u2014 cea mai mare num\u0103r pe 64 bi\u021bi \u2014 list\u0103 \u0219i tuple din tipurile anterioare. Men\u021bionez c\u0103 \u00een realitate, \u00een computere, lucrurile sunt oarecum diferite \u0219i cantitatea de memorie pentru aceste tipuri de date este diferit\u0103, dar principalul este c\u0103 noi, \u00een proces, cre\u0103m tipuri de date mai complexe din cele mai simple. Tipurile de date sunt, probabil, cele mai dificile de re\u021binut. De aceea, \u00eencep fiecare lec\u021bie cu o scurt\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lzire \u2014 un elev nume\u0219te un tip de dat\u0103, urm\u0103torul ofer\u0103 dou\u0103 exemple, \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, \u00een cerc. \u00cen final, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 fac astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t chiar \u0219i cei mai tineri copii strig\u0103 voio\u0219i \u2014 float! boolean! seven, five! pizza, car! \u00cen timpul lec\u021biei, \u00eei provoc mereu pe unii \u0219i pe al\u021bii, altfel \u00eencep repede s\u0103 se scarpine \u00een nas \u0219i s\u0103 se uite \u00een tavan. De asemenea, trebuie s\u0103 verific nivelul de cuno\u0219tin\u021be al fiec\u0103ruia din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd. <\/p>\n

Elevii mei m\u0103 surprind continuu at\u00e2t prin lipsa lor de inteligen\u021b\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i prin inteligen\u021ba lor nea\u0219teptat\u0103. Din fericire, inteligen\u021ba este, de cele mai multe ori, mai frecvent\u0103. <\/p>\n

A\u0219 fi vrut s\u0103 scriu mai mult, dar a\u0219a a ie\u0219it deja un text lung. Voi r\u0103spunde cu pl\u0103cere la toate \u00eentreb\u0103rile. Accept orice critic\u0103, dar v\u0103 rog \u2014 s\u0103 fim mai toleran\u021bi unii cu al\u021bii \u00een comentarii. Este un articol constructiv.
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