{"id":55822,"date":"2020-01-29T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-28T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/uskoryaem-openvpn-za-9-99-ili-vstraivaem-orange-pi-one-v-router"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:58","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:58","slug":"uskoryaem-openvpn-za-9-99-ili-vstraivaem-orange-pi-one-v-router","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/uskoryaem-openvpn-za-9-99-ili-vstraivaem-orange-pi-one-v-router","title":{"rendered":"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/a5c5330ebe866b5859da6cbc227d057c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nUnii dintre noi nu folosesc internetul f\u0103r\u0103 VPN din diferite motive: unii au nevoie de un IP dedicat, \u0219i este mai simplu \u0219i mai ieftin s\u0103 cumpere un VPS cu dou\u0103 IP-uri dec\u00e2t s\u0103 cumpere un adres\u0103 de la furnizor, al\u021bii doresc s\u0103 acceseze toate site-urile web, nu doar cele permise pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei, iar unii au nevoie de IPv6, dar furnizorul nu \u00eel ofer\u0103...<br \/>\nCel mai adesea, conexiunea VPN este stabilit\u0103 pe dispozitivul folosit \u00een acel moment, ceea ce este perfect justificat dac\u0103 ave\u021bi doar un singur computer \u0219i un telefon \u0219i le folosi\u021bi rar simultan. \u00cens\u0103, dac\u0103 \u00een re\u021beaua dumneavoastr\u0103 de acas\u0103 exist\u0103 multe dispozitive, sau de exemplu, sunt unele pe care nu se poate configura VPN, ar fi mai convenabil s\u0103 ridica\u021bi un tunel direct pe routerul de acas\u0103, pentru a nu v\u0103 face griji cu privire la configurarea fiec\u0103rui dispozitiv \u00een parte.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 a\u021bi instalat vreodat\u0103 OpenVPN pe routerul dumneavoastr\u0103, probabil c\u0103 a\u021bi fost nepl\u0103cut surprins de viteza de func\u021bionare. Soc \u0219i chiar routerele ieftine permit f\u0103r\u0103 probleme traficul de aproape un gigabit, datorit\u0103 deleg\u0103rii func\u021biilor de rutare \u0219i NAT pe un cip separat destinat exclusiv acestei sarcini, iar procesoarele principale ale acestor routere sunt destul de slabe, deoarece nu sunt supuse practic niciunei sarcini. Aceast\u0103 compromitere permite atingerea unei viteze ridicate a routerului \u0219i sc\u0103derea semnificativ\u0103 a costului dispozitivului final \u2014 routerele cu procesoare puternice cost\u0103 de c\u00e2teva ori mai mult \u0219i sunt pozi\u021bionate nu doar ca o cutie pentru distribuirea internetului, ci \u0219i ca NAS, desc\u0103rc\u0103tor de torrent \u0219i sistem multimedia pentru acas\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Routerul meu, TP-Link TL-WDR4300, nu poate fi considerat nou \u2014 modelul a ap\u0103rut la mijlocul anului 2012 \u0219i dispune de un procesor de 560 MHz arhitectur\u0103 MIPS32 74Kc, a c\u0103rui putere este suficient\u0103 doar pentru 20-23 Mb\/s de trafic criptat prin OpenVPN, ceea ce este destul de pu\u021bin comparativ cu viteza internetului de acas\u0103 modern.<br \/>\nCum putem cre\u0219te viteza tunelului criptat? Routerul meu este destul de func\u021bional, suport\u0103 3\u00d73 MIMO \u0219i, de fapt, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 bine, nu a\u0219 dori s\u0103-l schimb.<br \/>\nAv\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 acum este obi\u0219nuit s\u0103 se fac\u0103 pagini web de 10 MB, s\u0103 se scrie aplica\u021bii desktop \u00een node.js \u0219i s\u0103 se \u00eempacheteze \u00een fi\u0219iere de 100 MB, s\u0103 se creasc\u0103 puterea de calcul \u00een loc s\u0103 se optimizeze, vom face ceva \u00eengrozitor - vom muta conectarea VPN pe un \u201ecomputer\u201d performant Orange Pi One, pe care \u00eel vom instala \u00een carcasa routerului, f\u0103r\u0103 a ocupa porturile existente de re\u021bea \u0219i USB, totul pentru $9.99*!<br \/>\n* + livrare, + taxe, + pentru bere, + MicroSD.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>OpenVPN<\/h3>\n<p>Nu se poate spune c\u0103 procesorul routerului este chiar at\u00e2t de slab - acesta poate cripta \u0219i hash-ui date folosind algoritmul AES-128-CBC-SHA1 cu o vitez\u0103 de 50 Mb\/s, ceea ce este vizibil mai rapid dec\u00e2t modul \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 OpenVPN, iar modernul algoritm de criptare CHACHA20 cu hash POLY1305 atinge chiar 130 megabi\u021bi pe secund\u0103! De ce totu\u0219i viteza tunelului VPN este at\u00e2t de sc\u0103zut\u0103? Totul \u021bine de schimbarea contextului \u00eentre spa\u021biul utilizatorului \u0219i spa\u021biul nucleului: OpenVPN cripta traficul \u0219i comunic\u0103 cu exteriorul \u00een contextul utilizatorului, \u00een timp ce \u00een contextul nucleului se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00een mod real rutarea. Sistemul de operare trebuie s\u0103 comute constant \u00eentre cele dou\u0103, la fiecare pachet primit sau trimis, iar aceast\u0103 opera\u021bie nu este rapid\u0103. Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 este comun\u0103 tuturor aplica\u021biilor VPN care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin driverul TUN\/TAP, \u0219i nu se poate spune c\u0103 problema vitezei sc\u0103zute este cauzat\u0103 de o optimizare proast\u0103 a OpenVPN (de\u0219i, desigur, exist\u0103 locuri care ar trebui ref\u0103cute). Niciun client VPN din spa\u021biul utilizatorului nu atinge chiar \u0219i un gigabit cu criptarea dezactivat\u0103 pe laptopul meu, dar\u0103mite pe sisteme cu procesoare slabe.<\/p>\n<h3>Orange Pi One<\/h3>\n<p>Placa Orange Pi One de la compania Xunlong - cea mai avantajoas\u0103 ofert\u0103 \u00een termeni de performan\u021b\u0103\/pre\u021b de pe pia\u021b\u0103 \u00een acest moment. Pentru $9.99* ob\u021bine\u021bi un procesor quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 de bun\u0103 calitate, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 constant la o frecven\u021b\u0103 de 1008 MHz, \u0219i este vizibil mai performant dec\u00e2t concuren\u021bii s\u0103i Raspberry Pi Zero \u0219i Next Thing C.H.I.P. \u00een aceea\u0219i categorie de pre\u021b. Aici se termin\u0103 \u0219i avantajele. Compania Xunlong acord\u0103 zero aten\u021bie software-ului pl\u0103cilor sale, iar la lansarea One pe pia\u021b\u0103 nu a furnizat nici m\u0103car un fi\u0219ier de configurare a pl\u0103cii, cu at\u00e2t mai pu\u021bin imagini gata f\u0103cute. Allwinner - produc\u0103torul SoC - de asemenea, nu arat\u0103 o prea mare grij\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de suportul produsului s\u0103u. \u00cei intereseaz\u0103 doar func\u021bionalitatea minim\u0103 \u00een Android 4.4.4, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 suntem nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 folosim un nucleu de versiune 3.4 cu patch-uri pentru Android. Din fericire, exist\u0103 entuzia\u0219ti care str\u00e2ng distribu\u021bii, modific\u0103 nucleul, scriu cod pentru suportul pl\u0103cilor \u00een nucleul mainline, adic\u0103 efectiv fac munca pentru produc\u0103tor, f\u0103c\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 platform\u0103 s\u0103 func\u021bioneze acceptabil. Pentru scopurile mele, am ales distribu\u021bia Armbian, care se actualizeaz\u0103 frecvent \u0219i convenabil (noul nucleu se instaleaz\u0103 direct prin managerul de pachete, nu prin copierea fi\u0219ierelor pe o parti\u021bie special\u0103, cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 de obicei cu Allwinner) \u0219i care suport\u0103 majoritatea periferiilor, spre deosebire de celelalte.<\/p>\n<h3>Router<\/h3>\n<p>Pentru a nu supra\u00eenc\u0103rca procesorul slab al routerului cu criptarea \u0219i pentru a accelera conexiunea VPN, putem delega aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 unui procesor mai puternic Orange Pi, conect\u00e2ndu-l la router \u00een vreun fel. \u00cemi vine \u00een minte conectarea fie prin Ethernet, fie prin USB - ambele standarde sunt acceptate de ambele dispozitive, dar nu a\u0219 dori s\u0103 ocup porturile deja existente. Din fericire, exist\u0103 o solu\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Circuitul USB hub GL850G, care este utilizat \u00een router, suport\u0103 func\u021bionarea a 4 porturi USB, dou\u0103 dintre care nu sunt solderizate. Nu este clar de ce produc\u0103torul nu le-a solderizat, presupun c\u0103 pentru a nu permite utilizatorilor s\u0103 conecteze simultan 4 dispozitive cu consum mare de curent (de exemplu, hard disk-uri), deoarece sursa de alimentare standard a routerului nu este proiectat\u0103 pentru o astfel de sarcin\u0103. Oricum, acest lucru este \u00een avantajul nostru.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/6e36b9c769ca36945d4b3297459b479c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPentru a ob\u021bine un alt port USB, este suficient s\u0103 lipim dou\u0103 fire la pini 8(D-) \u0219i 9(D+) sau 11(D-) \u0219i 12(D+).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/023b1cb71b0e297460e4af494b219651.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCu toate acestea, nu este suficient s\u0103 conectezi pur \u0219i simplu dou\u0103 dispozitive USB \u0219i s\u0103 speri c\u0103 totul va func\u021biona de la sine, a\u0219a cum s-ar \u00eent\u00e2mpla cu Ethernet. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, trebuie s\u0103 facem ca unul dintre ele s\u0103 func\u021bioneze \u00een modul USB Client \u0219i nu USB Host, iar \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, trebuie s\u0103 ne decidem cum se vor identifica dispozitivele \u00eentre ele. Exist\u0103 numero\u0219i drivere pentru a\u0219a-numitele USB Gadgets (dup\u0103 numele subsistemului din nucleul Linux) care permit emularea diferitelor tipuri de dispozitive USB: adaptor de re\u021bea, plac\u0103 audio, tastatur\u0103 \u0219i mouse, unitate flash, aparat foto, consol\u0103 prin port serial. Deoarece dispozitivul nostru va func\u021biona cu re\u021beaua, emularea adaptorului Ethernet ni se potrive\u0219te cel mai bine.<\/p>\n<p>Exist\u0103 trei standarde Ethernet-over-USB:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Remote NDIS (RNDIS)<\/b>. Un standard \u00eenvechit de la Microsoft, utilizat \u00een principal pe vremea Windows XP.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ethernet Control Model (ECM)<\/b>. Un standard simplu care \u00eencorporeaz\u0103 cadre Ethernet \u00een pachete USB. Se potrive\u0219te excelent pentru modemuri cu fir care au conexiune USB, unde este convenabil s\u0103 transferi cadrele f\u0103r\u0103 prelucrare, dar din cauza simplit\u0103\u021bii sale \u0219i a limit\u0103rilor bus-ului USB, nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103 foarte rapid.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ethernet Emulation Model (EEM)<\/b>. Un protocol mai inteligent care ia \u00een considerare limit\u0103rile USB \u0219i agreg\u0103 optim mai multe cadre \u00eentr-unul, cresc\u00e2nd astfel l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103.<\/li>\n<li><b>Network Control Model (NCM)<\/b>. Cel mai nou protocol. Are avantajele EEM \u0219i optimizeaz\u0103 \u0219i mai mult func\u021bionarea cu bus-ul.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPentru a face s\u0103 func\u021bioneze oricare dintre aceste protocoale pe placa noastr\u0103, de obicei, va fi nevoie s\u0103 facem fa\u021b\u0103 unor dificult\u0103\u021bi. Deoarece Allwinner este interesat doar de p\u0103r\u021bile Android ale nucleului, doar Android Gadget func\u021bioneaz\u0103 normal - acea parte de cod care implementeaz\u0103 conexiunea cu adb, exportul dispozitivului prin protocolul MTP \u0219i emularea unit\u0103\u021bilor flash pe dispozitivele Android. \u00censu\u0219i Android Gadget suport\u0103 \u0219i protocoalele RNDIS, dar \u00een nucleul Allwinner acesta este deteriorat. Dac\u0103 \u00eencerci s\u0103 compilezi nucleul cu orice alt USB Gadget, dispozitivul pur \u0219i simplu nu va ap\u0103rea \u00een sistem, indiferent de ceea ce faci.<br \/>\nPentru a rezolva problema, ar trebui s\u0103 g\u0103sim locul de ini\u021bializare a controller-ului USB \u00een codul modificat de dezvoltatori din android.c, dar exist\u0103 \u0219i o manevr\u0103 alternativ\u0103 pentru a face s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, cel pu\u021bin, emularea Ethernet prin USB:<\/p>\n<pre><code>--- sun8i\/drivers\/usb\/sunxi_usb\/udc\/sunxi_udc.c 2016-04-16 15:01:40.427088792 +0300\n+++ sun8i\/drivers\/usb\/sunxi_usb\/udc\/sunxi_udc.c 2016-04-16 15:01:45.339088792 +0300\n@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@\n static sunxi_udc_io_t g_sunxi_udc_io;\n static u32 usb_connect = 0;\n static u32 is_controller_alive = 0;\n-static u8 is_udc_enable = 0;   \n+static u8 is_udc_enable = 1;   \n \n #ifdef CONFIG_USB_SUNXI_USB0_OTG\n static struct platform_device *g_udc_pdev = NULL;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 patch for\u021beaz\u0103 activarea modului USB-client, permi\u021b\u00e2nd utilizarea gadget-urilor USB obi\u0219nuite din Linux.<br \/>\nAcum este necesar s\u0103 recompil\u0103m kernel-ul cu aceast\u0103 patch \u0219i gadget-ul necesar. Am ales EEM, deoarece rezultatele testelor au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 este mai eficient dec\u00e2t NCM.<br \/>\nEchipa Armbian ofer\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/igorpecovnik\/lib\">un sistem de compilare foarte simplu \u0219i convenabil<\/a><\/noindex> pentru toate pl\u0103cile acceptate din distribu\u021bie. Este suficient s\u0103-l desc\u0103rca\u021bi, s\u0103 pune\u021bi patch-ul nostru \u00een <code>userpatches\/kernel\/sun8i-default\/otg.patch<\/code>, s\u0103 edita\u021bi pu\u021bin <code>compile.sh<\/code> \u0219i s\u0103 alege\u021bi gadget-ul dorit:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/aa0dca97410e3064ead605f3c4ff68ca.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKernel-ul se va compila \u00eentr-un pachet deb, care nu va fi greu de instalat pe plac\u0103 prin <code>dpkg<\/code>.<br \/>\nR\u0103m\u00e2ne doar s\u0103 conecta\u021bi placa prin USB \u0219i s\u0103 configura\u021bi noul nostru adaptor de re\u021bea pentru a ob\u021bine o adres\u0103 prin DHCP. Pentru aceasta, este necesar s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi aproximativ urm\u0103toarele \u00een <code>\/etc\/network\/interfaces<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code>auto usb0\n        iface usb0 inet dhcp\n        hwaddress ether c2:46:98:49:3e:9d\n        pre-up \/bin\/sh -c 'echo 2 &gt; \/sys\/bus\/platform\/devices\/sunxi_usb_udc\/otg_role'<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Este mai bine s\u0103 seta\u021bi manual adresa MAC, deoarece va fi aleatorie la fiecare repornire a dispozitivului, ceea ce este incomod \u0219i complicat.<br \/>\nConect\u0103m cablul MicroUSB la conectorul OTG, conect\u0103m alimentarea de la router (o putem aplica pe pini 2 \u0219i 3 ai mufe, nu doar la conectorul de alimentare).<\/p>\n<p>R\u0103m\u00e2ne s\u0103 configur\u0103m routerul. Este suficient s\u0103 instal\u0103m pachetul cu driverul EEM \u0219i s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m noul nostru dispozitiv USB de re\u021bea \u00een bridge-ul zonei firewall locale:<\/p>\n<pre><code>opkg install kmod-usb-net-cdc-eem<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/c3ea2b182c9cc5af19a47c5b5dca7ff1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPentru a ruta tot traficul \u00een tunelul VPN, trebuie fie s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi o regul\u0103 SNAT pe adresa IP a pl\u0103cii de pe partea routerului, fie s\u0103 distribui\u021bi adresa pl\u0103cii ca adres\u0103 de gateway prin dnsmasq. Ultima se face prin ad\u0103ugarea urm\u0103toarei linii \u00een <code>\/etc\/dnsmasq.conf<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code>dhcp-option = tag:lan, option:router, 192.168.1.100<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>unde <code>192.168.1.100<\/code> \u2014 adresa IP a pl\u0103cii dvs. Nu uita\u021bi s\u0103 configura\u021bi adresa routerului \u00een set\u0103rile de re\u021bea ale pl\u0103cii \u00een sine!<\/p>\n<p>Pentru izolarea contactelor pl\u0103cii de contactele routerului, a fost utilizat\u0103 o perie de melamin\u0103. A ie\u0219it cam a\u0219a:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Acceler\u0103m OpenVPN pentru $9.99* sau integr\u0103m Orange Pi One \u00een router\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/72d0a2dd667e47e31057d9e79da884fc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Concluzie<\/h3>\n<p>Re\u021beaua func\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin USB surprinz\u0103tor de repede: 100-120 Mb\/s, m-am a\u0219teptat la mai pu\u021bin. OpenVPN trece prin aproximativ 70 Mb\/s de trafic criptat, ceea ce nu este foarte mult, dar este suficient pentru nevoile mele. Capacitatea routerului nu se \u00eenchide perfect, l\u0103s\u00e2nd o mic\u0103 fanta. Estetii pot \u00eendep\u0103rta conectorii Ethernet \u0219i USB Host de pe plac\u0103, ceea ce va permite capacului s\u0103 se \u00eenchid\u0103 complet, \u0219i va mai r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u0219i spa\u021biu.<br \/>\nSau mai bine nu te ocupa cu astfel de porc\u0103rii \u0219i cump\u0103r\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/omnia.turris.cz\/en\/\">Turris Omnia<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/368735\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 VPN \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 IP, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c VPS \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f IP, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0438\u043c 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