{"id":55869,"date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:02","slug":"kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-sozdat-detsentralizovannoe-prilozhenie-kotoroe-masshtabiruetsya-ispolzujte-menshe-blokchejna","title":{"rendered":"Cum s\u0103 creezi o aplica\u021bie descentralizat\u0103 care se scaleaz\u0103? Folose\u0219te mai pu\u021bin blockchain","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Nu, lansarea unei aplica\u021bii descentralizate (dapp) pe blockchain nu va duce la un business de succes. De fapt, majoritatea utilizatorilor nici nu se g\u00e2ndesc dac\u0103 aplica\u021bia func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe blockchain \u2014 ei pur \u0219i simplu aleg un produs care este mai ieftin, mai rapid \u0219i mai simplu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Din p\u0103cate, chiar dac\u0103 blockchain-ul are propriile sale caracteristici \u0219i avantaje unice, majoritatea aplica\u021biilor care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe el sunt mult mai scumpe, mai lente \u0219i mai pu\u021bin intuitive dec\u00e2t concuren\u021bii lor centraliza\u021bi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Cum<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adesea, \u00een whitepaper-ele aplica\u021biilor construite pe blockchain, se poate g\u0103si un paragraf \u00een care se afirm\u0103: \"blockchain-ul este costisitor \u0219i nu poate sus\u021bine num\u0103rul necesar de tranzac\u021bii pe secund\u0103. Din fericire, mul\u021bi oameni de\u0219tep\u021bi lucreaz\u0103 la scalarea blockchain-ului \u0219i, p\u00e2n\u0103 la lansarea aplica\u021biei noastre, acesta va deveni suficient de scalabil\".<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00centr-un paragraf simplu, dezvoltatorul dapp-ului poate renun\u021ba la o discu\u021bie mai profund\u0103 despre problemele de scalabilitate \u0219i solu\u021biile alternative ale acestora. Acest lucru conduce adesea la o arhitectur\u0103 ineficient\u0103, unde backend-ul \u0219i nucleul aplica\u021biei sunt constituite din contracte inteligente ce opereaz\u0103 pe blockchain. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 abord\u0103ri ne\u00eencercate \u00een arhitectura aplica\u021biilor descentralizate, care permit o scalabilitate mult mai bun\u0103, datorit\u0103 reducerii dependen\u021bei de blockchain. De exemplu, Blockstack lucreaz\u0103 la o arhitectur\u0103 \u00een care majoritatea datelor \u0219i logica aplica\u021biei sunt stocate \u00een afara blockchain-ului.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u0103 ne uit\u0103m mai \u00eent\u00e2i la o abordare mai tradi\u021bional\u0103, \u00een care blockchain-ul este folosit ca intermediar direct \u00eentre utilizatorii aplica\u021biei \u0219i care nu scalabilizeaz\u0103 foarte bine.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Abordarea #1: Blockchain ca backend<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Pentru a fi mai clar, s\u0103 lu\u0103m industria hotelier\u0103 ca exemplu. Aceasta este o industrie uria\u0219\u0103, \u00een care intermediari precum Booking.com, cobor\u0103 taxe uria\u0219e<\/a><\/noindex> pentru a conecta oaspe\u021bii cu hotelurile.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00cen orice situa\u021bie \u00een care dorim s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219im un astfel de intermediar, folosind aceast\u0103 abordare, vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 reprodus\u0103m logica de afaceri a acestuia, utiliz\u00e2nd smart contracts pe un blockchain precum Ethereum.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Contractele inteligente cu surs\u0103 deschis\u0103, desf\u0103\u0219urate pe \"computerul mondial\", pot conecta v\u00e2nz\u0103torii cu consumatorii f\u0103r\u0103 vreo companie intermediar\u0103 \u00eentre ei, reduc\u00e2nd \u00een cele din urm\u0103 comisioanele \u0219i taxele percepute de intermediari.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum se arat\u0103 \u00een imaginea de mai jos, hotelurile utilizeaz\u0103 o aplica\u021bie descentralizat\u0103 pentru a g\u0103zdui \u00een blockchain informa\u021biile despre camere, disponibilitatea acestora \u0219i pre\u021burile \u00een zilele lucr\u0103toare sau \u00een weekenduri, \u0219i posibil chiar descrierea camerelor cu informa\u021biile relevante.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Cum<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Oricine dore\u0219te s\u0103 rezerveze o camer\u0103 folose\u0219te aceast\u0103 aplica\u021bie pentru a c\u0103uta hoteluri \u0219i camere listate \u00een blockchain. Odat\u0103 ce utilizatorul selecteaz\u0103 o camer\u0103, rezervarea se face prin trimiterea sumei necesare de tokenuri hotelului ca garan\u021bie. \u00cen r\u0103spuns, contractul inteligent actualizeaz\u0103 informa\u021biile \u00een blockchain, marc\u00e2nd camera ca fiind indisponibil\u0103.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 abordare implic\u0103 dou\u0103 aspecte ale problemei scalabilit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, num\u0103rul maxim de tranzac\u021bii pe secund\u0103. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, volumul de date care pot fi stocate \u00een blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u0103 facem calcule aproximative. Booking.com declar\u0103 c\u0103 au aproape 2 milioane de hoteluri \u00eenregistrate. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103, \u00een medie, un hotel are 10 camere \u0219i fiecare este rezervat\u0103 de 20 de ori pe an \u2014 aceasta ne ofer\u0103 o medie de 13 rezerv\u0103ri pe secund\u0103.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pentru a evalua acest num\u0103r, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 Ethereum poate procesa aproximativ 15 tranzac\u021bii pe secund\u0103.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De asemenea, trebuie s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare c\u0103 aplica\u021bia noastr\u0103 va avea \u0219i tranzac\u021bii din partea hotelurilor \u2014 pentru \u00eenc\u0103rcarea \u0219i actualizarea constant\u0103 a informa\u021biilor despre camerele lor. Hotelurile \u00ee\u0219i actualizeaz\u0103 foarte frecvent pre\u021burile camerelor, uneori chiar zilnic, iar fiecare modificare a pre\u021bului sau descrierii necesit\u0103 o tranzac\u021bie \u00een blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aici apare \u0219i problema dimensiunii \u2014 greutatea blockchain-ului Ethereum a dep\u0103\u0219it recent 2 TB. Dac\u0103 aplica\u021biile cu o abordare similar\u0103 ar deveni cu adev\u0103rat populare, re\u021beaua Ethereum ar deveni extrem de instabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Un astfel de sistem, bazat pe blockchain, poate exclude ter\u021bii datorit\u0103 impar\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii sale \u0219i a lipsei de centralizare \u2014 principalele avantaje ale tehnologiei blockchain. Dar blockchain-ul are \u0219i alte caracteristici \u2014 este distribuit \u0219i nu poate fi rescris, acestea fiind tr\u0103s\u0103turi excelente, dar care se pl\u0103tesc prin vitez\u0103 \u0219i comisioane de tranzac\u021bie. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Prin urmare, dezvoltatorii dapp-urilor trebuie s\u0103 evalueze cu aten\u021bie dac\u0103 fiecare func\u021bionalitate care utilizeaz\u0103 blockchain-ul necesit\u0103 \u00eentr-adev\u0103r descentralizare \u0219i ireversibilitate.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De exemplu: care este avantajul distribuirii datelor fiec\u0103rui hotel pe sute de ma\u0219ini din \u00eentreaga lume \u0219i stoc\u0103rii lor permanente acolo? Este cu adev\u0103rat important ca datele istorice despre pre\u021buri \u0219i disponibilitatea camerelor s\u0103 fie \u00eentotdeauna incluse \u00een blockchain? Probabil c\u0103 nu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 \u00eencepem s\u0103 ne punem astfel de \u00eentreb\u0103ri, vom \u00eencepe s\u0103 vedem c\u0103 nu avem nevoie de toate caracteristicile costisitoare ale blockchain-ului pentru toate func\u021biile noastre. Atunci, care este alternativa? <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Abordarea #2: Arhitectur\u0103 inspirat\u0103 de Blockstack<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

De\u0219i accentul principal Blockstack<\/a><\/noindex> este pe aplica\u021bii \u00een care utilizatorii sunt proprietarii propriilor date (de exemplu, cum ar fi Airtext<\/a><\/noindex>, BentenSound<\/a><\/noindex>, ImageOptimizer<\/a><\/noindex> sau Graphite<\/a><\/noindex>), Blockstack are, de asemenea, o filozofie de utilizare limitat\u0103 a blockchain-ului - doar atunci c\u00e2nd este absolut necesar. Principala lor argumentare este c\u0103 blockchain-ul este lent \u0219i costisitor, a\u0219a c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fie folosit doar pentru opera\u021biuni unice sau rare. Restul interac\u021biunii cu aplica\u021biile ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc prin peer-to-peer, adic\u0103 utilizatorii aplica\u021biilor descentralizate ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 date direct \u00eentre ei, nu prin intermediul blockchain-ului. La urma urmei, cele mai vechi \u0219i de succes aplica\u021bii descentralizate, cum ar fi BitTorrent, email-ul \u0219i Tor, au fost create \u00eenainte de apari\u021bia conceptului de blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\nSt\u00e2nga: prima abordare, \u00een care utilizatorii interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin blockchain. Dreapta: utilizatorii interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 direct \u00eentre ei, iar blockchain-ul este folosit doar pentru identificare \u0219i similare.<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la exemplul cu rezervarea hotelurilor. Vrem un protocol impar\u021bial, independent \u0219i deschis pentru a lega oaspe\u021bii de hoteluri. Cu alte cuvinte, vrem s\u0103 elimin\u0103m intermediarul centralizat. Nu avem nevoie, de exemplu, s\u0103 stoc\u0103m constant pre\u021burile camerelor \u00eentr-un registru distribuit comun.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De ce s\u0103 nu permitem pur \u0219i simplu oaspe\u021bilor \u0219i hotelurilor s\u0103 interac\u021bioneze direct, f\u0103r\u0103 intermediari blockchain? Hotelurile pot stoca pre\u021burile lor, disponibilitatea camerelor \u0219i orice alte informa\u021bii \u00eentr-un loc accesibil tuturor \u2014 de exemplu, IPFS, Amazon S3 sau chiar serverul lor local. Aceasta este exact ceea ce ofer\u0103 sistemul de stocare descentralizat de la Blockstack numit Gaia<\/a><\/noindex>. Acesta le permite utilizatorilor s\u0103-\u0219i aleag\u0103 locul unde doresc s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i stocheze datele \u0219i s\u0103 controleze cine poate avea acces la acestea printr-o abordare numit\u0103 stocare multipl\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pentru a stabili \u00eencrederea, toate datele hotelului sunt semnate criptografic de c\u0103tre hotelul \u00eensu\u0219i. Indiferent de locul unde sunt stocate aceste date, integritatea lor poate fi verificat\u0103 folosind chei publice asociate cu informa\u021biile de identificare ale acestui hotel, stocate \u00een blockchain.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul Blockstack, \u00een blockchain este stocat\u0103 doar informa\u021bia de identificare. Informa\u021biile despre cum s\u0103 ob\u021bine\u021bi datele fiec\u0103rui utilizator sunt stocate \u00een fi\u0219ierele zonei (zone files) \u0219i sunt distribuite printr-o re\u021bea P2P folosind noduri. \u0218i din nou \u2014 nu trebuie s\u0103 ave\u021bi \u00eencredere \u00een datele pe care le ofer\u0103 nodurile, deoarece pute\u021bi verifica autenticitatea acestora compar\u00e2ndu-le cu hash-urile stocate \u00een blockchain \u0219i la al\u021bi utilizatori.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00centr-o versiune simplificat\u0103 a sistemului, oaspe\u021bii vor utiliza re\u021beaua P2P Blockstack pentru a c\u0103uta hoteluri \u0219i a ob\u021bine informa\u021bii despre camerele lor. Iar autenticitatea \u0219i integritatea tuturor datelor pe care le ve\u021bi primi pot fi verificate folosind cheile publice \u0219i hash-urile stocate \u00een lan\u021bul virtual<\/a><\/noindex> Blockstack.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 este mai complex\u0103 dec\u00e2t prima abordare \u0219i necesit\u0103 o infrastructur\u0103 mai ampl\u0103. De fapt, acesta este exact motivul pentru care apare Blockstack, oferind toate componentele necesare pentru a crea un astfel de sistem descentralizat.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Cum<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00centr-o astfel de arhitectur\u0103, stoc\u0103m \u00een blockchain doar datele care trebuie cu adev\u0103rat s\u0103 fie distribuite \u0219i nerevizuibile. \u00cen cazul Blockstack, ave\u021bi nevoie de tranzac\u021bii \u00een blockchain doar pentru a v\u0103 \u00eenregistra \u0219i a indica unde ar trebui s\u0103 fie stocate datele dvs. Este posibil s\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de mai multe tranzac\u021bii dac\u0103 dori\u021bi s\u0103 schimba\u021bi ceva din aceste informa\u021bii, dar aceasta nu este o situa\u021bie frecvent \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, logica aplica\u021biei, spre deosebire de prima abordare, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe partea clientului, nu pe contracte inteligente. Acest lucru permite dezvoltatorului s\u0103 modifice aceast\u0103 logic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 actualiz\u0103ri costisitoare sau, uneori, chiar imposibile ale contractului inteligent. Iar p\u0103str\u00e2nd datele \u0219i logica aplica\u021biei \u00een afara blockchain-ului, aplica\u021biile descentralizate pot atinge niveluri de performan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i scalabilitate comparabile cu sistemele centralizate tradi\u021bionale. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Concluzie<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplica\u021biile care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Blockstack pot scala mult mai bine dec\u00e2t aplica\u021biile blockchain obi\u0219nuite, dar aceasta este o abordare mai t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 care vine cu propriile probleme \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103spuns.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De exemplu, dac\u0103 aplica\u021bia descentralizat\u0103 nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe contracte inteligente, aceasta reduce necesitatea utiliz\u0103rii token-urilor de utilitate. Acest lucru poate genera probleme pentru afaceri, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 ICO-urile au fost principalul surs\u0103 de finan\u021bare pentru aplica\u021biile descentralizate (inclusiv Blockstack \u00een sine).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aici exist\u0103 \u0219i probleme tehnice. De exemplu, este relativ simplu s\u0103 implementezi o func\u021bie de rezervare a hotelurilor \u00eentr-un contract inteligent, unde, printr-o opera\u021biune atomic\u0103, rezervarea camerelor este realizat\u0103 \u00een schimbul token-urilor. Nu este foarte evident cum va func\u021biona rezervarea \u00eentr-o aplica\u021bie Blockstack f\u0103r\u0103 contracte inteligente.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplica\u021biile care vizeaz\u0103 pie\u021bele globale cu poten\u021bial de milioane de utilizatori trebuie s\u0103 scaleze foarte bine pentru a deveni de succes. Este o gre\u0219eal\u0103 s\u0103 contezi exclusiv pe blockchain-uri pentru a atinge un astfel de nivel de scalabilitate \u00een viitorul apropiat. Pentru a putea concura cu marii juc\u0103tori centraliza\u021bi de pe pia\u021b\u0103, cum ar fi Booking.com, dezvoltatorii de aplica\u021bii descentralizate trebuie s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare abord\u0103ri alternative \u00een proiectarea aplica\u021biilor lor, a\u0219a cum este cea propus\u0103 de Blockstack.<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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