{"id":70922,"date":"2020-02-22T15:37:55","date_gmt":"2020-02-22T12:37:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-openshift-menyaet-organizaczionnuyu-strukturu-it-organizaczii-evolyucziya-organizaczionnyh-modelej-pri-perehode-na-paas"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:39","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:39","slug":"kak-openshift-menyaet-organizaczionnuyu-strukturu-it-organizaczii-evolyucziya-organizaczionnyh-modelej-pri-perehode-na-paas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-openshift-menyaet-organizaczionnuyu-strukturu-it-organizaczii-evolyucziya-organizaczionnyh-modelej-pri-perehode-na-paas","title":{"rendered":"Cum OpenShift schimb\u0103 structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a unei organiza\u021bii IT. Evolu\u021bia modelurilor organiza\u021bionale \u00een tranzi\u021bia c\u0103tre PaaS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>De\u0219i solu\u021biile PaaS (\u201ePlatforma ca Serviciu\u201d) \u00een sine nu pot schimba modul \u00een care interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 indivizii \u0219i echipele, ele servesc adesea ca un catalizator pentru schimb\u0103ri organiza\u021bionale ca r\u0103spuns la flexibilitatea crescut\u0103 a tehnologiilor IT. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum OpenShift schimb\u0103 structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a unei organiza\u021bii IT. Evolu\u021bia modelurilor organiza\u021bionale \u00een tranzi\u021bia c\u0103tre PaaS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/55ef7d253c10a8453810c3a3b5a56a74.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen practic\u0103, maximizarea rentabilit\u0103\u021bii investi\u021biilor \u00een PaaS este adesea posibil\u0103 doar cu condi\u021bia schimb\u0103rii rolurilor organiza\u021bionale, ariilor de responsabilitate \u0219i schemelor de rela\u021bionare. Din fericire, solu\u021biile PaaS, cum ar fi OpenShift Container Platform, ofer\u0103 suficient\u0103 flexibilitate pentru ca fiecare organiza\u021bie IT s\u0103 poat\u0103 stabili autonom viteza \u0219i amploarea schimb\u0103rilor \u00een raport cu persoanele implicate \u0219i procesele \u00een desf\u0103\u0219urare.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n\u00cen prima etap\u0103 a containeriz\u0103rii, prioritatea principal\u0103 este implementarea platformei de containere ca nou sistem de desf\u0103\u0219urare a aplica\u021biilor. \u00cen acest moment, organiza\u021biile leag\u0103 activit\u0103\u021bile familiare de rolurile cunoscute pentru a r\u0103spunde cererilor standard ale echipelor de dezvoltare \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sistemele de stocare, mediile de desf\u0103\u0219urare etc. \u00cen etapele ulterioare ale containeriz\u0103rii, discu\u021bia se concentreaz\u0103 deja pe automatizare sau pe oferirea de oportunit\u0103\u021bi de autoservire dezvoltatorilor pentru a reduce sarcina administratorilor de sistem \u0219i a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi autonomia \u0219i operativitatea dezvoltatorilor. A\u0219a se \u00eendreapt\u0103 organiza\u021bia c\u0103tre DevOps. \u00cen etapa final\u0103 a containeriz\u0103rii, organiza\u021biile ajung la un model DevOps mai curat \u0219i canonic, \u00een cadrul c\u0103ruia multe dintre sarcinile \u0219i activit\u0103\u021bile anterioare trec sub controlul echipelor interfunctionale, care sunt grupate nu pe baza platformelor sau tehnologiilor, ci din perspectiva asigur\u0103rii func\u021bion\u0103rii aplica\u021biilor sau serviciilor aplica\u021biilor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 postare, vom prezenta un ghid pentru efectuarea schimb\u0103rilor organiza\u021bionale necesare \u0219i vom explica cum se schimb\u0103 rolurile tradi\u021bionale IT prin implementarea tehnologiilor de containere \u00een cadrul organiza\u021biilor.<\/p>\n<h3>Legarea de noi activit\u0103\u021bi la vechile roluri<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen forma sa de baz\u0103, modelul organiza\u021bional PaaS este creat pentru a aloca resursele IT aplica\u021biilor ca mediu de execu\u021bie \u00eentr-un mod mai flexibil \u0219i rapid. De\u0219i acest lucru aduce anumite avantaje administratorilor de sistem, dezvoltatorii, \u00een general, nu beneficiaz\u0103 de c\u00e2teva c\u00e2teva oportunit\u0103\u021bi substan\u021biale \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, deoarece compania poate func\u021biona f\u0103r\u0103 a \u00eencepe automatizarea, a introduce auto-serviciul sau a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi radical canalul de desf\u0103\u0219urare. PaaS, minimiz\u00e2nd impactul asupra proceselor de dezvoltare \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te totu\u0219i dinamica sistemului IT, permi\u021b\u00e2nd administratorilor s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 mai bine cerin\u021belor dezvoltatorilor. De exemplu, dac\u0103 anterior crearea unui mediu de dezvoltare din mai multe <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/\"   title=\"ma\u0219ini virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2016\">ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/a> volume de stocare putea dura zile sau chiar s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, necesit\u00e2nd implicarea mai multor administratori diferi\u021bi, \u00een PaaS totul se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 mult mai repede \u0219i cu ajutorul unui singur administrator. Cu alte cuvinte, echipele de dezvoltatori depun cereri ca \u0219i \u00eenainte, dar lucr\u0103rile de implementare a acestor cereri sunt acum efectuate conform unui nou model.<\/p>\n<h3>Pe calea spre organiza\u021bia DevOps<\/h3>\n<p>\nPrin lansarea PaaS \u0219i transferarea speciali\u0219tilor \u00een exploatarea sistemelor IT \u0219i dezvoltatorilor de aplica\u021bii pe aceast\u0103 platform\u0103, organiza\u021bia poate continua implementarea metodologiei DevOps, care include printre altele urm\u0103toarele principii fundamentale:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u00cemp\u0103r\u021birea muncii \u00een etape mai mici<\/b>, pentru a ob\u021bine feedback \u00een stadii incipiente, reduc\u00e2nd riscurile \u0219i evit\u00e2nd 'paralizia analitic\u0103';<\/li>\n<li><b>Automatizarea opera\u021biunilor \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 suficient\u0103<\/b>, pentru a nu crea obstacole sau blocaje \u00een procesul de desf\u0103\u0219urare a aplica\u021biei;<\/li>\n<li><b>Schimbul de cuno\u0219tin\u021be<\/b> \u2013 cheia construirii \u00eencrederii;<\/li>\n<li><b>Plata regulat\u0103 a datoriilor tehnice<\/b>, aloc\u00e2nd \u00een fiecare ciclu de lucru timp specific pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri sistematice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00cen a doua etap\u0103 de implementare a tehnologiilor containerizate, echipele de dezvoltare \u00eencep, desigur, s\u0103 observe oportunit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire, iar organiza\u021bia se \u00eendreapt\u0103 c\u0103tre un model DevOps mai canonical. Mecanismul tradi\u021bional de trimitere \u0219i executare a cererilor de \u00eentre\u021binere este acum perceput ca un punct slab, a\u0219a c\u0103 organiza\u021bia \u00ee\u0219i propune s\u0103 automatizeze ac\u021biunile repetitive \u0219i s\u0103 ofere dezvoltatorilor op\u021biuni de autogestionare. Aceste capacit\u0103\u021bi ale dezvoltatorilor \u00een cadrul unei cereri sunt determinate prin eforturile comune ale speciali\u0219tilor IT \u00een exploatarea platformelor \u0219i a celor responsabili de livrarea aplica\u021biilor. Cu alte cuvinte, \u00een locul administratorilor de sistem care efectueaz\u0103 ac\u021biuni pe cererile dezvoltatorilor, apar cele dou\u0103 categorii men\u021bionate mai sus, care sunt responsabile pentru descrierea \u0219i aplicarea politicilor care reglementeaz\u0103 ce anume li se permite dezvoltatorilor s\u0103 fac\u0103 singuri. Procedurile automatizate ajut\u0103 la asigurarea respect\u0103rii acestor cerin\u021be \u0219i a coordon\u0103rii ac\u021biunilor \u00een cazurile \u00een care situa\u021bia dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te politicile \u00een vigoare.<\/p>\n<p>Trecerea la un program iterativ, \u00een care mediu IT \u0219i modelul opera\u021bional sufer\u0103 modific\u0103ri iterative \u00een timp, este un punct de cotitur\u0103 critic \u00een formarea unei sisteme DevOps mature \u00een cadrul organiza\u021biei. Gradul de adoptare a metodologiei DevOps depinde de toleran\u021ba fiec\u0103rei organiza\u021bii la schimb\u0103ri \u0219i de tipul de schimb\u0103ri care aduc cele mai mari beneficii. De exemplu, dac\u0103 nevoia de a crea medii sau aplica\u021bii noi apare rar, atunci optimizarea ac\u021biunilor corespunz\u0103toare va fi mai pu\u021bin important\u0103 dec\u00e2t consolidarea controlului dezvoltatorilor asupra ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 al aplica\u021biilor.<\/p>\n<h3>Noi provoc\u0103ri care apar \u00een organiza\u021biile IT \u00een timpul tranzi\u021biei c\u0103tre OpenShift<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen aceast\u0103 sec\u021biune, vom explora rolurile \u0219i sarcinile pe care organiza\u021biile care au trecut la OpenShift le aplic\u0103 de obicei pentru a accelera automatizarea \u0219i autogestionarea utiliz\u00e2nd tehnologii \u0219i PaaS.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen tabelul de mai jos sunt enumerate principalele sarcini de nivel superior care exist\u0103 \u00een orice organiza\u021bie care a implementat OpenShift, cu exemple de lucr\u0103ri \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi corespunz\u0103toare. Aceast\u0103 list\u0103 de sarcini nu trebuie confundat\u0103 cu schema de defalcare a activit\u0103\u021bilor sau cu structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a echipelor, ci este doar un set de sarcini care trebuie \u00eendeplinite de persoanele responsabile pentru suportul mediului IT, pentru o implementare de succes a platformei containerizate. \u00cen realitate, mai t\u00e2rziu vom ar\u0103ta c\u0103 implementarea tehnologiilor containerizate creeaz\u0103 condi\u021biile pentru formarea unei strategii DevOps mai mature \u00een cadrul organiza\u021biei, ceea ce, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, cre\u0219te gradul de cross-func\u021bionalitate al echipelor \u0219i reduce riscurile de specializare restr\u00e2ns\u0103 la nivelul at\u00e2t al angaja\u021bilor individuali, c\u00e2t \u0219i al echipelor.<\/p>\n<p><i>Tabelul 1. Defini\u021bii ale sarcinilor OpenShift<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sarcini<br \/>\nAbilit\u0103\u021bi necesare<\/p>\n<p><b>Automatizarea \u0219i preg\u0103tirea (provisioning) infrastructurilor IT<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i construirea solu\u021biilor hardware<\/li>\n<li>Organizarea \u0219i sus\u021binerea automatiz\u0103rii configur\u0103rii ini\u021biale<\/li>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i automatizarea preg\u0103tirii VM-urilor \u0219i gazdelor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i implementarea centrelor de date<\/li>\n<li>Administrarea sistemelor Linux<\/li>\n<li>Scripte de automatizare<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre sistemele de stocare<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een domeniul proiect\u0103rii \u0219i implement\u0103rii re\u021belelor<\/li>\n<li>Securitate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Instalarea \u0219i gestionarea platformei OpenShift<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Executarea instal\u0103rii cluster-ului<\/li>\n<li>Managementul serviciilor de infrastructur\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Managementul scal\u0103rii platformei<\/li>\n<li>Verificarea autenticit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i autorizarea la nivelul platformei<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Administrarea sistemelor Linux<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre tehnologiile de re\u021bea<\/li>\n<li>Scripte de automatizare (Ansible)<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre sistemele de stocare<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre tehnologiile \u0219i arhitecturile containerizate<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitecturile Kubernetes \u0219i OpenShift<\/li>\n<li>Securitatea platformelor<\/li>\n<li>Integrarea monitoriz\u0103rii<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Managementul preg\u0103tirii mediilor client (tenant provisioning), izolarea capacit\u0103\u021bilor IT<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crearea utilizatorilor \u0219i echipelor \u00een cadrul platformei<\/li>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i gestionarea cotelor<\/li>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i implementarea RBAC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitecturile Kubernetes \u0219i OpenShift<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre tehnologiile \u0219i arhitecturile containerizate<\/li>\n<li>Scripte de automatizare<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be bune \u00een domeniul proiectelor, cotelor, leg\u0103rii rolurilor \u0219i muncii cu planificatorii<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Construirea \u0219i gestionarea imaginilor de baz\u0103<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dezvoltarea fluxului de lucru pentru modificarea imaginilor<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltarea imaginilor pe baza standardelor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Administrarea sistemelor Linux<\/li>\n<li>Scripte de automatizare<\/li>\n<li>Configurarea componentelor runtime ale aplica\u021biilor \u0219i middleware-ului<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitecturile containerizate<\/li>\n<li>Cadre de construc\u021bie a aplica\u021biilor (application build frameworks)<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be bune \u00een domeniul imaginilor, imagestream-urilor \u0219i \u0219abloanelor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Proiectarea \u0219i gestionarea fluxurilor de livrare<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i documentarea standardelor fluxurilor<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltarea ghidurilor \u0219i \u0219abloanelor concise<\/li>\n<li>Formarea dezvoltatorilor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gestionarea codului surs\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i implementarea aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Scripte de automatizare<\/li>\n<li>Testare automatizat\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Testarea calit\u0103\u021bii codului<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitecturile containerizate<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre infrastructuri immutable<\/li>\n<li>Securitate - gestionarea accesului la etapele fluxului, aprobarea proceselor de lucru etc.<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be solide despre \u0219abloanele OpenShift, componentele buildconfigs, deploymentconfigs, servicii, rute, configmaps<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Dezvoltarea aplica\u021biilor \u0219i testelor<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Programarea aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltarea testelor automatizate<\/li>\n<li>Reac\u021bia la e\u0219ecurile testelor \u00een desf\u0103\u0219urarea fluxului<\/li>\n<li>Reac\u021bia la defec\u021biunile aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Testarea de acceptare a utilizatorului<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i implementarea aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Testare automatizat\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Gestionarea codului surs\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Monitorizarea aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre arhitecturile aplica\u021biilor cloud-native<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Monitorizarea opera\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i gestionarea aplica\u021biilor<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea aplica\u021biilor \u00een contextul performan\u021bei<\/li>\n<li>Monitorizarea aplica\u021biilor \u00een timpul execu\u021biei<\/li>\n<li>Scalarea aplica\u021biilor (sau scalarea automat\u0103)<\/li>\n<li>Gestionarea disponibilit\u0103\u021bii aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Cotele de cereri \u0219i limitele pentru gestionarea resurselor <\/li>\n<li>Testarea performan\u021bei \u0219i a capacit\u0103\u021bilor IT<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i implementarea performan\u021bei aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Monitorizarea performan\u021bei aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<li>Testarea performan\u021bei \u0219i teste de adaos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Testarea de acceptare a utilizatorului<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lucr\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Testarea UI (design \u0219i interac\u021biuni utilizator)<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltarea testelor automatizate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proiectarea \u0219i verificarea interfe\u021belor utilizator <\/li>\n<li>\u0218abloane pentru testarea automatizat\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Cadre de testare<\/li>\n<li>\u0218abloane pentru proiectarea aplica\u021biilor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Noi roluri care apar \u00een organiza\u021bia IT atunci c\u00e2nd se trece la OpenShift<\/h3>\n<p>\nPe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce se trece la un model organiza\u021bional orientat spre DevOps, num\u0103rul specializ\u0103rilor rolurilor de obicei scade, iar num\u0103rul echipelor \u0219i rolurilor interfunc\u021bionale cre\u0219te pentru a maximiza eficien\u021ba colabor\u0103rii. Iat\u0103 cum, \u00een opinia noastr\u0103, arat\u0103 lista principalelor pozi\u021bii dintr-o organiza\u021bie IT care utilizeaz\u0103 OpenShift:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inginer de opera\u021biuni aplica\u021bii (Application Operations Engineer) sau Inginer de fiabilitate site (Site Reliability Engineer). Anterior, aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie putea fi numit\u0103 \u201eAdministrator server aplica\u021bii\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltator aplica\u021bii\/dezvoltator software\/inginer de programare.<\/li>\n<li>Administrator de cluster \/ platform\u0103 de aplica\u021bii. Anterior, acest rol ar putea fi numit \u201eAdministrator de sistem\u201d sau \u201eAdministrator de platforme Linux\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Manager de lansare software (Release Manager) \/ Inginer de construc\u021bie (Build Engineer).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Matri\u021ba rolurilor \u0219i sarcinilor RACI<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, ajungem la corelarea pozi\u021biilor \u0219i sarcinilor discutate mai sus, pentru a oferi o imagine general\u0103 despre cum ar trebui s\u0103 arate structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 care implementeaz\u0103 DevOps pe platforma OpenShift. Rolurile specificate mai jos pot fi ini\u021bial realizate de ramurile vechii structuri organiza\u021bionale tradi\u021bionale. Dar, \u00een timp, se realizeaz\u0103 consolid\u0103ri \u0219i apar noi echipe, structurate \u00een jurul aplica\u021biilor, care \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 majoritatea sau chiar toate sarcinile enumerate mai jos.<\/p>\n<p>Sarcini<br \/>\nRoluri<\/p>\n<p>Inginer de opera\u021biuni aplica\u021bii \/ Inginer de fiabilitate site.<br \/>\nDezvoltator de aplica\u021bii \/ Dezvoltator software \/ Inginer programator.<br \/>\nAdministrator de cluster \/ platform\u0103 de aplica\u021bii.<br \/>\nManager de lansare software \/ Inginer de construc\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Automatizarea \u0219i preg\u0103tirea (provisioning) infrastructurilor IT<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nC<\/p>\n<p>Instalarea \u0219i gestionarea platformei OpenShift<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nC<\/p>\n<p>Proiectarea \u0219i gestionarea fluxurilor de livrare<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nR \/ A<\/p>\n<p>Gestionarea preg\u0103tirii mediilor clientului (tenant provisioning), izol\u0103rii \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bilor IT.<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nI<\/p>\n<p>Construirea \u0219i gestionarea imaginilor de baz\u0103<br \/>\nR<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nC<\/p>\n<p>Dezvoltarea aplica\u021biilor \u0219i testelor<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nI<\/p>\n<p>Monitorizarea opera\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i gestionarea aplica\u021biilor<br \/>\nR \/ A<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nI<\/p>\n<p>Testarea de acceptare a utilizatorului<br \/>\nC<br \/>\nR<br \/>\nI<br \/>\nI<\/p>\n<p>\n<b>Semne conven\u021bionale \u00een matricea RACI.<\/b><br \/>\nSursa: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Responsibility_assignment_matrix\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Responsabil<\/b> \u2013 Cel care efectueaz\u0103 \u2013 persoana care face tot ceea ce este necesar pentru a \u00eendeplini sarcina.<\/li>\n<li><b>Responsabil<\/b> \u2013 Cel responsabil \u2013 angajatul care, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, r\u0103spunde pentru \u00eendeplinirea corect\u0103 \u0219i atent\u0103 a sarcinii sau pentru atingerea rezultatului; de asemenea, este singurul care poate delega munca executan\u021bilor.<\/li>\n<li><b>Consulta\u021bi<\/b> \u2013 Consultan\u021bi \u2013 de obicei, sunt exper\u021bi \u00een domeniu, a c\u0103ror opinie este solicitat\u0103; se men\u021bine o comunicare bidirec\u021bional\u0103 cu ace\u0219tia.<\/li>\n<li><b>Informa\u021bi<\/b> \u2013 Cei informa\u021bi \u2013 persoanele care sunt \u021binute la curent cu evenimentele (de multe ori, doar la finalizarea sarcinii sau ob\u021binerea rezultatului); primesc informa\u021bii \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 unidirec\u021bional\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 colaborarea echipelor \u00een organiza\u021bia DevOps.<\/h3>\n<p>\nSchema tradi\u021bional\u0103 de ob\u021binere a resurselor, \u00een general, reprezint\u0103 un ciclu de solicit\u0103ri de alocare a resurselor, care sunt apoi procesate de mai multe echipe. La final, toate resursele necesare sunt alocate \u0219i confirmate de partea solicitant\u0103. Adesea, aceste procese sunt par\u021bial, dac\u0103 nu chiar complet, realizate manual \u0219i necesit\u0103 interac\u021biuni frecvente \u0219i numeroase \u00eentre echipe pentru a gestiona cu succes fiecare cerere.<\/p>\n<p><i>Figura 1. Organiza\u021bia IT tradi\u021bional\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum OpenShift schimb\u0103 structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a unei organiza\u021bii IT. Evolu\u021bia modelurilor organiza\u021bionale \u00een tranzi\u021bia c\u0103tre PaaS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/29b0a4a64691062f03b8860466d18846.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Diagrama de mai sus ilustreaz\u0103 rela\u021biile tipice dintre echipele dintr-o organiza\u021bie IT tradi\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen cadrul acestei scheme, unele echipe se adreseaz\u0103 altor echipe cu cereri de efectuare a lucr\u0103rilor necesare, folosind mijloace de comunicare mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin formalizate, precum sistemele de tichete sau e-mailul. Aceste cereri ajung apoi \u00een coad\u0103 \u0219i a\u0219teapt\u0103 r\u00e2ndul, iar a\u0219teptarea \u00eendelungat\u0103 duce adesea la deteriorarea sau chiar intensificarea rela\u021biilor dintre echipe. Tensiunile sunt accentuate \u0219i de faptul c\u0103 membrii diferitelor echipe se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc rar personal \u0219i, \u00een general, \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc doar informa\u021biile minim necesare.<\/p>\n<p><i>Figura 2. Organiza\u021bia IT DevOps<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum OpenShift schimb\u0103 structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a unei organiza\u021bii IT. Evolu\u021bia modelurilor organiza\u021bionale \u00een tranzi\u021bia c\u0103tre PaaS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/c422b58fff958032e93c1e87586ae0ea.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 diagram\u0103 arat\u0103 cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 colaborarea \u00een organiza\u021bia DevOps. Aici, acelea\u0219i echipe din diagrama anterioar\u0103 au renun\u021bat la comunic\u0103rile ineficiente care accentuau fragmentarea \u0219i le-au \u00eenlocuit cu contacte personale, cre\u00e2nd astfel canale permanente de interac\u021biune \u00eentre echipe. Aceste canale contribuie la formarea unui set hibrid de competen\u021be, care ajut\u0103 angaja\u021bii s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 prezinte mai bine nevoile, problemele \u0219i oportunit\u0103\u021bile echipelor pe care le reprezint\u0103. Echipele permit una alteia s\u0103 realizeze lucr\u0103rile necesare prin intermediul portalurilor de autoservire automatizate \u00een loc s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 manual la solicit\u0103rile de modificare ale altora, ca \u00een trecut. \u0218i, datorit\u0103 prezen\u021bei canalelor de interac\u021biune, aceste sisteme de autoservire se pot adapta rapid nevoilor echipelor pentru care sunt create. Pentru a realiza o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere \u0219i schimb de cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een cadrul organiza\u021biei, membrii echipelor efectueaz\u0103 periodic rota\u021bii de roluri pentru a acumula experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een interac\u021biunea cu diferite echipe \u0219i a \u00een\u021belege mai bine imaginea de ansamblu a sistemelor IT pe care le deservesc, cresc\u00e2nd astfel nivelul lor de func\u021bionalitate transversale \u0219i utilitate.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00cen concluzie<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen acest post, am discutat despre cum implementarea solu\u021biilor PaaS poate determina organiza\u021bia s\u0103 adopte metodologia DevOps, iar \u00een cadrul acestui proces, rolurile \u0219i sarcinile tradi\u021bionale sufer\u0103 modific\u0103ri. De aceea, am enumerat principalele sarcini IT care apar \u00eentr-o organiza\u021bie \u00een urma tranzi\u021biei la OpenShift, precum \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile necesare pentru a le \u00eendeplini. De asemenea, am prezentat setul principal de roluri organiza\u021bionale care apar \u00een construirea echipelor DevOps multifunc\u021bionale \u0219i matricea RACI, care coreleaz\u0103 noile roluri cu noile sarcini. \u0218i \u00een final, am ar\u0103tat cum platforma OpenShift \u0219i metodologia DevOps asociat\u0103 pot schimba structura organiza\u021bional\u0103 a unei organiza\u021bii prin tranzi\u021bia de la ierarhiile tradi\u021bionale \u0219i sistemele de gestionare a cererilor la echipe multifunc\u021bionale cu un nivel mai ridicat de comunicare personal\u0103.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/redhatrussia\/blog\/489194\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f PaaS 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\u0418\u0422-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 PaaS \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447) \u0438 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f PaaS, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":70923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f PaaS (\u00ab\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u00bb) \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b 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