{"id":72898,"date":"2020-03-05T20:42:08","date_gmt":"2020-03-05T17:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-otkryt-kommentarii-i-ne-potonut-v-spame"},"modified":"2020-03-05T20:42:08","modified_gmt":"2020-03-05T17:42:08","slug":"kak-otkryt-kommentarii-i-ne-potonut-v-spame","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-otkryt-kommentarii-i-ne-potonut-v-spame","title":{"rendered":"Cum s\u0103 deschid comentariile f\u0103r\u0103 a fi cople\u0219it de spam","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cum
\n
\nC\u00e2nd munca ta const\u0103 \u00een a crea ceva frumos, nu este nevoie s\u0103 vorbe\u0219ti prea mult despre ea, pentru c\u0103 rezultatul este vizibil pentru to\u021bi. \u00cens\u0103, dac\u0103 \u0219tergi inscrip\u021bii de pe garduri, munca ta nu este observat\u0103, dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd gardurile arat\u0103 bine sau p\u00e2n\u0103 nu \u0219tergi ceva ce nu ar fi trebuit.<\/p>\n

Orice serviciu \u00een care po\u021bi l\u0103sa un comentariu, o recenzie, trimite un mesaj sau \u00eenc\u00e2rc\u0103 imagini, mai devreme sau mai t\u00e2rziu se confrunt\u0103 cu problema spamului, a fraudei \u0219i a limbajului vulgar. Acest lucru nu poate fi evitat, dar trebuie comb\u0103tut. <\/p>\n

M\u0103 numesc Mihail, lucrez \u00een echipa AntiSpam, care protejeaz\u0103 utilizatorii serviciilor Yandex de astfel de probleme. Munca noastr\u0103 este rar vizibil\u0103 (\u0219i bine!), a\u0219a c\u0103 ast\u0103zi voi povesti mai \u00een detaliu despre ea. Vei afla \u00een ce situa\u021bii moderarea este inutil\u0103 \u0219i de ce precizia nu este singurul indicator al eficien\u021bei acesteia. De asemenea, vom discuta despre obscenit\u0103\u021bi folosind exemple cu pisici \u0219i c\u00e2ini \u0219i despre motivul pentru care uneori este util s\u0103 'g\u00e2nde\u0219ti ca un obscen'.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u00cen Yandex apar din ce \u00een ce mai multe servicii \u00een care utilizatorii public\u0103 con\u021binutul lor. Po\u021bi pune o \u00eentrebare sau scrie un r\u0103spuns \u00een Yandex.Q, discuta despre nout\u0103\u021bile din zon\u0103 \u00een Yandex.District, sau \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i informa\u021bii despre trafic \u00een conversa\u021biile de pe Yandex.Maps. Dar pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce audien\u021ba serviciului cre\u0219te, devine atractiv\u0103 pentru fraude \u0219i spam. Ace\u0219tia vin \u0219i umplu comentariile: ofer\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tiguri u\u0219oare, promoveaz\u0103 remedii miraculoase \u0219i promit pl\u0103\u021bi sociale. Din cauza spamului, unii utilizatori \u00ee\u0219i pierd banii, iar al\u021bii \u00ee\u0219i pierd dorin\u021ba de a petrece timp pe un serviciu ne\u00eengrijit, plin de spam.<\/p>\n

\u0218i aceasta nu este singura problem\u0103. Ne str\u0103duim s\u0103 protej\u0103m nu doar utilizatorii de fraude, ci \u0219i s\u0103 cre\u0103m o atmosfer\u0103 confortabil\u0103 pentru comunicare. Dac\u0103 oamenii se confrunt\u0103 cu obscenit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i insulte \u00een comentarii, este foarte probabil c\u0103 vor pleca \u0219i nu se vor mai \u00eentoarce. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim cum s\u0103 combatem \u0219i acest aspect. <\/p>\n

Web curat<\/h3>\n

\nA\u0219a cum ne se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 adesea, primele ini\u021biative au ap\u0103rut \u00een C\u0103utare, \u00een acea parte care se ocup\u0103 de combaterea spamului \u00een rezultatele c\u0103ut\u0103rii. Acum aproximativ zece ani, a ap\u0103rut sarcina de a filtra con\u021binutul pentru adul\u021bi pentru c\u0103ut\u0103rile destinate familiilor \u0219i pentru cererile care nu presupun r\u0103spunsuri din categoria 18+. Astfel au ap\u0103rut primele dic\u021bionare de pornografie \u0219i vulgaritate, completate manual de anali\u0219ti. Sarcina principal\u0103 a fost clasificarea cererilor \u00een cele unde era permis s\u0103 se afi\u0219eze con\u021binut pentru adul\u021bi \u0219i cele unde nu. Pentru aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 s-a colectat marcaj, s-au construit heuristici \u0219i s-au antrenat modele. Astfel au ap\u0103rut primele ini\u021biative pentru filtrarea con\u021binutului nedorit.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timp, Yandex a \u00eenceput s\u0103 aib\u0103 UGC (con\u021binut generat de utilizatori) \u2014 mesaje scrise de utilizatori \u00een\u0219i\u0219i, iar Yandex le public\u0103 doar. Din motivele descrise mai sus, multe mesaje nu putea fi publicate f\u0103r\u0103 o verificare \u2014 era necesar\u0103 moderarea. Atunci s-a decis s\u0103 se fac\u0103 un serviciu care s\u0103 ofere protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spamului \u0219i a r\u0103uf\u0103c\u0103torilor pentru toate produsele UGC ale Yandex \u0219i s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 ini\u021biativele de filtrare a con\u021binutului nedorit din C\u0103utare. Serviciul a fost numit \u201eWeb Curat\u201d. <\/p>\n

Sarcini noi \u0219i ajutor din partea colaboratorilor<\/h3>\n

\nIni\u021bial, am avut doar o automatizare simpl\u0103: serviciile ne trimiteau texte, iar noi le verificam cu dic\u021bionare de vulgaritate, dic\u021bionare de pornografie \u0219i expresii regulate \u2014 anali\u0219tii compilau totul manual. Dar, \u00een timp, serviciul a fost aplicat \u00eentr-un num\u0103r tot mai mare de produse Yandex, iar noi am fost nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m s\u0103 lucr\u0103m cu probleme noi. <\/p>\n

Adesea, utilizatorii public\u0103 o succesiune de litere f\u0103r\u0103 sens \u00een loc de recenzii, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103-\u0219i creasc\u0103 realiz\u0103rile; uneori \u00ee\u0219i promoveaz\u0103 compania \u00een recenzii despre compania concurent\u0103, iar alteori pur \u0219i simplu confund\u0103 organiza\u021biile \u0219i \u00een recenzia unei pet shop scriu: \u201ePe\u0219tele a fost g\u0103tit splendid!\u201d. Poate c\u0103, \u00eentr-o bun\u0103 zi, inteligen\u021ba artificial\u0103 va \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 perfect sensul oric\u0103rui text, dar \u00een prezent, automatizarea uneori se descurc\u0103 mai r\u0103u dec\u00e2t un om. <\/p>\n

A devenit evident c\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 etichetare manual\u0103 nu putem sc\u0103pa, a\u0219a c\u0103 am ad\u0103ugat o a doua etap\u0103 la sistemul nostru - trimiterea pentru verificare manual\u0103 de c\u0103tre o persoan\u0103. Aici ajungeau acele texte publicate pentru care clasificatorul nu a identificat probleme. Scara acestei sarcini o pute\u021bi imagina cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu ne-am bazat doar pe evaluatori, ci am apelat \u0219i la \u201e\u00een\u021belepciunea mul\u021bimii\u201d, adic\u0103 am cerut ajutorul tolokerilor. Ace\u0219tia ne ajut\u0103 s\u0103 identific\u0103m ceea ce a ratat ma\u0219ina, \u0219i astfel dau o lec\u021bie acesteia. <\/p>\n

Cache inteligent \u0219i hashing LSH<\/h3>\n

\nO alt\u0103 problem\u0103 cu care ne-am confruntat \u00een gestionarea comentariilor a fost spamul, mai precis volumul \u0219i viteza de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire a acestuia. C\u00e2nd audien\u021ba Yandex.District a \u00eenceput s\u0103 creasc\u0103 rapid, acolo au venit spammeri. Ace\u0219tia au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 ocoleasc\u0103 regex-urile, schimb\u00e2nd u\u0219or textul. Spam-ul, evident, era totu\u0219i detectat \u0219i \u0219ters, dar \u00een dimensiunile Yandex-ului, un mesaj inacceptabil postat chiar \u0219i timp de 5 minute putea fi v\u0103zut de sute de persoane. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nAcest lucru, evident, nu ne-a mul\u021bumit, a\u0219a c\u0103 am dezvoltat un caching inteligent al textelor bazat pe LSH (hashing sensibil la localitate<\/a><\/noindex>). Func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel: normaliz\u0103m textul, elimin\u0103m linkurile \u0219i \u00eel fragment\u0103m \u00een n-gramuri (secven\u021be de n litere). Apoi calcul\u0103m hash-urile n-gramurilor \u0219i pe baza acestora construim vectorul LSH al documentului. Ideea este c\u0103 texte asem\u0103n\u0103toare, chiar dac\u0103 au fost u\u0219or modificate, se transform\u0103 \u00een vectori asem\u0103n\u0103tori. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie a permis reutilizarea verdictelor clasificatorilor \u0219i tolokerilor pentru texte similare. \u00cen timpul atacurilor spam, de \u00eendat\u0103 ce primul mesaj trecea de verificare \u0219i era stocat \u00een cache cu verdictul \u201espam\u201d, toate mesajele similare noi, chiar \u0219i cele modificate, primeau acela\u0219i verdict \u0219i erau \u0219terse automat. Ulterior, am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 instruim \u0219i s\u0103 re-instruim automat clasificatorii de spam, dar acest \u201ecache inteligent\u201d a r\u0103mas cu noi \u0219i ne ajut\u0103 adesea \u0219i ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

Clasificatorul textelor bune<\/h3>\n

\nNefiind timp s\u0103 ne revenim dup\u0103 lupta cu spamul, ne-am dat seama c\u0103 95% din con\u021binutul nostru este moderat manual: clasificatorii r\u0103spund doar la abateri, iar majoritatea textelor sunt bune. Angaj\u0103m speciali\u0219ti care, \u00een 95 din 100 de cazuri, ofer\u0103 evaluarea \u201eTotul OK\u201d. A trebuit s\u0103 ne ocup\u0103m de o munc\u0103 mai pu\u021bin obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u2014 s\u0103 cre\u0103m clasificatori pentru con\u021binut de calitate, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 am acumulat suficient\u0103 etichetare \u00een acest timp.<\/p>\n

Primul clasificator ar\u0103ta astfel: lemmatiz\u0103m textul (aducem cuvintele la forma lor de baz\u0103), elimin\u0103m toate p\u0103r\u021bile de vorbire func\u021bionale \u0219i aplic\u0103m un \u201edic\u021bionar al lemmelor de calitate\u201d preg\u0103tit anterior. Dac\u0103 toate cuvintele din text sunt \u201ebune\u201d, atunci \u00eentreg textul nu con\u021bine abateri. Pe diferite servicii, aceast\u0103 abordare a dus la o automatizare de 25-35% din etichetarea manual\u0103. Desigur, aceast\u0103 abordare nu este perfect\u0103: nu este greu s\u0103 combin\u0103m c\u00e2teva cuvinte nevinovate \u0219i s\u0103 ob\u021binem o afirma\u021bie foarte jignitoare, dar ne-a permis s\u0103 atingem rapid un nivel bun de automatizare \u0219i ne-a dat timp s\u0103 antren\u0103m modele mai complexe.<\/p>\n

Versiunile urm\u0103toare ale clasificatorilor de texte de calitate au inclus deja at\u00e2t modele liniare, c\u00e2t \u0219i arbori de decizie, \u0219i combina\u021biile lor. Pentru etichetarea vulgarit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i insultelor, de exemplu, \u00eencerc\u0103m re\u021beaua neuronal\u0103 BERT. Aici este important s\u0103 surprinzi semnifica\u021bia cuv\u00e2ntului \u00een context \u0219i rela\u021bia dintre cuvinte din propozi\u021bii diferite, iar BERT se descurc\u0103 destul de bine cu acest lucru. (Apropo, recent colegii din \u0219tiri despre<\/a><\/noindex>, cum aplic\u0103 tehnologia pentru o sarcin\u0103 neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u2014 c\u0103utarea erorilor \u00een titluri.) \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 automatiz\u0103m p\u00e2n\u0103 la 90% din flux, \u00een func\u021bie de serviciu. <\/p>\n

Precizie, completitudine \u0219i vitez\u0103<\/h3>\n

\nPentru a ne dezvolta, trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem ce beneficii aduc diferitele clasificatoare automate, modific\u0103rile acestora, precum \u0219i dac\u0103 calitatea verific\u0103rilor manuale nu se degradeaz\u0103. Pentru aceasta, aplic\u0103m indicatorii de precizie \u0219i completitudine. <\/p>\n

Precizia reprezint\u0103 propor\u021bia verdictelor corecte dintre toate verdicturile referitoare la con\u021binutul inadecvat. Cu c\u00e2t precizia este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t mai pu\u021bine falsuri. Dac\u0103 nu ne ocup\u0103m de precizie, teoretic am putea elimina tot spamul \u0219i obscenit\u0103\u021bile, dar, de asemenea, am elimina jum\u0103tate din mesajele bune. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, dac\u0103 ne baz\u0103m doar pe precizie, cea mai bun\u0103 tehnologie ar fi aceea care nu prinde pe nimeni. Prin urmare, exist\u0103 \u0219i un alt indicator, completitudinea: propor\u021bia de con\u021binut inadecvat identificat dintre tot volumul de con\u021binut inadecvat. Aceste dou\u0103 metrici se echilibreaz\u0103 reciproc. <\/p>\n

Pentru a m\u0103sura, lu\u0103m mostre din \u00eentreg fluxul de intrare pentru fiecare serviciu \u0219i oferim mostre de con\u021binut evaluatorilor pentru a le evalua expert \u0219i a le compara cu solu\u021biile automate. <\/p>\n

Dar exist\u0103 \u0219i un alt indicator important. <\/p>\n

Mai sus am men\u021bionat c\u0103 un mesaj inacceptabil poate fi v\u0103zut \u00een decurs de 5 minute de sute de oameni. De aceea, num\u0103r\u0103m c\u00e2te ori am reu\u0219it s\u0103 ar\u0103t\u0103m oamenilor con\u021binut inadecvat \u00eenainte de a-l ascunde. Acest lucru este important, deoarece nu este suficient s\u0103 lucr\u0103m eficient - trebuie s\u0103 lucr\u0103m \u0219i rapid. \u0218i atunci c\u00e2nd am construit protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva obscenit\u0103\u021bilor, am sim\u021bit acest lucru pe deplin. <\/p>\n

Anti-obscenit\u0103\u021bi pe baza exemplului pisicu\u021belor \u0219i c\u0103\u021beilor<\/h3>\n

\nO mic\u0103 digresiune. Unii ar putea spune c\u0103 obscenit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i insultele nu sunt la fel de periculoase ca linkurile d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i nu sunt la fel de enervante ca spamul. Dar ne str\u0103duim s\u0103 men\u021binem condi\u021bii confortabile pentru comunicarea milioanelor de utilizatori, iar oamenii nu revin acolo unde sunt injura\u021bi. Nu degeaba, interzicerea obscenit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i insultele sunt stipulate \u00een regulile multor comunit\u0103\u021bi, inclusiv pe Habr. Dar ne-am ab\u0103tut de la subiect. <\/p>\n

Dic\u021bionarele obscenit\u0103\u021bilor nu reu\u0219esc s\u0103 surprind\u0103 toat\u0103 bog\u0103\u021bia limbii ruse. Chiar dac\u0103 exist\u0103 doar patru r\u0103d\u0103cini obscene principale, din ele se pot formula nenum\u0103rate cuvinte, pe care nu le po\u021bi prinde cu expresii regulate. \u00cen plus, se poate scrie \u00een transliterare o parte din cuv\u00e2nt, \u00eenlocuind literele cu combina\u021bii asem\u0103n\u0103toare, schimb\u00e2nd literele \u00eentre ele, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd stele etc. Uneori, f\u0103r\u0103 context, este imposibil s\u0103 determin\u0103m ce cuv\u00e2nt obscen a avut \u00een vedere utilizatorul. Respect\u0103m regulile Habr, a\u0219a c\u0103 vom demonstra acest lucru nu cu exemple reale, ci cu pisicu\u021be \u0219i c\u0103\u021bei. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\n\u201eMeow\u201d, a spus pisicu\u021ba. Dar \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 pisicu\u021ba a spus un alt cuv\u00e2nt...<\/p>\n

Am \u00eenceput s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la algoritmii de \u201epotrivire fuzzy\u201d din vocabularul nostru \u0219i la un proces de preprocesare mai inteligent: transformam transliterarea, uniuneam spa\u021biile \u0219i punctua\u021bia, c\u0103utam modele \u0219i scriam expresii regulate separate pentru acestea. Aceast\u0103 abordare a adus rezultate, dar a sc\u0103zut adesea precizia, f\u0103r\u0103 a oferi completitudinea dorit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Atunci am decis s\u0103 \u201eg\u00e2ndim ca o persoan\u0103 vulgar\u0103\u201d. Am \u00eenceput s\u0103 introducem zgomot \u00een date: am reorganizat literele, am generat gre\u0219eli de tipar, am \u00eenlocuit literele cu altele asem\u0103n\u0103toare \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Am luat initiala etichetare aplic\u00e2nd dic\u021bionare de vulgaritate pe corpuri mari de texte. Dac\u0103 lu\u0103m o propozi\u021bie \u0219i o tortur\u0103m \u00een mai multe moduri, ob\u021binem deja multe propozi\u021bii. Astfel putem s\u0103 cre\u0219tem setul de date de antrenament de zeci de ori. R\u0103m\u00e2nea doar s\u0103 antren\u0103m pe acest set de date un model mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin inteligent care s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 cont de context. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nEste prea devreme s\u0103 vorbim despre solu\u021bia final\u0103. \u00cenc\u0103 experiment\u0103m cu abord\u0103rile acestei probleme, dar vedem deja c\u0103 o re\u021bea convolu\u021bional\u0103 simpl\u0103 bazat\u0103 pe caractere din mai multe straturi dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te semnificativ dic\u021bionarele \u0219i expresiile regulate: se poate cre\u0219te at\u00e2t precizia, c\u00e2t \u0219i completitudinea.<\/p>\n

Desigur, \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 vor exista \u00eentotdeauna modalit\u0103\u021bi de a ocoli chiar \u0219i cea mai avansat\u0103 automatizare, mai ales c\u00e2nd este o activitate at\u00e2t de captivant\u0103: a scrie astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t o ma\u0219in\u0103 prost\u0103 s\u0103 nu \u00een\u021beleag\u0103. Aici, la fel ca \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva spamului, nu avem scopul de a eradica posibilitatea de a scrie ceva vulgarn, ci de a face ca jocul s\u0103 nu merite efortul.<\/p>\n

A deschide oportunitatea de a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i opinii, de a comunica \u0219i de a comenta nu este greu. Mult mai dificil este s\u0103 ajungi la condi\u021bii sigure, confortabile \u0219i la un respect reciproc \u00eentre oameni. F\u0103r\u0103 acestea, nu va exista dezvoltare pentru nicio comunitate.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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