{"id":75250,"date":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas"},"modified":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","slug":"obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","title":{"rendered":"Discu\u021bie: utilitare standard UNIX, pe care foarte pu\u021bini le-au folosit \u0219i le folosesc acum","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Acum o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, Douglas McIlroy, dezvoltatorul conductei UNIX \u0219i autorul conceptului de \u201eprogramare orientat\u0103 pe componente\u201d, a spus<\/a><\/noindex> a discutat despre programele UNIX interesante \u0219i neobi\u0219nuite, care nu au avut o utilizare pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103. Publica\u021bia a generat o discu\u021bie activ\u0103 pe Hacker News. Am adunat cele mai interesante \u0219i ne-ar face pl\u0103cere dac\u0103 v-a\u021bi al\u0103tura discu\u021biei.<\/p>\n

\"Discu\u021bie:<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFotografie \u2014 Virginia Johnson<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Lucrul cu textul<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen sistemele de operare asem\u0103n\u0103toare UNIX exist\u0103 un set standard de instrumente pentru formatarea textului. Utilitarul typo<\/i><\/b> permitea vizualizarea documentelor pentru erori de tipar \u0219i hapax legomena<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 cuvinte care apar doar o dat\u0103 \u00een material. Ceea ce este interesant este c\u0103 pentru a g\u0103si erori de tipar, programul nu folose\u0219te<\/a><\/noindex> se bazeaz\u0103 pe dic\u021bionare. Se bazeaz\u0103 exclusiv pe informa\u021biile din fi\u0219ier \u0219i efectueaz\u0103 o analiz\u0103 frecven\u021bial\u0103 pe trigramuri (secven\u021be de trei caractere). \u00cen acest proces, to\u021bi contorii necesari sunt stoca\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eentr-un tablou de 26x26x26. Conform spuselor lui Douglas McIlroy, aceast\u0103 cantitate de memorie era suficient\u0103 doar pentru c\u00e2\u021biva contori de un byte. Prin urmare, pentru a economisi, ace\u0219tia erau scri\u0219i \u00een form\u0103 logaritmic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, typo a fost \u00eenlocuit de programe de verificare a ortografiei mai moderne \u0219i precise, bazate pe dic\u021bionare. Totu\u0219i, instrumentul este \u00eenc\u0103 amintit \u2014 acum c\u00e2\u021biva ani, un entuziast a prezentat<\/a><\/noindex> a realizat o implementare typo \u00een Go. Repozitoriul este \u00eenc\u0103 actualizat.<\/p>\n

Un alt instrument pentru lucrul cu documente din anii '80 este pachetul Caietul de lucru al scriitorului<\/i><\/b> de Lorinda Cherry \u0219i Nina McDonald de la Bell Labs. Acesta con\u021binea instrumente pentru identificarea p\u0103r\u021bilor de vorbire \u0219i a stilului documentului, c\u0103utarea tautologiilor \u0219i a frazelor excesiv de complicate. Utilitarele au fost dezvoltate ca suport pentru studen\u021bi, iar o perioad\u0103 au fost utilizate de<\/a><\/noindex> studen\u021bii de la Universitatea de Stat din Colorado, SUA. \u00cens\u0103, la \u00eenceputul anilor '90, Writer\u2019s Workbench a fost uitat, deoarece nu a fost inclus \u00een Version 7 Unix. Totu\u0219i, acest instrument a continuat s\u0103 inspir\u0435 imitatori \u2014 de exemplu, s-a utilizat<\/a><\/noindex> studen\u021bii Universit\u0103\u021bii de Stat din Colorado din SUA. \u00cens\u0103, la \u00eenceputul anilor '90, Caietul de lucru al scriitorului a fost uitat, deoarece nu a fost inclus \u00een Versiunea 7 Unix. Totu\u0219i, acest instrument a continuat s\u0103 inspire imita\u021biile \u2014 de exemplu, pentru IBM PC.<\/a><\/noindex> \u00cen UNIX exist\u0103, de asemenea, instrumente standard care simplific\u0103 munca cu formule. Exist\u0103 un preprocesor de limbaj pentru formatarea expresiilor matematice<\/p>\n

. Acesta se remarc\u0103 prin faptul c\u0103 pentru a afi\u0219a o formul\u0103, dezvoltatorul trebuie doar s\u0103 o descrie cu cuvinte simple \u0219i simboluri. Cuvintele cheie permit mutarea semnelor matematice pe vertical\u0103 \u0219i orizontal\u0103, modificarea dimensiunii \u0219i altor parametrii. Dac\u0103 se transmite utilitarului un \u0219ir: eqn<\/i><\/b>. Este remarcabil prin faptul c\u0103, pentru a afi\u0219a formula, dezvoltatorul trebuie s\u0103 o descrie \u00een cuvinte \u0219i simboluri simple. Cuvintele cheie permit deplasarea semnelor matematice pe vertical\u0103 \u0219i pe orizontal\u0103, schimbarea dimensiunilor acestora \u0219i alte parametrii. Dac\u0103 se transmite utilitarului un \u0219ir:<\/p>\n

suma de { k = 1 } p\u00e2n\u0103 la N { k sup 2 }<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nUrm\u0103toarea formul\u0103 va fi generat\u0103:<\/p>\n
\"Discu\u021bie:<\/p>\n
\n\u00cen anii 1980-1990 eqn a ajutat<\/a><\/noindex> speciali\u0219tii IT s\u0103 scrie manuale pentru software. \u00cens\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu a fost \u00eenlocuit de sistemul LaTeX, pe care folose\u0219te<\/a><\/noindex> inclusiv Habr. Dar eqn este primul instrument de acest gen, care r\u0103m\u00e2ne parte a sistemelor de operare de tip UNIX.<\/p>\n
Lucrul cu fi\u0219ierele<\/h2>\n
\n\u00centr-un thread tematic, reziden\u021bii Hacker News au men\u021bionat c\u00e2teva utilitare rar folosite pentru gestionarea fi\u0219ierelor. Una dintre acestea existau<\/a><\/noindex> comm<\/i><\/b> pentru compararea lor. Acesta este un echivalent simplificat diff<\/a><\/noindex>, destinat utiliz\u0103rii \u00een scripturi. A fost Jurnalistul Bloomberg Jason Schreier<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eensu\u0219i Richard Stallman \u00eempreun\u0103 cu David MacKenzie.<\/p>\n
Ie\u0219irea programului const\u0103 din trei coloane. \u00cen prima coloan\u0103 se afl\u0103 valorile unice pentru primul fi\u0219ier, \u00een a doua \u2014 cele unice pentru al doilea fi\u0219ier. A treia coloan\u0103 include valorile comune. Pentru a func\u021biona corect, comm documentele comparate trebuie s\u0103 fie sortate lexicografic. Prin urmare, unul dintre reziden\u021bii platformei a propus<\/a><\/noindex> s\u0103 lucreze cu utilitarul \u00een urm\u0103toarea variant\u0103:<\/p>\n
comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nComm este convenabil de utilizat pentru a verifica scrierea cuvintelor. Este suficient s\u0103 le compari cu un document-standard de tip dic\u021bionar. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere detaliile legate de necesitatea de a sorta fi\u0219ierele, exist\u0103 o p\u0103rere<\/a><\/noindex>, ceea ce Stallman \u0219i MacKenzie au scris utilitarul lor exclusiv pentru acest caz de utilizare.<\/p>\n
\"Discu\u021bie:
\nFotografie \u2014 Marnix Hogendoorn<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n
De asemenea, participant la discu\u021bia de pe HN unul dintre voluntarii care sus\u021bin localizarea \u00een limba rus\u0103, varianta eronat\u0103 este mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i familiar\u0103 pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor (de exemplu, \u00een interfa\u021ba macOS, Apple folose\u0219te \u201e\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u201d, iar Microsoft \u00een Windows, utilizatorii c\u0103ruia sunt mult mai numero\u0219i dec\u00e2t utilizatorii macOS, folose\u0219te \u201e\u041a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u201d). \u00cen localiz\u0103rile ucrainene \u0219i belaruse se folose\u0219te de asemenea \u201e\u041a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u201d. \u00cen plus, limba nu este static\u0103, ea evolueaz\u0103 constant \u0219i se schimb\u0103, iar regulile ei se adapteaz\u0103 majorit\u0103\u021bii vorbitorilor.<\/a><\/noindex> posibilit\u0103\u021bile operatorului paste<\/b><\/i>, care erau neobi\u0219nuite pentru el. Acesta permite intercalarea fluxurilor de date sau \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea unui flux \u00eentr-o coloan\u0103 \u00een timpul ie\u0219irii:<\/p>\n
$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )\nfoo     baz\nbar     qux\n$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -\nfoo     bar\nbaz     qux\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nUn utilizator am observat<\/a><\/noindex>, ceea ce adesea pentru a \u00eendeplini aceste opera\u021bii simple se folosesc solu\u021bii nu cele mai optime: \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu fmt<\/a><\/noindex>, ex<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i termin\u00e2nd cu mlr<\/a><\/noindex> de jot<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i rs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
Ce posibilit\u0103\u021bi standard ale sistemelor de operare de tip UNIX au fost o descoperire pentru tine?<\/i><\/p>\n
Despre ce scriem \u00een blogul nostru corporativ:<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Discu\u021bie: Cum s-a dezvoltat sistemul numelui de domeniu: era ARPANET<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Discu\u021bie: Istoria sistemului de nume de domenii: primele servere DNS<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Discu\u021bie: Istoria DNS: c\u00e2nd numele de domeniu au devenit pl\u0103tite<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Discu\u021bie: Istoria sistemului numelui de domeniu: 'r\u0103zboaiele' protocoalelor<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 (Douglas McIlroy), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 UNIX \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 UNIX-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Hacker News. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 Virginia Johnson \u2014 Unsplash \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0412 UNIX-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":75251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Discu\u021bie: utilitare standard UNIX care sunt rareori folosite \u0219i utilizate acum | ProHoster","description":"Acum o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, Douglas McIlroy, dezvoltatorul conductei UNIX \u0219i autorul conceptului de \u201eprogramare orientat\u0103 pe 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