{"id":75917,"date":"2020-03-29T13:42:35","date_gmt":"2020-03-29T11:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/rukovodstvo-po-aircrack-ng-v-linux-dlya-novichkov"},"modified":"2020-03-29T13:42:35","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T11:42:35","slug":"rukovodstvo-po-aircrack-ng-v-linux-dlya-novichkov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/rukovodstvo-po-aircrack-ng-v-linux-dlya-novichkov","title":{"rendered":"Ghidul Aircrack-ng \u00een Linux pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Salut tuturor. \u00cen preg\u0103tirea \u00eenceperii cursului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/2T7g\/\">\u201ePractica Kali Linux\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> am preg\u0103tit pentru voi traducerea unui articol interesant.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ghidul Aircrack-ng \u00een Linux pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/f794182b2398b8742e8b706f279a857c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nGhidul de ast\u0103zi v\u0103 va familiariza cu elementele de baz\u0103 pentru a \u00eencepe lucrul cu pachetul <i>aircrack-ng<\/i>. Desigur, nu este posibil s\u0103 oferim toate informa\u021biile necesare \u0219i s\u0103 acoperim fiecare scenariu. A\u0219a c\u0103 preg\u0103ti\u021bi-v\u0103 s\u0103 face\u021bi temele \u0219i s\u0103 efectua\u021bi cercet\u0103ri pe cont propriu. Pe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.aircrack-ng.org\/\">forum<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i \u00een <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=main\">Wiki<\/a><\/noindex> sunt multe tutoriale suplimentare \u0219i alte informa\u021bii utile.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i nu acoper\u0103 to\u021bi pa\u0219ii de la \u00eenceput la sf\u00e2r\u0219it, ghidul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=simple_wep_crack\">Simple WEP Crack<\/a><\/noindex> detaliaz\u0103 lucrul cu <i>aircrack-ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h3>Configurarea echipamentului, instalarea Aircrack-ng<\/h3>\n<p>\n Primul pas pentru a asigura func\u021bionarea corect\u0103 <i>aircrack-ng<\/i> \u00een sistemul t\u0103u Linux este patching-ul \u0219i instalarea driverului corespunz\u0103tor pentru placa ta de re\u021bea. Multe pl\u0103ci func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu mai mul\u021bi drivere, unele dintre acestea oferind func\u021bionalitatea necesar\u0103 pentru utilizarea <i>aircrack-ng<\/i>, altele nu. <\/p>\n<p>Cred c\u0103 este de prisos s\u0103 spun c\u0103 ai nevoie de o plac\u0103 de re\u021bea compatibil\u0103 cu pachetul <i>aircrack-ng<\/i>. A\u0219adar, hardware-ul care este complet compatibil \u0219i poate efectua injec\u021bii de pachete. Cu o plac\u0103 de re\u021bea compatibil\u0103, po\u021bi sparge un punct de acces wireless \u00een mai pu\u021bin de o or\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a determina la ce categorie apar\u021bine placa ta, consult\u0103 pagina <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=compatibility_drivers\">de compatibilitate a echipamentului<\/a><\/noindex>. Cite\u0219te <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=compatible_cards\">Tutorial: Este placa mea wireless compatibil\u0103?<\/a><\/noindex>, dac\u0103 nu \u0219tii cum s\u0103 interpretezi tabelul. Cu toate acestea, acest lucru nu te va \u00eempiedica s\u0103 cite\u0219ti ghidul, care te va ajuta s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021bi ceva nou \u0219i s\u0103 verifici anumite caracteristici ale pl\u0103cii tale.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru \u00eenceput, trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii ce chipset este folosit \u00een placa ta de re\u021bea \u0219i ce driver \u00ee\u021bi va necesita. Trebuie s\u0103 determine acest lucru folosind informa\u021biile din paragraful de mai sus. \u00cen sec\u021biunea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=install_drivers\">drivers<\/a><\/noindex> vei afla ce drivere ai nevoie.<\/p>\n<h3>Instalarea aircrack-ng<\/h3>\n<p>\n Ultima versiune de aircrack-ng poate fi ob\u021binut\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=main\">desc\u0103rc\u00e2nd-o de pe pagina principal\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, sau po\u021bi utiliza o distribu\u021bie pentru testarea penetr\u0103rii, cum ar fi Kali Linux sau Pentoo, care con\u021bine ultima versiune <i>aircrack-ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a instala aircrack-ng, consult\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=install_aircrack\">documenta\u021bia de pe pagina de instalare<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Bazele IEEE 802.11<\/h3>\n<p>\n Bine, acum c\u0103 totul este preg\u0103tit, este timpul s\u0103 facem o pauz\u0103 \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe s\u0103 ac\u021bion\u0103m \u0219i s\u0103 afl\u0103m c\u00e2teva lucruri despre modul \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 re\u021belele wireless. <\/p>\n<p>Partea urm\u0103toare este important\u0103 pentru a putea \u00een\u021belege dac\u0103 ceva nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103 a\u0219a cum era de a\u0219teptat. \u00cen\u021belegerea modului \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 toate acestea te va ajuta s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti problema sau, cel pu\u021bin, s\u0103 o descrii corect, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t altcineva s\u0103 te poat\u0103 ajuta. Aici, totul este pu\u021bin complicat, \u0219i s-ar putea s\u0103 vrei s\u0103 sari peste aceast\u0103 parte. Totu\u0219i, pentru a sparge re\u021belele wireless, ai nevoie de pu\u021bin cuno\u0219tin\u021be, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t spargerea este un pic mai mult dec\u00e2t pur \u0219i simplu a introduce o comand\u0103 \u0219i a l\u0103sa aircrack s\u0103 fac\u0103 totul pentru tine.<\/p>\n<h3>Cum s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti o re\u021bea wireless<\/h3>\n<p>\n Aceast\u0103 parte este o scurt\u0103 introducere \u00een re\u021belele gestionate care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu puncte de acces (Access Point, AP). Fiecare punct de acces trimite aproximativ 10 a\u0219a-numite beacon frame pe secund\u0103. Aceste pachete con\u021bin urm\u0103toarele informa\u021bii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Numele re\u021belei (ESSID);<\/li>\n<li>Dac\u0103 se folose\u0219te criptarea (\u0219i ce tip de criptare este utilizat\u0103, dar re\u021bine c\u0103 aceste informa\u021bii pot s\u0103 nu fie adev\u0103rate, doar pentru c\u0103 punctul de acces afirm\u0103 acest lucru);<\/li>\n<li>Ce viteze de transfer sunt suportate (\u00een MBit);<\/li>\n<li>Pe ce canal se afl\u0103 re\u021beaua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie este afi\u0219at\u0103 \u00een instrumentul care se conecteaz\u0103 specific la aceast\u0103 re\u021bea. Este afi\u0219at\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd permi\u021bi cardului s\u0103 scaneze re\u021bele folosind <code><code>iwlist &lt;<\/code>interface&gt; scan<\/code> \u0219i c\u00e2nd execu\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=airodump-ng\">airodump-ng<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Fiecare punct de acces are o adres\u0103 MAC unic\u0103 (48 bi\u021bi, 6 perechi de cifre hexazecimale). Arat\u0103 cam a\u0219a: 00:01:23:4A:BC:DE. Fiecare dispozitiv de re\u021bea are o astfel de adres\u0103, iar dispozitivele de re\u021bea interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eentre ele folosind aceste adrese. A\u0219adar, este ceva de genul unui nume unic. Adresele MAC sunt unice \u0219i nu exist\u0103 dou\u0103 dispozitive cu acelea\u0219i adrese MAC.<\/p>\n<h3>Conectarea la re\u021bea<\/h3>\n<p>\nExist\u0103 mai multe moduri de a te conecta la o re\u021bea wireless. \u00cen cele mai multe cazuri, se folose\u0219te Open System Authentication. (Op\u021bional: dac\u0103 dore\u0219ti s\u0103 afli mai multe despre autentificare, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/documentation.netgear.com\/reference\/fra\/wireless\/WirelessNetworkingBasics-3-06.html\">cite\u0219te asta<\/a><\/noindex>.)<\/p>\n<p>Open System Authentication:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Solicit\u0103 autentificarea punctului de acces;<\/li>\n<li>Punctul de acces r\u0103spunde: OK, e\u0219ti autentificat.<\/li>\n<li>Solicit\u0103 asocierea cu punctul de acces;<\/li>\n<li>Punctul de acces r\u0103spunde: OK, e\u0219ti conectat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Acesta este cel mai simplu caz, dar apar probleme atunci c\u00e2nd nu ave\u021bi drepturi de acces, deoarece:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Se utilizeaz\u0103 WPA\/WPA2 \u0219i ave\u021bi nevoie de autentificare APOL. Punctul de acces va refuza conexiunea \u00een a doua etap\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Punctul de acces are o list\u0103 de clien\u021bi permisi (adrese MAC) \u0219i nu va permite conectarea niciunui alt client. Acesta se nume\u0219te filtrare pe MAC.<\/li>\n<li>Punctul de acces folose\u0219te Autentificarea cu Cheie Comun\u0103, adic\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 furniza\u021bi cheia WEP corect\u0103 pentru a v\u0103 conecta. (Vezi sec\u021biunea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=shared_key\">\"Cum s\u0103 efectuezi autentificarea fals\u0103 cu cheia comun\u0103?\"<\/a><\/noindex> pentru a afla mai multe despre acest lucru)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sniffing \u0219i hacking simple <\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Detectarea re\u021belelor<\/h4>\n<p>\nPrimul lucru pe care trebuie s\u0103-l face\u021bi este s\u0103 g\u0103si\u021bi o \u021bint\u0103 poten\u021bial\u0103. \u00cen pachetul aircrack-ng exist\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=airodump-ng\">airodump-ng<\/a><\/noindex>, dar pute\u021bi folosi \u0219i alte programe, de exemplu, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kismetwireless.net\/\">Kismet<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenainte de a c\u0103uta re\u021bele, trebuie s\u0103 trece\u021bi adaptorul la a\u0219a-numitul \u201emod de monitorizare\u201d. Mod de monitorizare este un mod special care permite computerului dvs. s\u0103 asculte pachetele de re\u021bea. Acest mod permite, de asemenea, injectarea de pachete. Despre inject\u0103ri vom discuta data viitoare.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a trece adaptorul de re\u021bea \u00een mod de monitorizare, folosi\u021bi <i><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=airmon-ng\">airmon-ng<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">airmon-ng start wlan0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Astfel, ve\u021bi crea o alt\u0103 interfa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i o ve\u021bi ad\u0103uga <i>\u201emon\u201d<\/i>. A\u0219adar, <i>wlan0<\/i> va deveni <i>wlan0mon<\/i>. Pentru a verifica dac\u0103 adaptorul de re\u021bea este cu adev\u0103rat \u00een mod de monitorizare, rula\u021bi <code>iwconfig<\/code> \u0219i verifica\u021bi singuri. <\/p>\n<p>Apoi, rula\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=airodump-ng\">airodump-ng<\/a><\/noindex> pentru a c\u0103uta re\u021bele:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">airodump-ng wlan0mon<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dac\u0103 <i>airodump-ng<\/i> nu se va putea conecta la dispozitivul WLAN, ve\u021bi vedea ceva de genul:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ghidul Aircrack-ng \u00een Linux pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/c554cbdf6f062b0aa7029cc257ac350a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=airodump-ng\">airodump-ng<\/a><\/noindex> s\u0103ri\u021bi de pe canal pe canal \u0219i arat\u0103 toate punctele de acces de la care prime\u0219te beacons. Canalele de la 1 la 14 sunt utilizate pentru standardele 802.11 b \u0219i g (\u00een SUA este permis s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 doar de la 1 la 11; \u00een Europa de la 1 la 13 cu anumite excep\u021bii; \u00een Japonia de la 1 la 14). 802.11a func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een banda de 5 GHz, iar disponibilitatea sa variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de \u021b\u0103ri mai mult dec\u00e2t \u00een banda de 2,4 GHz. \u00cen general, canalele cunoscute \u00eencep cu 36 (32 \u00een unele \u021b\u0103ri) p\u00e2n\u0103 la 64 (68 \u00een unele \u021b\u0103ri) \u0219i de la 96 la 165. Pe Wikipedia pute\u021bi g\u0103si informa\u021bii mai detaliate despre disponibilitatea canalelor. \u00cen Linux, reglement\u0103rile privind permiterea\/interzicerea transmisiilor pe anumite canale pentru \u021bara dumneavoastr\u0103 sunt gestionate de <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wireless.wiki.kernel.org\/en\/developers\/Regulatory\/CRDA\">Central Regulatory Domain Agent<\/a><\/noindex>; totu\u0219i, acesta trebuie configurat corespunz\u0103tor.<\/p>\n<p>Canalul curent este afi\u0219at \u00een col\u021bul din st\u00e2nga sus.<br \/>\nDup\u0103 un timp, vor ap\u0103rea puncte de acces \u0219i (sper\u0103m) c\u00e2\u021biva clien\u021bi asocia\u021bi.<br \/>\nBlocul superior arat\u0103 punctele de acces detectate:<\/p>\n<p>bssid<br \/>\nadresa MAC a punctului de acces<\/p>\n<p>pwr<br \/>\ncalitatea semnalului atunci c\u00e2nd canalul este selectat <\/p>\n<p>pwr<br \/>\nputerea semnalului. unele drivere nu o raporteaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>beacons<br \/>\nnum\u0103rul de beacons primite. dac\u0103 lipse\u0219te indicatorul puterii semnalului, \u00eel pute\u021bi m\u0103sura \u00een beacons: cu c\u00e2t sunt mai multe beacons, cu at\u00e2t semnalul este mai bun.<\/p>\n<p>data<br \/>\nnum\u0103rul de cadre de date primite<\/p>\n<p>ch<br \/>\ncanalul pe care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 punctul de acces<\/p>\n<p>mb<br \/>\nviteza sau modul punctului de acces. 11 este pur 802.11b, 54 este pur 802.11g. valorile \u00eentre aceste dou\u0103 sunt un amestec.<\/p>\n<p>enc<br \/>\ncriptare: opn: f\u0103r\u0103 criptare, wep: criptare wep, wpa: wpa sau wpa2, wep?: wep sau wpa (neclar pentru moment)<\/p>\n<p>essid<br \/>\nnumele re\u021belei, uneori ascuns<\/p>\n<p>Blocul de jos arat\u0103 clien\u021bii detecta\u021bi:<\/p>\n<p>bssid<br \/>\nadresa MAC cu care clientul este asociat la acest punct de acces<\/p>\n<p>station<br \/>\nadresa MAC a clientului \u00eensu\u0219i<\/p>\n<p>pwr<br \/>\nputerea semnalului. unele drivere nu o raporteaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>packets<br \/>\nnum\u0103rul de cadre de date primite<\/p>\n<p>probes<br \/>\nnumele re\u021belelor (essid) pe care acest client le-a testat deja<\/p>\n<p>Acum trebuie s\u0103 monitoriza\u021bi re\u021beaua \u021bint\u0103. La aceasta trebuie s\u0103 fie conectat cel pu\u021bin un client, deoarece spargerea re\u021belelor f\u0103r\u0103 clien\u021bi este o tem\u0103 mai complex\u0103 (vezi sec\u021biunea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=how_to_crack_wep_with_no_clients\">Cum s\u0103 spargi WEP f\u0103r\u0103 clien\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex>). Aceasta ar trebui s\u0103 utilizeze criptarea WEP \u0219i s\u0103 aib\u0103 un semnal bun. Poate c\u0103 pute\u021bi schimba pozi\u021bia antenei pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi recep\u021bia semnalului. Uneori, c\u00e2\u021biva centimetri pot face diferen\u021ba \u00een puterea semnalului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen exemplul de mai sus, exist\u0103 re\u021beaua 00:01:02:03:04:05. A fost singura \u021bint\u0103 posibil\u0103, deoarece doar la ea este conectat un client. De asemenea, are un semnal bun, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t este o \u021bint\u0103 potrivit\u0103 pentru practic\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Sniifingul Vectorilor de Inializare<\/h3>\n<p>\n Din cauza sarcinilor pe canale, nu ve\u021bi intercepta toate pachetele din re\u021beaua \u021bint\u0103. Prin urmare, dorim s\u0103 ascult\u0103m doar pe un singur canal \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103m toate datele pe disc, pentru a le folosi ulterior pentru spargere:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">airodump-ng -c 11 --bssid 00:01:02:03:04:05 -w dump wlan0mon<\/code><\/pre>\n<p> Prin parametru <code>-s<\/code> alege\u021bi canalul, iar parametrul de dup\u0103 <code>-w<\/code> este prefixul dump-urilor de re\u021bea salvate pe disc. Flag-ul <code>\u2013bssid<\/code> \u00eempreun\u0103 cu adresa MAC a punctului de acces limiteaz\u0103 captura pachetelor la un singur punct de acces. Flag-ul <code>\u2013bssid<\/code> este disponibil doar \u00een versiunile noi <i>airodump-ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenainte de a sparge WEP, va trebui s\u0103 ave\u021bi \u00eentre 40.000 \u0219i 85.000 de vectori de ini\u021bializare diferi\u021bi (Initialization Vector, IV). Fiecare pachet de date con\u021bine un vector de ini\u021bializare. Ace\u0219tia pot fi reutiliza\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 num\u0103rul vectorilor este, de obicei, pu\u021bin mai mic dec\u00e2t num\u0103rul pachetelor interceptate. <br \/>\n Astfel, va trebui s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi pentru a intercepta \u00eentre 40k \u0219i 85k de pachete de date (cu IV). Dac\u0103 re\u021beaua nu este aglomerat\u0103, asta va dura foarte mult timp. Pute\u021bi accelera acest proces folosind un atac activ (sau un atac de reproducere). Despre acestea vom vorbi \u00een partea urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<h3>Spargere<\/h3>\n<p>\n Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi deja suficien\u021bi vectori de ini\u021bializare intercepta\u021bi, stoca\u021bi \u00een unul sau mai multe fi\u0219iere, pute\u021bi \u00eencerca s\u0103 sparge\u021bi cheia WEP:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aircrack-ng -b 00:01:02:03:04:05 dump-01.cap<\/code><\/pre>\n<p> Adresa MAC dup\u0103 flag <code>-b<\/code> \u2013 este BSSID-ul \u021bint\u0103, iar <code>dump-01.cap<\/code> \u2013 este fi\u0219ierul care con\u021bine pachetele interceptate. Pute\u021bi folosi mai multe fi\u0219iere, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd toate numele \u00een comand\u0103 sau folosind un simbol de plasare, de exemplu <code>dump*.cap<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>Mai multe informa\u021bii despre parametrii <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=aircrack-ng\">aircrack-ng<\/a><\/noindex>, ie\u0219ire \u0219i utilizare pute\u021bi ob\u021bine din <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=aircrack-ng\">ghid<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de vectori de ini\u021bializare necesari pentru a sparge cheia nu este limitat. Asta se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 deoarece unii vectori sunt mai slabici \u0219i pierd mai multe informa\u021bii despre cheie dec\u00e2t al\u021bii. De obicei, ace\u0219ti vectori de ini\u021bializare se amestec\u0103 cu cei mai puternici. A\u0219a c\u0103, dac\u0103 ave\u021bi noroc, pute\u021bi sparge cheia doar cu 20.000 de vectori de ini\u021bializare. Totu\u0219i, adesea nici at\u00e2t nu este suficient, <i>aircrack-ng<\/i> poate dura mult (o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 sau mai mult \u00een cazul unei erori mari) \u0219i atunci v\u0103 va spune c\u0103 cheia nu poate fi spart\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t ave\u021bi mai mul\u021bi vectori de ini\u021bializare, cu at\u00e2t spargerea se poate face mai repede \u0219i, de obicei, se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva minute sau chiar secunde. Experien\u021ba arat\u0103 c\u0103 pentru spargere sunt suficien\u021bi \u00eentre 40.000 \u0219i 85.000 de vectori.<\/p>\n<p> Exist\u0103 puncte de acces mai avansate care folosesc algoritmi speciali pentru a filtra vectorii slabi de ini\u021bializare. Drept urmare, nu ve\u021bi putea ob\u021bine mai mult dec\u00e2t N vectori de la punctul de acces, sau ve\u021bi avea nevoie de milioane de vectori (de exemplu, 5-7 milioane) pentru a sparge cheia. Pute\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.aircrack-ng.org\/\">citi pe forum<\/a><\/noindex>, ce s\u0103 face\u021bi \u00een astfel de cazuri.<\/p>\n<p>Atacuri active<br \/>\n Cele mai multe dispozitive nu suport\u0103 injec\u021biile, cel pu\u021bin f\u0103r\u0103 drivere modificate. Unele suport\u0103 doar anumite atacuri. Vizita\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=compatibility_drivers\">pagina de compatibilitate<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i verifica\u021bi coloana <i>aireplay<\/i>. Uneori, acest tabel nu ofer\u0103 informa\u021bii actualizate, a\u0219a c\u0103 dac\u0103 vede\u021bi cuv\u00e2ntul <i>\u201cNU\u201d<\/i> \u00eempotriva driverului dumneavoastr\u0103, nu v\u0103 descuraja\u021bi, ci verifica\u021bi pagina principal\u0103 a driverului, \u00een lista de discu\u021bii a driverelor de pe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.aircrack-ng.org\/\">forumului nostru<\/a><\/noindex>. Dac\u0103 a\u021bi reu\u0219it s\u0103 efectua\u021bi cu succes o injec\u021bie folosind un driver care nu a fost inclus \u00een lista de suport, nu ezita\u021bi s\u0103 propune\u021bi modific\u0103ri pe pagina tabelului de compatibilitate \u0219i s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi un link c\u0103tre un ghid scurt. (Pentru aceasta trebuie s\u0103 solicita\u021bi un cont wiki pe IRC.)<\/p>\n<p>Mai \u00eent\u00e2i trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 asigura\u021bi c\u0103 injec\u021bia pachetelor func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu placa de re\u021bea \u0219i driverul dumneavoastr\u0103. Cea mai simpl\u0103 modalitate de a verifica este prin a efectua un atac de testare pentru injec\u021bii. \u00cenainte de a continua, asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 a\u021bi trecut acest test. Placa dumneavoastr\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie capabil\u0103 s\u0103 efectueze injec\u021bii pentru a putea urma pa\u0219ii urm\u0103tori.<\/p>\n<p>Ve\u021bi avea nevoie de BSSID (adresa MAC a punctului de acces) \u0219i ESSID (numele re\u021belei) punctului de acces, care nu efectueaz\u0103 filtrare pe baza adreselor MAC (de exemplu, propria dumneavoastr\u0103) \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een raza de acoperire disponibil\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cencerca\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 conecta\u021bi la punctul de acces folosind <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=aireplay-ng\">aireplay-ng<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -e \"your network ESSID\" -a 00:01:02:03:04:05 wlan0mon<\/code><\/pre>\n<p> Valoarea de dup\u0103 <code>-\u0430<\/code> va fi BSSID-ul punctului dumneavoastr\u0103 de acces.<br \/>\n Injec\u021bia a reu\u0219it dac\u0103 vede\u021bi ceva de genul acesta:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">12:14:06  Trimitere cerere de autentificare\n12:14:06  Autentificare reu\u0219it\u0103\n12:14:06  Trimitere cerere de asociere\n12:14:07  Asociere reu\u0219it\u0103 :-)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p> Dac\u0103 nu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verifica\u021bi corectitudinea ESSID-ului \u0219i BSSID-ului;<\/li>\n<li>Asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 pe punctul dumneavoastr\u0103 de acces filtrarea pe baza adreselor MAC este dezactivat\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>\u00cencerca\u021bi acela\u0219i lucru pe un alt punct de acces;<\/li>\n<li>Asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 driverul dumneavoastr\u0103 este corect configurat \u0219i suportat;<\/li>\n<li>\u00cencerca\u021bi \u00een loc de \u201e0\u201d \u201e6000 -o 1 -q 10\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>ARP replay <\/h3>\n<p>\nAcum, c\u00e2nd \u0219tim c\u0103 injec\u021bia pachetelor func\u021bioneaz\u0103, putem face ceva care va accelera semnificativ capturarea vectorilor de ini\u021bializare: atacul de injec\u021bii <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=arp-request_reinjection\">ARP-requests<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Ideea principal\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\nVorbind despre un limbaj simplu, ARP func\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin transmiterea unei cereri de difuzare c\u0103tre o adres\u0103 IP, iar dispozitivul cu acea adres\u0103 IP r\u0103spunde \u00eenapoi. Deoarece WEP nu protejeaz\u0103 \u00eempotriva reproduc\u021biei, po\u021bi sniffe un pachet \u0219i s\u0103-l transmi\u021bi din nou \u0219i din nou, c\u00e2t timp r\u0103m\u00e2ne valid. Astfel, trebuie doar s\u0103 intercepta\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 reproduce\u021bi cererea ARP trimis\u0103 de punctul de acces pentru a crea trafic (\u0219i a ob\u021bine vectorii de ini\u021bializare).<\/p>\n<h3>O metod\u0103 lene\u0219\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\nMai \u00eent\u00e2i, deschide\u021bi o fereastr\u0103 cu <i>airodump-ng<\/i>, care sniffeaz\u0103 traficul (vezi mai sus). <i>Aireplay-ng<\/i> \u0219i <i>airodump-ng<\/i> pot func\u021biona simultan. A\u0219tepta\u021bi s\u0103 apar\u0103 un client \u00een re\u021beaua \u021bint\u0103 \u0219i \u00eencepe\u021bi atacul:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">aireplay-ng --arpreplay -b 00:01:02:03:04:05 -h 00:04:05:06:07:08 wlan0mon<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>-b<\/code> indic\u0103 BSSID-ul \u021bint\u0103, <code>-h<\/code> la adresa MAC a clientului conectat.<\/p>\n<p>Acum trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi s\u0103 primi\u021bi un pachet ARP. De obicei, trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi c\u00e2teva minute (sau s\u0103 citi\u021bi articolul mai departe). <br \/>\nDac\u0103 ave\u021bi noroc, ve\u021bi vedea ceva de genul:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Salvarea cererilor ARP \u00een replay_arp-0627-121526.cap\nTrebuie s\u0103 \u00eencepe\u021bi \u0219i airodump pentru a captura r\u0103spunsurile.\nAm citit 2493 de pachete (am ob\u021binut 1 cerere ARP), am trimis 1305 pachete...<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 opri\u021bi reproducerea, nu trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi apari\u021bia urm\u0103torului pachet ARP, pute\u021bi folosi pur \u0219i simplu pachetele interceptate anterior cu op\u021biunea <code>-r<\/code> <code><code>&lt;<\/code>filename&gt;<\/code>.<br \/>\nC\u00e2nd folosi\u021bi injec\u021bii ARP, pute\u021bi folosi metoda PTW pentru a sparge cheia WEP. Aceasta reduce semnificativ num\u0103rul de pachete necesare \u0219i, implicit, timpul necesar pentru spargere. Trebuie s\u0103 intercepta\u021bi pachetul complet folosind <i>airodump-ng<\/i>, adic\u0103 s\u0103 nu folosi\u021bi op\u021biunea <code>\u201c--ivs\u201d<\/code> c\u00e2nd executa\u021bi comanda. Pentru <i>aircrack-ng<\/i> folosi\u021bi <code><code>\u201caircrack -z &lt;<\/code>file name&gt;\u201d<\/code>. (PTW \u2013 tipul de atac implicit)<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 num\u0103rul de pachete de date ob\u021binute <i>airodump-ng<\/i> se opre\u0219te din a cre\u0219te, s-ar putea s\u0103 fie nevoie s\u0103 reduce\u021bi viteza de reproducere. Face\u021bi acest lucru cu op\u021biunea <code>-x<\/code> <code><code>&lt;<\/code>packets per second&gt;.<\/code>\u00cencep de obicei cu 50 \u0219i reduc p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd pachetele \u00eencep din nou s\u0103 fie primite continuu. De asemenea, ajustarea pozi\u021biei antenei poate ajuta. <\/p>\n<h3>O metod\u0103 agresiv\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\n Cele mai multe sisteme de operare \u0219terg cache-ul ARP la deconectare. Dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 trimite\u021bi urm\u0103torul pachet dup\u0103 reconectare (sau pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 folosi\u021bi DHCP), ele trimit o cerere ARP. Ca efect secundar, pute\u021bi sniffe ESSID-ul \u0219i, posibil, keystream-ul \u00een timpul reconect\u0103rii. Acest lucru este util dac\u0103 ESSID-ul \u021bintei dvs. este ascuns sau folose\u0219te autentificare prin cheie partajat\u0103.<br \/>\n L\u0103sa\u021bi <i>airodump-ng<\/i> \u0219i <i>aireplay-ng<\/i> s\u0103 func\u021bioneze. Deschide\u021bi o fereastr\u0103 nou\u0103 \u0219i lansa\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=deauthentication\">atacul de deautentificare<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<p> Aici <code>-a<\/code> \u2013 acesta este BSSID-ul punctului de acces, <code>-s<\/code> adresa MAC a clientului selectat.<br \/>\n A\u0219tepta\u021bi c\u00e2teva secunde \u0219i replay-ul ARP va func\u021biona.<br \/>\n Cea mai mare parte a clien\u021bilor \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 recupereze automat conexiunea. Totu\u0219i, riscul ca cineva s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 acest atac sau, cel pu\u021bin, s\u0103 acorde aten\u021bie la ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 pe WLAN, este mai mare dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul altor atacuri.<\/p>\n<p>Mai multe instrumente \u0219i informa\u021bii despre acestea, ve\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aircrack-ng.org\/doku.php?id=tutorial\">g\u0103si aici<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/2T7g\/\">Afl\u0103 mai multe despre curs<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/494356\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c \u043f\u043e Kali Linux\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c aircrack-ng. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 Wiki \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":75918,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/rukovodstvo-po-aircrack-ng-v-linux-dlya-novichkov\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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