{"id":76046,"date":"2020-03-30T19:42:02","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T17:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-6"},"modified":"2020-03-30T19:42:02","modified_gmt":"2020-03-30T17:42:02","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-6","title":{"rendered":"Lansare kernel Linux 5.6","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 dou\u0103 luni de dezvoltare, Linus Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lkml.org\/lkml\/2020\/3\/29\/379\">a prezentat<\/a><\/noindex> lansarea nucleului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/\">Linux 5.6<\/a><\/noindex>. Printre cele mai notabile modific\u0103ri se num\u0103r\u0103: integrarea interfe\u021bei VPN WireGuard, suport pentru USB4, nume de spa\u021biu pentru timp, capacitatea de a crea handle-uri pentru suprasarcina TCP folosind BPF, suport ini\u021bial pentru MultiPath TCP, eliminarea problemei anului 2038 din nucleu, mecanismul \u201ebootconfig\u201d, sistemul de fi\u0219iere ZoneFS.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen noua versiune au fost incluse 13702 corec\u021bii de la 1810 dezvoltatori,<br \/>\ndimensiunea patch-ului \u2014 40 MB (modific\u0103rile au afectat 11577 de fi\u0219iere, au fost ad\u0103ugate 610012 de linii de cod,<br \/>\ns-au \u0219ters 294828 de linii). Aproximativ 45% din toate modific\u0103rile prezente \u00een 5.6<br \/>\nsunt legate de driverele de dispozitive, aproximativ 15% din modific\u0103ri au<br \/>\nsunt legate de actualizarea codului specific arhitecturilor hardware, 12%<br \/>\nlegat de stiva de re\u021bea, 4% \u2014 de sistemele de fi\u0219iere \u0219i 3% de interne<br \/>\ninterne ale nucleului. <\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kernelnewbies.org\/Linux_5.6\">Principalele<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/811230\/\">nout\u0103\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsystema de re\u021bea<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=51997\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> implementarea interfe\u021bei VPN  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wireguard.io\/\">WireGuard<\/a><\/noindex>, care este realizat\u0103 pe baza metodelor moderne de criptare (ChaCha20, Poly1305, Curve25519, BLAKE2s), este u\u0219or de utilizat, f\u0103r\u0103 complic\u0103ri, s-a dovedit a fi eficient \u00een mai multe implement\u0103ri majore \u0219i ofer\u0103 o performan\u021b\u0103 foarte ridicat\u0103 (de 3,9 ori mai bun dec\u00e2t OpenVPN \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103). \u00cen WireGuard se aplic\u0103 conceptul de rutare pe baza cheilor de criptare, care implic\u0103 asocierea unui cheie privat\u0103 pentru fiecare interfa\u021b\u0103 de re\u021bea \u0219i utilizarea cheilor publice pentru a face leg\u0103tura. Schimbul de chei publice pentru stabilirea conexiunii se face similar cu SSH. Primitivele criptografice necesare pentru func\u021bionarea WireGuard <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0ed42a6f431e930b2e8fae21955406e09fe75d70\">erau<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=66d7fb94e4ffe5acc589e0b2b4710aecc1f07a28\">au fost transferate<\/a><\/noindex> din biblioteca  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=49064\">Zinc<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een compunerea Crypto API standard \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=ed20078b7e3331e82828be357147af6a3282e4ce\">sunt incluse<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een compunerea nucleului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52256\">5.5<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=bd2463ac7d7ec51d432f23bf0e893fb371a908cd\">lucrul la \u00eencetarea suportului pentru codec-ul Theora. \u00cen etapa ini\u021bial\u0103, dezvoltatorii vor evalua cererea acestuia pe baza datelor de telemetrie, conform datelor preliminare, doar 0,09% din con\u021binutul media din Firefox este redat cu ajutorul Theora, iar resursele mari (de exemplu, Wikipedia), care au folosit acest codec, au trecut de mult timp la codecuri mai eficiente.<\/a><\/noindex> integrarea componentelor necesare pentru suportul MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), extensia protocolului TCP pentru a organiza func\u021bionarea conexiunii TCP cu livrarea pachetelor simultan pe mai multe rute prin intermediul diferitelor interfe\u021be de re\u021bea, asociate cu adrese IP diferite. Pentru aplica\u021biile de re\u021bea, aceast\u0103 conexiune agregat\u0103 apare ca o conexiune TCP obi\u015fnuit\u0103, iar \u00eentreaga logic\u0103 de separare a fluxului este realizat\u0103 de MPTCP. Multipath TCP poate fi utilizat at\u00e2t pentru extinderea l\u0103\u021bimii de band\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru cre\u0219terea fiabilit\u0103\u021bii. De exemplu, MPTCP poate fi utilizat pentru organizarea transferului de date pe un smartphone folosind simultan conexiuni WiFi \u0219i 4G sau pentru reducerea costurilor prin conectarea unui server folosind mai multe linii ieftine \u00een loc de una scump\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=dcc68b4d8084\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru disciplina de procesare a coadelor de re\u021bea sch_ets (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/1.ieee802.org\/dcb\/802-1qaz\/\">Enhanced Transmission Selection<\/a><\/noindex>, IEEE 802.1Qaz), oferind posibilitatea de a distribui l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 \u00eentre diferitele clase de trafic. Dac\u0103 sarcina pe o clas\u0103 de trafic specific\u0103 este mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 acordat\u0103, ETS permite altor clase de trafic s\u0103 utilizeze l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 disponibil\u0103 (neutilizat\u0103). Qdisc sch_ets este configurat ca disciplin\u0103 PRIO \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 clasele de trafic pentru a defini restric\u021bii stricte \u0219i comune de l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103. ETS func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca o combina\u021bie de discipline <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.die.net\/man\/8\/tc-prio\">PRIO<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man8\/tc-drr.8.html\">DRR<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \u00een cazul claselor de trafic strict limitate se utilizeaz\u0103 PRIO, dar dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 trafic \u00een coad\u0103, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca DRR.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un nou tip de programe BPF <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=27ae7997a661\">BPF_PROG_TYPE_STRUCT_OPS<\/a><\/noindex>, permi\u021b\u00e2nd implementarea handler-elor func\u021biilor nucleului prin BPF. \u00cen prezent, aceast\u0103 capacitate poate fi utilizat\u0103 pentru implementarea algoritmilor de control al congestion\u0103rii TCP sub form\u0103 de programe BPF. Ca exemplu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=09903869f69f\">propus\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> programul BPF cu implementarea algoritmului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc8257\">DCTCP<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost acceptat \u00een nucleu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=1b3b289fd8da\">modific\u0103ri<\/a><\/noindex>, instrumentele de transfer  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethtool\">ethtool<\/a><\/noindex> de la ioctl() la utilizarea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=2b4a8990b7df\">interfe\u021bei netlink<\/a><\/noindex>. Noua interfa\u021b\u0103 simplific\u0103 ad\u0103ugarea extensiilor, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te gestionarea erorilor, permite trimiterea de notific\u0103ri la schimbarea st\u0103rii, faciliteaz\u0103 interac\u021biunea \u00eentre nucleu \u0219i spa\u021biul utilizatorului \u0219i reduce num\u0103rul listelor denumite care trebuie sincronizate.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 implementarea algoritmului de gestionare a cozilor de re\u021bea FQ-PIE (Flow Queue PIE), destinat s\u0103 reduc\u0103 influen\u021ba negativ\u0103 a tampon\u0103rii intermediare a pachetelor pe echipamentele de re\u021bea de frontier\u0103 (bufferbloat). FQ-PIE demonstreaz\u0103 o eficien\u021b\u0103 ridicat\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd este utilizat \u00een sisteme cu modemuri cablu.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsistemul de disc, I\/O \u0219i sistemele de fi\u0219iere<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemul de fi\u0219iere Btrfs <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52228\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> implementarea asincron\u0103 a opera\u021biei DISCARD (marcarea blocurilor eliberate care nu mai trebuie stocate fizic). Ini\u021bial, opera\u021biile DISCARD erau efectuate sincron, ceea ce putea duce la sc\u0103deri de performan\u021b\u0103 din cauza a\u0219tept\u0103rii finaliz\u0103rii comenzilor corespunz\u0103toare de c\u0103tre stocare. Implementarea asincron\u0103 permite s\u0103 nu a\u0219tep\u021bi finalizarea DISCARD-ului de c\u0103tre stocare \u0219i s\u0103 execu\u021bi aceast\u0103 opera\u021bie \u00een fundal.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen XFS <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=91f1a9566f387137f2da1957792a8f9f07cd058f\">au fost realizate<\/a><\/noindex> cur\u0103\u021barea codului \u00een care au fost utilizate vechile contoare de timp de 32 de bi\u021bi (tipul time_t a fost \u00eenlocuit cu time64_t), cauz\u00e2nd problema anului 2038. Au fost remediate erorile \u0219i deterior\u0103rile de memorie care ap\u0103reau pe platformele de 32 de bi\u021bi. Codul a fost reproiectat pentru a lucra cu atributele extinse.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sistemul de fi\u0219iere ext4 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=e5da4c933c50d98d7990a7c1ca0bbf8946e80c4a\">s-au adus<\/a><\/noindex> optimiz\u0103rile de performan\u021b\u0103 legate de gestionarea bloc\u0103rii inode-ului \u00een timpul opera\u021biunilor de citire \u0219i scriere. Performan\u021ba re\u00eentoarcerii \u00een modul de intrare\/ie\u0219ire direct\u0103 (Direct I\/O) a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103. Pentru simplificarea diagnostic\u0103rii problemelor, s-a asigurat p\u0103strarea primelor \u0219i ultimelor coduri de eroare \u00een superblocat.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sistemul de fi\u0219iere F2FS <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=4c8ff7095bef\">a fost implementat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> capacitatea de a stoca datele \u00een format comprimat. Pentru un fi\u0219ier sau un director separat, compresia poate fi activat\u0103 folosind comanda \u201echattr +c file\u201d sau \u201echattr +c dir; touch dir\/file\u201d. Pentru a comprima \u00eentreaga parti\u021bie, \u00een utilitarul mount se poate folosi op\u021biunea \u201e-o compress_extension=ext\u201d.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen cadrul nucleului a fost acceptat sistemul de fi\u0219iere <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52092\">ZoneFS<\/a><\/noindex>, care simplific\u0103 lucrul la un nivel joas\u0103 cu dispozitivele de stocare zonate. Dispozitivele zonate se refer\u0103 la dispozitivele pe hard disk-uri magnetice sau NVMe SSD, \u00een care spa\u021biul de stocare este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een zone, grupuri de blocuri sau sectoare, unde este permis\u0103 doar ad\u0103ugarea secven\u021bial\u0103 a datelor cu actualizarea \u00eentregului grup de blocuri. FS ZoneFS a fost dezvoltat de compania Western Digital \u0219i leag\u0103 fiecare zon\u0103 din dispozitiv de un fi\u0219ier distinct, care poate fi folosit pentru stocarea datelor \u00een mod raw, f\u0103r\u0103 manipulare la nivel de sectoare \u0219i blocuri, adic\u0103 permite aplica\u021biilor s\u0103 utilizeze API-ul de fi\u0219iere \u00een loc de apel\u0103ri directe la dispozitivul de bloc prin ioctl.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen NFS, montarea parti\u021biilor deasupra UDP este dezactivat\u0103 implicit. A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru posibilitatea specificat\u0103 \u00een specifica\u021bia NFS 4.2 de a copia direct fi\u0219iere \u00eentre servere. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o nou\u0103 op\u021biune de montare \u201esoftreval\u201d, care permite utilizarea valorilor de atribut cache-uite \u00een cazul unei c\u0103deri a serverului. De exemplu, activarea acestei op\u021biuni permite \u00een continuare navigarea pe c\u0103ile din parti\u021bia NFS \u0219i accesarea informa\u021biilor care au r\u0103mas \u00een cache dup\u0103 ce serverul a devenit indisponibil.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=c8994374d90b5823b3b29a5e5d8648ac418b57b4\">Realizat<\/a><\/noindex> optimizarea performan\u021bei mecanismului fs-verity, utilizat pentru controlul integrit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i verificarea autenticit\u0103\u021bii fi\u0219ierelor. Viteza de citire secven\u021bial\u0103 a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 prin utilizarea unui arbore Merkle. Performan\u021ba FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY a fost optimizat\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile absen\u021bei datelor \u00een cache (aplic\u00e2nd citirea anticipat\u0103 a paginilor cu date).\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizare \u0219i securitate<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost declarat\u0103 \u00eenvechit\u0103 capacitatea de a dezactiva modulul SELinux \u00een timpul func\u021bion\u0103rii, iar \u00een viitor, desc\u0103rcarea SELinux-ului deja activat va fi interzis\u0103. Pentru a dezactiva SELinux, va fi necesar\u0103 transmiterea parametrului \u201eselinux=0\u201d \u00een linia de comand\u0103 a nucleului.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=769071ac9f20\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru spa\u021biile de nume temporale (time namespaces), care permit asocierea st\u0103rii ceasurilor sistemului (CLOCK_REALTIME,<br \/>\nCLOCK_MONOTONIC, CLOCK_BOOTTIME) la un container, utiliz\u00e2nd timpul propriu \u00een container \u0219i asigur\u00e2nd imutabilitatea m\u0103sur\u0103torilor CLOCK_MONOTONIC \u0219i CLOCK_BOOTTIME \u00een cazul migr\u0103rii containerului pe un alt gazd\u0103 (lu\u00e2nd \u00een considerare timpul de dup\u0103 boot, cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 a \u021bine cont de starea de a\u0219teptare).<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pool-ul blocat \/dev\/random a fost eliminat. Comportamentul \/dev\/random a fost apropiat de cel al \/dev\/urandom \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te prevenirea bloc\u0103rii entropiei dup\u0103 ini\u021bializarea pool-ului.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen nucleul principal a fost inclus un driver care permite sistemelor gazd\u0103, care ruleaz\u0103 sub VirtualBox, s\u0103 monteze directoare exportate de mediu (VirtualBox Shared Folder).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen subsistemul BPF a fost ad\u0103ugat un set de patch-uri (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/808503\/\">dispecer BPF<\/a><\/noindex>), \u00een condi\u021biile aplic\u0103rii mecanismului Retpoline pentru protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor de tip Spectre V2, permi\u021b\u00e2nd cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei apelurilor programelor BPF la apari\u021bia evenimentelor corelate (de exemplu, permite accelerarea apelului handler-elor XDP la primirea unui pachet de re\u021bea).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un driver pentru suportul mediilor TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) integrate \u00een APU AMD.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie \u0219i servicii de sistem<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen BPF a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru func\u021bii globale. Dezvoltarea este realizat\u0103 \u00een cadrul ini\u021biativei de ad\u0103ugare a suportului pentru biblioteci de func\u021bii, care pot fi conectate \u00een programele BPF. Urm\u0103torul pas va fi suportul pentru extensii dinamice, permi\u021b\u00e2nd \u00eenc\u0103rcarea func\u021biilor globale, inclusiv pentru \u00eenlocuirea func\u021biilor globale existente \u00een timpul utiliz\u0103rii acestora. \u00cen subsistemul BPF a fost de asemenea ad\u0103ugat suport pentru o variant\u0103 a opera\u021biei map (folosit\u0103 pentru stocarea datelor permanente), care suport\u0103 execu\u021bia \u00een mod packet.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0a1990a2d1f2\">A fost ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> dispozitivul \u201ecpu_cooling\u201d care permite r\u0103cirea CPU-ului supra\u00eenc\u0103lzit prin trecerea acestuia \u00een starea de inactivitate (idle) pentru perioade scurte de timp.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat apelul de sistem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/796868\/\">openat2()<\/a><\/noindex>, oferind un set suplimentar de steaguri pentru limitarea rezolu\u021biei c\u0103ii fi\u0219ierului (interzicerea punctelor de montare, a leg\u0103turilor simbolice, a leg\u0103turilor magice (\/proc\/PID\/fd), a componentelor \u201e..\/\u201d).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sisteme heterogene bazate pe arhitectura big.LITTLE, care combin\u0103 \u00een aceea\u0219i cipuri nuclee CPU puternice \u0219i mai pu\u021bin eficiente energetic, \u00een timpul efectu\u0103rii sarcinilor \u00een timp real este asigurat setarea parametrului uclamp_min (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50201\">ap\u0103rut<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een nucleul 5.3 mecanismul de consolidare a sarcinii). Parametrul specificat garanteaz\u0103 c\u0103 sarcina va fi plasat\u0103 de planificator pe o nuclee CPU cu suficient\u0103 performan\u021b\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> Nucleul a fost scutit de <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_2038_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0\">problema anului 2038<\/a><\/noindex>. Au fost \u00eenlocuite ultimele manipulatoare r\u0103mase, \u00een care pentru contorul timpului epocal s-a utilizat un tip de 32 de bi\u021bi (int semnat) time_t, care, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere raportul din 1970, trebuie s\u0103 se umple \u00een anul 2038.\n<li class=\"l\"> Continuarea \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birii interfe\u021bei de intrare\/ie\u0219ire asincron\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50631#io_uring\">io_uring<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een care  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/810414\/\">s-a asigurat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru noi opera\u021bii: IORING_OP_FALLOCATE (rezervarea zonelor goale), IORING_OP_OPENAT,<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_OPENAT2,<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_CLOSE (deschiderea \u0219i \u00eenchiderea fi\u0219ierelor),<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_FILES_UPDATE (ad\u0103ugarea \u0219i eliminarea fi\u0219ierelor din lista de acces rapid),<br \/>\n IORING_OP_STATX (solicitarea informa\u021biilor despre fi\u0219ier),<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_READ,<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_WRITE (analoge simplificate ale IORING_OP_READV \u0219i IORING_OP_WRITEV),<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_FADVISE,<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_MADVISE (variantele asincrone ale apelurilor posix_fadvise \u0219i madvise), IORING_OP_SEND,<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_RECV (trimiterea \u0219i primirea datelor de re\u021bea),<br \/>\n    IORING_OP_EPOLL_CTL (efectuarea opera\u021biunilor asupra descriptorilor de fi\u0219iere epoll).<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat apelul de sistem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/808997\/\">pidfd_getfd()<\/a><\/noindex>, oferind procesului capacitatea de a extrage dintr-un alt proces un descriptor de fi\u0219ier deschis.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/7b9b816f4b9a\">Implementat<\/a><\/noindex> mecanismul \u201ebootconfig\u201d, care permite, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 op\u021biunile din linia de comand\u0103, definirea parametrilor de func\u021bionare ai nucleului printr-un fi\u0219ier de configurare. Pentru ad\u0103ugarea unor astfel de fi\u0219iere \u00een imaginea initramfs, a fost propus utilitarul bootconfig. Aceast\u0103 posibilitate poate fi folosit\u0103, de exemplu, pentru configurarea kprobes \u00een timpul \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0ddad21d3e99\">Reformulat<\/a><\/noindex> mecanismul de a\u0219teptare pentru \u00eenregistrarea \u0219i citirea datelor \u00een canale f\u0103r\u0103 nume (pipe). Modificarea a permis accelerarea execut\u0103rii unor sarcini, cum ar fi compilarea paralel\u0103 a proiectelor mari. Totu\u0219i, optimizarea poate conduce la o stare de curs\u0103 \u00een GNU make din cauza unei erori \u00een versiunea 4.2.1, care a fost remediat\u0103 \u00een versiunea 4.3.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen prctl() a fost ad\u0103ugat un flag PR_SET_IO_FLUSHER, care poate fi folosit pentru a marca procesele care se ocup\u0103 cu eliberarea memoriei, pentru care nu ar trebui aplicate constr\u00e2ngeri \u00een situa\u021bia de insuficien\u021b\u0103 de memorie \u00een sistem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pe baza sistemului de distribu\u021bie a memoriei ION utilizat \u00een Android, a fost realizat un subsistem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/792733\/\">heaps dma-buf<\/a><\/noindex>, care permite gestionarea aloc\u0103rii buffer-elor DMA pentru partajarea zonelor de memorie \u00eentre drivere, aplica\u021bii \u0219i diverse subsisteme.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Arhitecturi hardware<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru extensia E0PD, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een ARMv8.5, care permite implementarea protec\u021biei \u00eempotriva atacurilor legate de execu\u021bia speculativ\u0103 a instruc\u021biunilor \u00een CPU. Protec\u021bia bazat\u0103 pe E0PD implic\u0103 cheltuieli mai mici dec\u00e2t protec\u021bia KPTI (Kernel Page Table Isolation).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemele bazate pe arhitectura ARMv8.5 a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru instruc\u021biunea RNG, care ofer\u0103 acces la generatorul hardware de numere pseudo-aleatoare. \u00cen nucleu, instruc\u021biunea RNG este utilizat\u0103 pentru formarea entropiei la ini\u021bializarea generatorului de numere pseudo-aleatoare furnizat de nucleu.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost eliminat\u0103 suportul pentru extensiile MPX (Memory Protection Extensions), ad\u0103ugate \u00een nucleu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=41634\">3.19<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i care permiteau organizarea verific\u0103rii pointerilor pentru respectarea limitelor zonelor de memorie. Aceast\u0103 tehnologie nu a fost utilizat\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een compilatoare \u0219i a fost eliminat\u0103 din GCC.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitectura RISC-V a fost implementat suportul pentru instrumentul de depanare KASan (Kernel address sanitizer), care asigur\u0103 identificarea erorilor \u00een gestionarea memoriei.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Echipament<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat suportul pentru specifica\u021bia <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usb.org\/document-library\/usb4tm-specification\">USB 4.0<\/a><\/noindex>, care se bazeaz\u0103 pe protocolul Thunderbolt 3 \u0219i ofer\u0103 o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40 Gbit\/s, p\u0103str\u00e2nd compatibilitatea invers\u0103 cu USB 2.0 \u0219i USB 3.2. Analog cu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thunderbolt\">Thunderbolt<\/a><\/noindex> interfa\u021ba USB 4.0 permite tunelarea diverselor protocoale pe un singur cablu cu conectorul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USB_Type-C\">Type-C<\/a><\/noindex>, inclusiv PCIe, Display Port \u0219i USB 3.x, precum \u0219i implement\u0103ri software ale protocoalelor, de exemplu, pentru organizarea leg\u0103turilor de re\u021bea \u00eentre gazde. Implementarea se bazeaz\u0103 pe driverul Thunderbolt deja inclus \u00een kernelul Linux \u0219i \u00eel adapteaz\u0103 pentru a func\u021biona cu gazde \u0219i dispozitive compatibile cu USB4. Modific\u0103rile includ, de asemenea, ad\u0103ugarea suportului pentru dispozitive Thunderbolt 3 \u00een implementarea software a Managerului de Conexiuni, care este responsabil pentru crearea tunelurilor pentru conectarea mai multor dispozitive printr-un singur conector.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul amdgpu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9f68e3655aae6d49d6ba05dd263f99f33c2567af\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suport ini\u021bial pentru tehnologia de protec\u021bie a copiilor HDCP 2.x (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection). A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru cipul ASIC AMD Pollock, bazat pe Raven 2. A fost implementat\u0103 func\u021bia de resetare a GPU-ului pentru familiile Renoir \u0219i Navi.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul DRM pentru pl\u0103cile grafice Intel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9f68e3655aae6d49d6ba05dd263f99f33c2567af\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suportul DSI VDSC pentru cipuri bazate pe microarhitectura Ice Lake \u0219i Tiger Lake, a fost implementat LMEM mmap (memoria local\u0103 a dispozitivului), a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit parsarea VBT (Video BIOS Table), a fost implementat suportul HDCP 2.2 pentru cipuri Coffee Lake.\n<li class=\"l\"> S-a continuat munca de unificare a codului driverului amdkfd (pentru GPU discrete, precum Fiji, Tonga, Polaris) cu driverul amdgpu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Driverul k10temp a fost ref\u0103cut, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd suport pentru ie\u0219irea parametrilor tensiunii \u0219i curentului pentru CPU AMD Zen, precum \u0219i date extinse de la senzorii de temperatur\u0103 folosi\u021bi \u00een CPU Zen \u0219i Zen 2.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul nouveau <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9f68e3655aae6d49d6ba05dd263f99f33c2567af\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suportul modului de boot verificat pentru GPU NVIDIA bazat pe microarhitectura Turing (GeForce RTX 2000), ceea ce a permis activarea suportului pentru accelerarea 3D pentru aceste pl\u0103ci (se cere \u00eenc\u0103rcarea firmware-urilor oficiale cu semn\u0103tur\u0103 digital\u0103 NVIDIA). A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru motorul grafic TU10x. Problemele cu HD Audio au fost rezolvate.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru comprimarea datelor \u00een timpul transmisiei prin DisplayPort MST (Multi-Stream Transport).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un nou driver \u201e<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/796850\/\">ath11k<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb pentru cipurile wireless Qualcomm cu suport 802.11ax.<br \/>\nDriverul se bazeaz\u0103 pe stiva mac80211 \u0219i suport\u0103 moduri de punct de acces, sta\u021bie de lucru \u0219i nod de re\u021bea Mesh.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Prin sysfs, accesul la cititorii senzorilor de temperatur\u0103 utiliza\u021bi pe hard disk-urile moderne \u0219i SSD-uri a fost oferit.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=80fe7430c708\">Au fost introduse<\/a><\/noindex> modific\u0103ri semnificative \u00een sistemul de sunet ALSA, viz\u00e2nd eliminarea codului din <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_2038_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0\">problema anului 2038<\/a><\/noindex> (abandonarea utiliz\u0103rii tipului de 32 de bi\u021bi time_t \u00een interfe\u021bele snd_pcm_mmap_status \u0219i snd_pcm_mmap_control). A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru noi codec-uri audio<br \/>\n Qualcomm WCD9340\/WCD9341, Realtek RT700, RT711, RT715, RT1308, Ingenic JZ4770.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9f68e3655aae6d49d6ba05dd263f99f33c2567af\">Ad\u0103ugate<\/a><\/noindex> drivere pentru panouri LCD Logic PD 28, Jimax8729d MIPI-DSI, igenic JZ4770, Sony acx424AKP, Leadtek LTK500HD1829, Xinpeng XPP055C272, AUO B116XAK01, GiantPlus GPM940B0,<br \/>\n    BOE NV140FHM-N49,<br \/>\n    Satoz SAT050AT40H12R2,<br \/>\n    Sharp LS020B1DD01D.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=1afa9c3b7c9bdcb562e2afe9f58cc99d0b071cdc\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru platforme ARM \u0219i platforme Gen1 Amazon Echo (bazat pe OMAP3630), Samsung Galaxy S III mini (GT-I8190), Allwinner Emlid Neutis, Libre Computer ALL-H3-IT, PineH64 Model B, Aibretech Amlogic GX PC,<br \/>\n Armada SolidRun Clearfog GTR, NXPGateworks GW59xx,<br \/>\ncititor de c\u0103r\u021bi electronice Tolino Shine 3,<br \/>\n Embedded Artists COM (i.MX7ULP), SolidRun Clearfog CX\/ITX \u0219i HoneyComb (LX2160A), Google Coral Edge TPU (i.MX8MQ),<br \/>\n Rockchip Radxa Dalang Carrier, Radxa Rock Pi N10, VMARC RK3399Pro SOM<br \/>\nST Ericsson HREF520, Inforce 6640, SC7180 IDP, Atmel\/Microchip AM9X60 (SoC ARM926, Kizboxmini), ST stm32mp15, AM3703\/AM3715\/DM3725, ST Ericsson ab8505, Unisoc SC9863A, Qualcomm SC7180. A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru controlerul PCIe utilizat \u00een Raspberry Pi 4.<\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, funda\u021bia latino-american\u0103 a software-ului liber <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">a formulat<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\no variant\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">nucleu complet liber 5.6<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linux-libre.fsfla.org\/pub\/linux-libre\/releases\/5.6-gnu\/\">Linux-libre 5.6-gnu<\/a><\/noindex>, cur\u0103\u021bat de elementele firmelor \u0219i driverelor care con\u021bin componente sau por\u021biuni de cod ne-liberale, a c\u0103ror utilizare este limitat\u0103 de produc\u0103tor. \u00cen noua versiune, a fost dezactivat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea blob-urilor \u00een driverele pentru AMD TEE, ATH11K \u0219i Mediatek SCP. Codul de cur\u0103\u021bare a blob-urilor \u00een driverele \u0219i subsistemele AMD PSP, amdgpu \u0219i nouveau a fost actualizat.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52632\">opennet.ro<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.6. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f VPN-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 WireGuard, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 USB4, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0451\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 TCP \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 BPF, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 MultiPath TCP, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 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