{"id":76169,"date":"2020-03-31T13:42:34","date_gmt":"2020-03-31T11:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-rabotaet-elektronnaya-pochta"},"modified":"2020-03-31T13:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-03-31T11:42:34","slug":"kak-rabotaet-elektronnaya-pochta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-rabotaet-elektronnaya-pochta","title":{"rendered":"Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 e-mailul","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Aceasta este \u00eenceputul unui curs amplu despre func\u021bionarea serverelor de email. Nu urm\u0103resc scopul de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba rapid pe cineva s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 serverele de email. Vor fi multe informa\u021bii suplimentare legate de subiectele pe care le vom \u00eent\u00e2lni pe parcurs, deoarece \u00eencerc s\u0103 creez cursul \u00een principal pentru cei care fac doar primii pa\u0219i. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPrefa\u021b\u0103<\/b>Din p\u0103cate, predau ca profesor \u00een administrarea Linux-ului. Ca tem\u0103 pentru acas\u0103, le ofer studen\u021bilor o mul\u021bime de link-uri c\u0103tre diverse resurse, deoarece \u00een unele locuri informa\u021bia este insuficient\u0103, iar \u00een altele este prea complicat\u0103. Pe diferite resurse, materialul adesea se duplic\u0103, iar uneori devine contradictoriu. De asemenea, majoritatea con\u021binutului este \u00een limba englez\u0103, iar exist\u0103 studen\u021bi care \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea acesteia. Exist\u0103 cursuri excelente de la Semaev \u0219i Lebedev, \u0219i, posibil, de la al\u021bii, dar, din punctul meu de vedere, unele subiecte nu sunt suficient de bine acoperite, iar altele nu sunt corelate adecvat.<\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, \u00eentr-o zi am decis s\u0103 notez materialul \u0219i s\u0103 le ofer studen\u021bilor \u00eentr-un mod convenabil. Dar, de vreme ce fac acest lucru, de ce s\u0103 nu \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc cu to\u021bi? La \u00eenceput, am \u00eencercat s\u0103 redactez un text \u0219i s\u0103-l \u00eembog\u0103\u021besc cu link-uri, dar astfel de resurse sunt milioane, iar ce folos? Uneori lipseau explica\u021biile clare \u0219i ilustra\u021biile, iar alteori studen\u021bii se comport\u0103 lene\u0219 \u0219i nu citesc \u00eentreg textul (\u0219i nu numai ei), ceea ce duce la lacune \u00een cuno\u0219tin\u021be.<\/p>\n

Dar problema nu este doar cu studen\u021bii. Pe parcursul carierei mele am lucrat \u00een IT integratoare, ceea ce mi-a oferit o experien\u021b\u0103 vast\u0103 \u00een diverse sisteme. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, am devenit un inginer cu un profil larg. Adesea m\u0103 confrunt cu speciali\u0219ti IT din diferite companii \u0219i am observat destul de des lacune \u00een cuno\u0219tin\u021bele lor. \u00cen domeniul IT, mul\u021bi sunt autodidac\u021bi, inclusiv eu. \u0218i am multe lacune, iar mi-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 ajut al\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103 m\u0103 eliberez de ele.<\/p>\n

Din punctul meu de vedere, clipurile scurte cu informa\u021bii sunt mai interesante \u0219i mai u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles, a\u0219a c\u0103 am decis s\u0103 \u00eencerc acest format. \u0218tiu foarte bine c\u0103 nu am o dubl\u0103 expresiv\u0103, c\u0103 ascultarea mea e dificil\u0103, dar \u00eencerc s\u0103 devin mai bun. Pentru mine, acesta este un nou hobby pe care vreau s\u0103-l dezvolt. \u00cen trecut, aveam un microfon mai slab, acum m\u0103 concentrez \u00een principal pe rezolvarea problemelor de sunet \u0219i pronun\u021bie. Vreau s\u0103 fac con\u021binut de calitate \u0219i am mare nevoie de critici \u0219i sfaturi obiective.<\/p>\n

P.S. Unele persoane au considerat c\u0103 formatul video nu este foarte potrivit \u0219i c\u0103 ar fi mai bine s\u0103 fie text. Eu nu sunt complet de acord, dar este bine s\u0103 fie op\u021biunea \u2014 at\u00e2t video, c\u00e2t \u0219i text. <\/p>\n

Video<\/b>

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

\nUrm\u0103torul > Modurile de func\u021bionare a serverelor de e-mail<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pentru a putea lucra cu e-mailul, ave\u021bi nevoie de un client de e-mail. Acesta poate fi un client web, cum ar fi Gmail, OWA, Roundcube, sau o aplica\u021bie pe computer \u2014 Outlook, Thunderbird etc. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 v-a\u021bi \u00eenregistrat deja pe un anumit serviciu de e-mail \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 configura\u021bi clientul de e-mail. Deschide\u021bi programul \u0219i acesta v\u0103 va solicita datele: numele pentru cont, adresa dumneavoastr\u0103 de e-mail \u0219i parola. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDup\u0103 ce introduce\u021bi aceste date, clientul dumneavoastr\u0103 de e-mail va \u00eencerca s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 informa\u021biile despre serverul de e-mail. Acest lucru se face pentru a simplifica configurarea conexiunii la server, deoarece majoritatea utilizatorilor nu \u0219tiu adresele \u0219i protocoalele de conectare. \u00cen acest scop, clien\u021bii de e-mail utilizeaz\u0103 diferite metode de c\u0103utare a informa\u021biilor despre server \u0219i set\u0103rile de conectare. Aceste metode pot varia \u00een func\u021bie de clientul de e-mail. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDe exemplu, Outlook folose\u0219te metoda \"autodiscover\", clientul se adreseaz\u0103 serverului DNS \u0219i \u00eentreab\u0103 despre o anumit\u0103 \u00eenregistrare autodiscover, care este asociat\u0103 cu domeniul de e-mail pe care l-a\u021bi specificat \u00een set\u0103rile clientului de e-mail. Dac\u0103 administratorul a configurat aceast\u0103 \u00eenregistrare pe serverul DNS, ea indic\u0103 spre un server web.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDup\u0103 ce clientul de e-mail a aflat adresa serverului web, acesta \u00eei face o cerere \u0219i g\u0103se\u0219te acolo un fi\u0219ier preg\u0103tit \u00een avans cu set\u0103rile de conectare la serverul de e-mail \u00een format XML. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\n\u00cen cazul Thunderbird, clientul de e-mail nu caut\u0103 \u00eenregistrarea DNS autodiscover, ci \u00eencearc\u0103 direct s\u0103 se conecteze la serverul web autoconfig. \u0219i numele domeniului specificat. De asemenea, \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 pe serverul web un fi\u0219ier cu set\u0103rile de conectare \u00een format XML. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDac\u0103 clientul de e-mail nu g\u0103se\u0219te fi\u0219ierul cu set\u0103rile necesare, va \u00eencerca s\u0103 ghiceasc\u0103 set\u0103rile \u00eentre cele frecvent utilizate. De exemplu, dac\u0103 domeniul se nume\u0219te example.com, serverul de e-mail va verifica dac\u0103 exist\u0103 servere cu numele imap.example.com \u0219i smtp.example.com. Dac\u0103 le g\u0103se\u0219te \u2014 le va introduce \u00een set\u0103ri. Dac\u0103 clientul de e-mail nu poate determina adres\u0103 serverului de e-mail, va oferi utilizatorului posibilitatea de a introduce manual datele de conectare. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nAtunci ve\u021bi observa 2 c\u00e2mpuri pentru servere<\/a> \u2014 adresa serverului de e-mail de intrare \u0219i adresa serverului de e-mail de ie\u0219ire. De obicei, \u00een organiza\u021biile mici aceste adrese sunt identice, chiar dac\u0103 sunt indicate prin diferite nume DNS, iar \u00een companiile mari pot fi servere diferite. Dar nu conteaz\u0103 dac\u0103 este acela\u0219i server sau nu \u2014 serviciile din spatele lor sunt diferite. Una dintre cele mai populare combina\u021bii de servicii de e-mail este Postfix & Dovecot. Aici, Postfix ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca server de e-mail de ie\u0219ire (MTA \u2014 mail transfer agent), iar Dovecot ca server de e-mail de intrare (MDA \u2014 mail delivery agent). Din denumire se poate intui c\u0103 Postfix este folosit pentru trimiterea de e-mailuri, iar Dovecot pentru primirea e-mailurilor de c\u0103tre clientul de po\u0219t\u0103. Serverele de e-mail comunic\u0103 \u00eentre ele prin protocolul SMTP \u2014 adic\u0103 Dovecot (MDA) este necesar pentru utilizatori. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nS\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 am configurat conexiunea cu serverul nostru de e-mail. S\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 trimitem un mesaj. \u00cen mesaj indic\u0103m adresa noastr\u0103 \u0219i adresa destinatarului. Acum, pentru a livra mesajul, clientul dvs. de e-mail va trimite mesajul la serverul dvs. de e-mail de ie\u0219ire. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nC\u00e2nd serverul dvs. prime\u0219te mesajul, va \u00eencerca s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 cui s\u0103 livreze acest mesaj. Serverul dvs. nu poate \u0219ti toate adresele serverelor de e-mail din memorie, a\u0219a c\u0103 se adreseaz\u0103 DNS-ului pentru a g\u0103si o \u00eenregistrare special\u0103 MX \u2014 care indic\u0103 serverul de e-mail pentru acest domeniu. Aceste \u00eenregistr\u0103ri pot varia pentru diferite subdomenii. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDup\u0103 ce afl\u0103 adresa serverului destinatarului, trimite mesajul dvs. prin SMTP la aceast\u0103 adres\u0103, unde serverul de e-mail (MTA) al destinatarului va accepta mesajul \u0219i \u00eel va plasa \u00eentr-un director special, la care se uit\u0103 \u0219i serviciul responsabil pentru primirea mesajelor de c\u0103tre clien\u021bi (MDA). <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nC\u00e2nd urm\u0103toarea dat\u0103 clientul de e-mail al destinatarului va \u00eentreba serverul de e-mail de intrare despre existen\u021ba mesajelor noi, MDA \u00eei va trimite mesajul dvs. <\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 serverele de e-mail func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe internet \u0219i oricine le poate accesa \u0219i trimite mesaje, iar serverele de e-mail sunt folosite pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de diferite companii pentru a schimba date importante, reprezint\u0103 o \u021bint\u0103 tentant\u0103 pentru atacatori, mai ales pentru spammeri. Din acest motiv, serverele de e-mail moderne au multe m\u0103suri suplimentare pentru a confirma expeditorul, verifica spamul etc. \u0218i multe din aceste subiecte le voi aborda \u00een p\u0103r\u021bile urm\u0103toare.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Nu inten\u021bionez s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b pe cineva rapid cum s\u0103 lucreze cu serverele de email.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-rabotaet-elektronnaya-pochta","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0430 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 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