{"id":78254,"date":"2020-04-18T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-04-17T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:45:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:45:17","slug":"veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-highload-kak-my-upravlyaem-trafikom-desyatkov-tysyach-domenov","title":{"rendered":"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Traficul legitim \u00een re\u021beaua DDoS-Guard a dep\u0103\u0219it recent o sut\u0103 de gigabi\u021bi pe secund\u0103. Acum, 50% din tot traficul nostru este generat de serviciile web ale clien\u021bilor. Acestea sunt zeci de mii de domenii, foarte variate \u0219i care, \u00een cele mai multe cazuri, necesit\u0103 o abordare individualizat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Sub aceast\u0103 sec\u021biune \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m nodurile de front \u0219i emitem <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" title=\"Certificatul SSL\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/ssl-sertifikat\/\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"357\">Certificatul SSL<\/a> pentru sute de mii de site-uri.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/5e4fece0f5039f0fb1af5ead9e0e0089.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Configurarea frontului pentru un singur site, chiar \u0219i pentru unul foarte mare, este simpl\u0103. Lu\u0103m nginx sau haproxy sau lighttpd, configur\u0103m conform ghidurilor \u0219i uit\u0103m de el. Dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 schimb\u0103m ceva \u2014 facem reload \u0219i iar uit\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>Totul se schimb\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd prelucrezi \u00een timp real volume mari de trafic, evaluezi legitimitatea cererilor, comprimi \u0219i memorezi con\u021binutul utilizatorilor \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp schimbi parametrii de mai multe ori pe secund\u0103. Utilizatorul dore\u0219te s\u0103 vad\u0103 rezultatul pe toate nodurile externe imediat dup\u0103 ce a modificat set\u0103rile din contul s\u0103u. \u00cen plus, utilizatorul poate \u00eenc\u0103rca prin API c\u00e2teva mii (iar uneori zeci de mii) de domenii cu parametru de procesare a traficului personalizat. Toate acestea trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze imediat, at\u00e2t \u00een America, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een Europa sau Asia \u2014 sarcina nu este deloc trivial\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 \u00een Moscova exist\u0103 mai multe noduri fizic separate pentru filtrare.<\/p>\n<h3>De ce at\u00e2t de multe noduri mari \u0219i fiabile \u00een \u00eentreaga lume?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Calitatea serviciului pentru traficul clien\u021bilor \u2014 cererile din SUA trebuie s\u0103 fie procesate exact \u00een SUA (inclusiv pentru atacuri, parsare \u0219i alte anomalii), \u0219i nu s\u0103 fie trase \u00een Moscova sau Europa, cresc\u00e2nd imprevizibil laten\u021ba proces\u0103rii.<\/li>\n<li>Traficul de atac trebuie s\u0103 fie localizat \u2014 operatorii de tranzit pot suferi degradare \u00een timpul atacurilor, a c\u0103ror volum dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te adesea 1Tbps. Transportarea traficului de atac prin linii transatlantice sau transasiatice nu este cea mai bun\u0103 idee. Am avut cazuri reale \u00een care operatorii Tier-1 au spus: \u201eVolumele de atac pe care le accepta\u021bi sunt periculoase pentru noi\u201d. De aceea, accept\u0103m fluxurile de intrare c\u00e2t mai aproape de sursele lor.<\/li>\n<li>Cerin\u021bele stricte de continuitate a serviciului \u2013 centrele de cur\u0103\u021bare nu trebuie s\u0103 depind\u0103 unii de al\u021bii sau de evenimentele locale din lumea noastr\u0103 \u00een continu\u0103 schimbare. A fost \u00eentrerupt\u0103 energia timp de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 pentru toate cele 11 etaje ale MMTs-9? \u2013 nu este o problem\u0103. Niciun client care nu are o conectare fizic\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 loca\u021bie nu va fi afectat, iar serviciile web nu vor suferi \u00een niciun caz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Cum gestion\u0103m toate acestea?<\/h3>\n<p>Configura\u021biile serviciilor trebuie s\u0103 fie distribuite c\u00e2t mai repede posibil (ideal instantaneu) pe toate nodurile frontale. Nu se poate pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 se modifice configura\u021biile textuale \u0219i s\u0103 se reporneasc\u0103 demonii la fiecare modificare \u2013 acela\u0219i nginx men\u021bine procesele \u00eenchise (worker shutting down) \u00eenc\u0103 c\u00e2teva minute (sau poate ore dac\u0103 exist\u0103 sesiuni websocket lungi).<\/p>\n<p>La repornirea configura\u021biei, este destul de normal urm\u0103toarea situa\u021bie:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6a1ffc01ad9bac1e51d46c3130ea2a37.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te utilizarea memoriei:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/d356134b0866b8c92a3d5f7a3a8df208.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vechele workere consum\u0103 memorie, inclusiv o cantitate care nu depinde liniar de num\u0103rul de conexiuni, \u2013 aceasta este o situa\u021bie normal\u0103. C\u00e2nd conexiunile clientului se \u00eenchid, aceast\u0103 memorie va fi eliberat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De ce aceasta nu era o problem\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd nginx a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se dezvolte? Nu existau nici HTTP\/2, nici WebSocket, nici conexiuni lungi keep-alive de mas\u0103. 70% din traficul nostru web este HTTP\/2, iar aceste conexiuni sunt foarte lungi.<\/p>\n<p>Solu\u021bia este simpl\u0103 \u2013 nu folosi\u021bi nginx, nu gestiona\u021bi fronturile pe baza fi\u0219ierelor text \u0219i cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu trimite\u021bi configura\u021bii text zipate pe canalele trans-pacific. Canalele sunt, desigur, garantate \u0219i rezervate, dar nu devin mai pu\u021bin transcontinentale din acest motiv.<\/p>\n<p>Avem un server front-end echilibror de sarcin\u0103, despre interiorul c\u0103ruia voi povesti \u00een articolele urm\u0103toare. Principalul s\u0103u atribut este capacitatea de a aplica mii de modific\u0103ri de configurare pe secund\u0103 \u00een timp real, f\u0103r\u0103 reporniri, re\u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103ri sau cre\u0219teri bru\u0219te ale consumului de memorie. Acest lucru este foarte asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu Hot Code Reload, de exemplu \u00een Erlang. Datele sunt stocate \u00eentr-o baz\u0103 de date key-value geodistribuit\u0103 \u0219i sunt citite instantaneu de mecanismele de execu\u021bie ale serverului front-end. Cu alte cuvinte, dac\u0103 a\u021bi \u00eenc\u0103rcat un certificat SSL prin intermediul interfe\u021bei web sau API-ului din Moscova, \u00een c\u00e2teva secunde acesta va fi preg\u0103tit pentru utilizare \u00een centrul nostru de cur\u0103\u021bare din Los Angeles. Dac\u0103 cumva va avea loc o r\u0103zboi mondial \u0219i internetul va disp\u0103rea la nivel global, nodurile noastre vor continua s\u0103 func\u021bioneze autonom \u0219i vor corecta split-brain, imediat ce unul dintre canalele dedicate Moscova-Amsterdam-Los Angeles sau cel pu\u021bin unul dintre canalele de rezerv\u0103 GRE va deveni disponibil.<\/p>\n<p>Acela\u0219i mecanism ne permite s\u0103 emitem \u0219i s\u0103 re\u00eennoim instantaneu <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/\">certificatul Let's Encrypt.<\/a> Foarte simplificat, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>De \u00eendat\u0103 ce observ\u0103m m\u0103car o solicitare HTTPS pentru domeniul clientului nostru f\u0103r\u0103 certificat (sau cu un certificat expirat), nodul extern care a primit solicitarea notific\u0103 centrul nostru intern de certificare.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/20830ee7c4ea57ec1d0833f0bc25412d.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Dac\u0103 utilizatorul nu a interzis emiterea Let's Encrypt, autoritatea de certificare genereaz\u0103 CSR, prime\u0219te de la LE un token de confirmare \u0219i \u00eel trimite pe toate fronturile printr-un canal criptat. Acum, orice nod poate confirma cererea de validare de la LE.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/1c8b295065f27c1b69c810ff74ce4018.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/li>\n<li>\u00cen c\u00e2teva momente, vom primi un certificat corect \u0219i o cheie privat\u0103 \u0219i le vom trimite la fel fronturilor. Din nou, f\u0103r\u0103 a reporni demonii.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/e4fc349089fbf7cbe7824ea539865daf.jpg\" alt=\"Web-HighLoad \u2014 cum gestion\u0103m traficul a zeci de mii de domenii\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Cu 7 zile \u00eenainte de data de expirare, se ini\u021biaz\u0103 procedura de reob\u021binere a certificatului.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Chiar acum, rotim \u00een timp real 350k de certificate complet transparent pentru utilizatori.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen articolele urm\u0103toare ale acestui ciclu, voi povesti despre alte caracteristici ale proces\u0103rii \u00een timp real a unui volum mare de trafic web \u2014 de exemplu, despre analiza RTT pe date incomplete pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea calit\u0103\u021bii serviciilor pentru clien\u021bii de transit \u0219i despre protejarea traficului de transit \u00eempotriva atacurilor de tip terabit, despre livrarea \u0219i agregarea informa\u021biilor de trafic, despre WAF, CDN aproape nelimitat\u0103 \u0219i numeroase mecanisme de optimizare a livr\u0103rii con\u021binutului.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Numai utilizatorii \u00eenregistra\u021bi pot participa la sondaj. <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Conecta\u021bi-v\u0103<\/a>, v\u0103 rug\u0103m.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Ce a\u021bi dori s\u0103 afla\u021bi \u00een primul r\u00e2nd?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"poll-result\">\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Algoritmi de clusterizare \u0219i analiz\u0103 a calit\u0103\u021bii traficului web&lt;3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent  poll-result__data-percent_winner\">33,3%<\/strong>Interioarele echilibrarelor DDoS-Guard7<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">9,5%<\/strong>Protec\u021bia traficului L3\/L4 \u00een tranzit2<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">0,0%<\/strong>Protec\u021bia site-urilor web pe traficul de tranzit0<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">14,3%<\/strong>Firewall pentru aplica\u021bii web3<\/li>\n<li class=\"poll-result__item\"><strong class=\"poll-result__data-percent\">28,6%<\/strong>Protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva pars\u0103rii \u0219i clicurilor automate6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>21 de utilizatori au votat. 6 utilizatori s-au ab\u021binut.<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ddosguard\/blog\/497632\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 DDoS-Guard \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 50% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442-\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c SSL-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":78255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-78254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 DDoS-Guard \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 50% \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e 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