{"id":80389,"date":"2020-05-05T13:42:36","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T11:42:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dzhon-rejnarcz-i-ego-legendarnyj-radiopriyomnik"},"modified":"2020-05-05T13:42:36","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T11:42:36","slug":"dzhon-rejnarcz-i-ego-legendarnyj-radiopriyomnik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dzhon-rejnarcz-i-ego-legendarnyj-radiopriyomnik","title":{"rendered":"John Reinars \u0219i radioul s\u0103u legendar","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"John
\nPe 27 noiembrie 1923, radiomatorii americani John Reinartz (1QP) \u0219i Fred Schnell (1MO) au realizat o comunicare radio transatlantic\u0103 bidirec\u021bional\u0103 cu radiomatorul din Fran\u021ba, L\u00e9on Deloy (F8AB), pe o lungime de und\u0103 de aproximativ 100 m. Aceast\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2mplare a avut un impact enorm asupra dezvolt\u0103rii mi\u0219c\u0103rii mondiale de radioamatorism \u0219i a comunica\u021biilor pe unde scurte. Unul dintre factorii decisivi care au contribuit la succes a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea sistemului de receptor regenerativ Armstrong de c\u0103tre Schnell \u0219i Reinartz. Modific\u0103rile au fost at\u00e2t de reu\u0219ite \u00eenc\u00e2t numele \u201eSchnell\u201d \u0219i \u201eReinartz\u201d au devenit denumiri generice pentru construc\u021biile similare de receptoare.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

A fost un \u201ereynarc\u201d obi\u0219nuit\u2026<\/h1>\n

\nWikipedia, care \u0219tie tot despre John Reinartz, nu mi-a putut spune nimic. Acest articol istoric este redactat pe baza unor publica\u021bii disparate ale radioamatorilor americani, precum \u0219i a materialelor din num\u0103rul de ianuarie 1924 al revistei \u201eQST\u201d \u0219i din num\u0103rul 23-24 al revistei \u201eRadioamator\u201d din 1926.<\/p>\n

John Reinartz s-a n\u0103scut pe 6 martie 1894 \u00een Germania. \u00cen 1904, familia Reinartz s-a mutat din Germania \u00een South Manchester, Connecticut, SUA. \u00cen 1908, John s-a interesat de radio, iar \u00een 1915 a devenit unul dintre primii membri din \u021bar\u0103 ai asocia\u021biei na\u021bionale a radioamatorilor din SUA (ARRL).<\/p>\n

\u00cencepea era explor\u0103rii undelor radio. At\u00e2t laboratoarele de frunte din lume, c\u00e2t \u0219i entuzia\u0219tii simpli c\u0103utau solu\u021bii tehnice pentru dispozitivele de recep\u021bie \u0219i transmisie radio. A\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat \u00een articolele anterioare din acest ciclu, generatoarele electromecanice \u0219i detectoarele cristaline erau atunci \u00eenlocuite activ de solu\u021bii cu tuburi electronice.<\/p>\n

Una dintre descoperirile revolu\u021bionare ale acelei perioade a fost inven\u021bia de c\u0103tre Armstrong<\/a><\/noindex> receptorului radio regenerativ. Solu\u021bia era simpl\u0103, ieftin\u0103 \u0219i permitea crearea unui dispozitiv pentru recep\u021bia radio pe distan\u021be lungi, folosind doar un tub de radio. Dificultatea consta \u00een ajustarea mecanic\u0103 a pozi\u021biei bobinei de feedback. Cu c\u00e2t frecven\u021ba de recep\u021bie era mai mare, cu at\u00e2t aceast\u0103 ajustare devenea mai \u201efierbinte\u201d.<\/p>\n

John Reinartz a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit semnificativ schema lui Armstrong, fix\u00e2nd rigid bobina de feedback. Reglarea valorii feedback-ului \u00een receptorul lui Reinartz (Reinartz Tuner) se realiza cu ajutorul unui condensator cu capacitate variabil\u0103 (KPE). Pentru a reduce \u201efierbin\u021beala\u201d ajust\u0103rilor, KPE erau folosite vernier-uri.<\/p>\n

Spre deosebire de Armstrong, care \u0219i-a petrecut toat\u0103 via\u021ba \u00een litigii pentru brevetele \u0219i priorit\u0103\u021bile sale, Reynar\u021b a pur \u0219i simplu publicat construc\u021bia sa \u00een num\u0103rul din iunie 1921 al revistei \u201eQST\u201d. A urmat apoi \u00eenc\u0103 dou\u0103 articole cu \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri.<\/p>\n

\u00cen publica\u021biile radioamatorului american John Dilks (K2TQN)<\/a><\/noindex> este un exemplu de implementare a receptorului lui Reynar\u021b pe un singur tub:<\/p>\n

\"John<\/p>\n

\u2026 \u0219i a func\u021bionat foarte simplu\u2026<\/h1>\n

\nSchema cu tuburi impresioneaz\u0103 prin frumuse\u021bea sa dur\u0103 a solu\u021biilor tehnice. Totul este la locul lui, nimic \u00een plus.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acest eseu, am decis \u00een mod special s\u0103 nu includ scheme din publica\u021biile anilor \u201920 ai secolului XX, ci m-am adresat primei edi\u021bii de referin\u021b\u0103 a \u201eT\u00e2n\u0103rului radioamator\u201d de Borisov. Iat\u0103 cum este ar\u0103tat simplu \u0219i clar func\u021bionarea unui receptor cu amplificare direct\u0103 pe un singur tub:<\/p>\n

\"John
\nAm discutat despre func\u021bionarea conturului rezonant la intrarea schemei \u0219i a c\u0103\u0219tilor cu condensator de blocare la ie\u0219ire \u00een articolul despre \u201ecristadinul\u201d lui Losev. Vom analiza func\u021bionarea circuitului RcCc la intrarea amplificatorului triod.<\/p>\n

Circuitul RcCc poart\u0103 denumirea de \u201egrid leak\u201d (din englez\u0103: grid leak \u2014 scurgere de gril\u0103), prin care se realizeaz\u0103 \u201edetectarea grilei\u201d, atunci c\u00e2nd amplificatorul pe tub at\u00e2t detecteaz\u0103 semnalul, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00eel amplific\u0103.<\/p>\n

Graficul (a) arat\u0103 curentul anodic al amplificatorului, c\u00e2nd \u201egrid leak\u201d-ul lipse\u0219te. Vedem c\u0103 semnalul de intrare este amplificat direct.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 conectarea \u201egrid leak\u201d-ului \u00een circuitul grilei de control, observ\u0103m pulsa\u021biile curentului \u00een circuitele anodice (graficul b). Condensatorul de blocare filtreaz\u0103 componentele de \u00eenalt\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103 (graficul c), astfel c\u0103 primim semnale de frecven\u021b\u0103 audio \u00een c\u0103\u0219ti.<\/p>\n

Acum s\u0103 vedem ce au f\u0103cut cu aceast\u0103 schem\u0103 Armstrong \u0219i Reynar\u021b:<\/p>\n

\"John
\nArmstrong a introdus o bobin\u0103 de feedback \u00een circuitele anodice ale amplificatorului. Cu feedback pozitiv, semnalului din bobina conturului rezonant i se adaug\u0103 semnalul din bobina de feedback. Nivelul feedback-ului este ales astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t amplificatorul s\u0103 fie la limita autogen\u0103rii, ceea ce asigur\u0103 un nivel maxim de amplificare a semnalului de intrare.<\/p>\n

La recep\u021bia pe unde scurte, reglarea schemei lui Armstrong pentru func\u021bionarea \u00een mod regenerativ a fost problematic\u0103: cea mai mic\u0103 mi\u0219care a bobinei de feedback conducea la schimb\u0103ri mari ale parametrilor de recep\u021bie.<\/p>\n

John Reynar\u021b a rezolvat problema fix\u00e2nd pozi\u021bia relativ\u0103 a bobinelor L1 \u0219i L2 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t induc\u021biile reciproce dintre ele \u0219i modific\u0103rile capacit\u0103\u021bii condensatorului de feedback s\u0103 fie suficiente pentru func\u021bionarea receptorului \u00een modul de regenerare pe un interval larg de lungimi de und\u0103. <\/p>\n

Pentru a cre\u0219te stabilitatea func\u021bion\u0103rii, \u00een circuitele anodice ale tubului a fost introdus un reductor Dr. Acesta asigura decuplarea circuitelor de \u00eenalt\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103 ale receptorului de cele de frecven\u021b\u0103 joas\u0103 \u0219i filtra eficient din semnalul de frecven\u021b\u0103 audio componenta de radiofrecven\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pentru \u201eextinderea\u201d set\u0103rilor de frecven\u021b\u0103 \u0219i feedback, au fost folosite vernieruri \u2014 reductoare de vitez\u0103 \u00eentre butoanele de reglare \u0219i axele condensatoarelor. Aceste solu\u021bii tehnice asigurau o reglare fin\u0103 a frecven\u021bei de recep\u021bie \u0219i, ceea ce este esen\u021bial \u2014 a nivelului de feedback.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd se regla receptorul pe o sta\u021bie de radio, mai \u00eent\u00e2i se ajusta nivelul feedback-ului \u00een func\u021bie de cre\u0219terea volumului zgomotului din eter. Practic, receptorul intra \u00een modul \u201eautodin\u201d, adic\u0103 \u00eencepea s\u0103 func\u021bioneze ca un receptor cu heterodin. Atunci c\u00e2nd se ajusta pe frecven\u021ba sta\u021biei, la \u00eenceput ap\u0103rea un \u0219uierat din b\u0103t\u0103ile oscila\u021biilor proprii \u0219i frecven\u021ba purt\u0103toare. A\u0219a se realiza recep\u021bia semnalului de radiotelegrafie (CW).<\/p>\n

\u00cen recep\u021bia emisiunilor de radio (AM), setarea frecven\u021bei continua p\u00e2n\u0103 se ob\u021bineau \u201eb\u0103t\u0103i nule\u201d, iar apoi valoarea feedback-ului se reducea, orient\u00e2ndu-se dup\u0103 calitatea sunetului.<\/p>\n

Apropo, a fost observat un efect interesant: receptorul regenerativ, atunci c\u00e2nd era reglat imprecis pe sta\u021bie, de multe ori \u00eencepea s\u0103-\u0219i ajusteze frecven\u021ba \u0219i faza oscila\u021biilor proprii \u00een func\u021bie de semnalul purt\u0103tor. Aceast\u0103 ajustare automat\u0103 asigura modul sincron de recep\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\u2026 de\u0219i nu este perfect<\/h1>\n

\nReceptorii regenerativi au at\u00e2t avantaje, c\u00e2t \u0219i dezavantaje.<\/p>\n

Printre avantajele lor se num\u0103r\u0103 un raport \u201epre\u021b-calitate\u201d ridicat. \u00cen plus, \u201eregeneratoarele\u201d ofereau o anumit\u0103 versatilitate \u00een utilizare: asigurau recep\u021bia sta\u021biilor de emisie \u00een modul de regenerare; \u00een modul de auto-generare, func\u021bionau ca receptoare cu heterodin \u0219i puteau recep\u021biona radiotelegrafia.<\/p>\n

Principala dezavantaj\u0103 era necesitatea regl\u0103rii continue a feedback-ului \u0219i radia\u021bia parazitar\u0103 a receptorului \u00een eter. Aminti\u021bi-v\u0103 de V\u0103sica Taburetekin!<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, receptorii regenerativi au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocui\u021bi de superheterodine. Dar aceasta este deja o alt\u0103 poveste...<\/p>\n

De la autor<\/h4>\n

\n\u00cen anii '20, John Reynarz s-a ocupat de studiul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii undelor scurte. A fost \u00eentr-o expedi\u021bie arctic\u0103.
\nDin 1933 a lucrat la RCA.
\n\u00cen 1938 a intrat \u00een marin\u0103, termin\u00e2nd serviciul \u00een 1946 ca \u0219i c\u0103pitan.
\n\u00cen 1946 s-a \u00eentors la munc\u0103 la RCA.
\nDin 1949 a lucrat la Eimac.
\nPe 1 februarie 1960 a avut loc un mare banquet cu ocazia pension\u0103rii lui Reynarz, la care au participat peste dou\u0103 sute de renumi\u021bi radioamatori.
\nA decedat pe 18 septembrie 1964. <\/p>\n

Surse utilizate<\/h4>\n

\n1. \u201eQST\u201d, 1924, nr. 1
\n2. \u201eRadioamator\u201d, 1926, nr. 23-24
\n3. Borisov V.G. T\u00e2n\u0103rul radioamator \u2013 M.: Statul Editura Energetic\u0103, 1951<\/p>\n

Alte publica\u021bii din ciclu<\/h4>\n

\n1. Laboratorul de radio din Nizhny Novgorod \u0219i comunica\u021biile radio amatorilor pe unde scurte<\/a><\/noindex>
\n2. Laboratorul de radio din Nizhny Novgorod \u0219i receptorii radio cu detectoare cristaline<\/a><\/noindex>
\n3. Laboratorul de radio din Nizhny Novgorod \u0219i \u201ecristadinul\u201d lui Losev<\/a><\/noindex>
\n4. John Reinars \u0219i radioul s\u0103u legendar<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

27 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1923 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0446 (John L. Reinartz, 1QP) \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0428\u043d\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044c (Fred H. Schnell, 1MO) \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c (Leon Deloy, F8AB) \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 100 \u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":80390,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47John Reynarz \u0219i 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