{"id":84755,"date":"2020-06-10T13:43:01","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T11:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/in-memory-arhitektura-dlya-veb-servisov-osnovy-tehnologii-i-princzipy"},"modified":"2020-06-10T13:43:01","modified_gmt":"2020-06-10T11:43:01","slug":"in-memory-arhitektura-dlya-veb-servisov-osnovy-tehnologii-i-princzipy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/in-memory-arhitektura-dlya-veb-servisov-osnovy-tehnologii-i-princzipy","title":{"rendered":"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In-Memory este un set de concepte de stocare a datelor, c\u00e2nd acestea sunt p\u0103strate \u00een memoria RAM a aplica\u021biei, iar discul este folosit pentru backup. \u00cen abord\u0103rile clasice, datele sunt stocate pe disc, iar memoria este utilizat\u0103 ca cache. De exemplu, o aplica\u021bie web cu un backend pentru prelucrarea datelor solicit\u0103 aceste date din depozit: le prime\u0219te, le transform\u0103, iar apoi sunt transmise prin re\u021bea. \u00cen In-Memory, calculul este direc\u021bionat spre date - \u00een depozit, unde sunt prelucrate, reduc\u00e2nd astfel \u00eenc\u0103rcarea re\u021belei.<\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"NRMFcnROTA0\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/NRMFcnROTA0\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center>Datorit\u0103 arhitecturii sale, \u00een In-Memory, viteza de acces la date este de zeci de ori, iar uneori chiar mult mai rapid\u0103. De exemplu, anali\u0219tii unei b\u0103nci doresc s\u0103 vizualizeze un raport \u00een aplica\u021bia analitic\u0103 referitor la creditele acordate, \u00een dinamic\u0103 zilnic\u0103 pentru anul trecut. Acest proces pe o baz\u0103 de date clasic\u0103 va dura c\u00e2teva minute, \u00een timp ce cu In-Memory este aproape instantaneu. Totul se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 abordarea permite stocarea mult mai multor informa\u021bii, care r\u0103m\u00e2n la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een memoria RAM. Aplica\u021bia nu trebuie s\u0103 solicite date de pe hard disk, iar disponibilitatea acestora este limitat\u0103 de viteza re\u021belei \u0219i a discului.<\/p>\n<p>Ce alte oportunit\u0103\u021bi ofer\u0103 In-Memory \u0219i \u00een ce const\u0103 aceast\u0103 abordare, va fi explicat de <b>Vladimir Pligin<\/b> \u2014 inginer la compania GridGain. Acest material de revizuire va fi util dezvoltatorilor backend pentru aplica\u021bii web care nu au lucrat cu In-Memory \u0219i doresc s\u0103 \u00eencerce sau sunt interesa\u021bi de tendin\u021bele moderne \u00een dezvoltarea solu\u021biilor software \u0219i proiectarea arhitecturii.<\/p>\n<p><b>Not\u0103<\/b>. Articolul se bazeaz\u0103 pe transcrierea prezent\u0103rii lui Vladimir de la conferin\u021ba #GetIT Conf. \u00cenainte de introducerea autoizol\u0103rii, am organizat \u00een mod regulat \u00eent\u00e2lniri \u0219i conferin\u021be pentru dezvoltatori la Moscova \u0219i Sankt Petersburg: discutam despre tendin\u021be, \u00eentreb\u0103ri actuale de dezvoltare, probleme \u0219i solu\u021bii. Acum nu putem organiza conferin\u021be, dar este momentul perfect pentru a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i materiale utile din trecut.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Cine \u0219i cum folose\u0219te In-Memory<\/h2>\n<p>\nIn-Memory este folosit cel mai adesea acolo unde interac\u021biunea rapid\u0103 cu utilizatorul sau prelucrarea unor volume mari de date este esen\u021bial\u0103.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>B\u0103ncile<\/b> folosesc In-Memory, de exemplu, pentru a reduce \u00eent\u00e2rzierile \u00een utilizarea aplica\u021biilor de c\u0103tre clien\u021bi sau pentru a analiza clien\u021bii \u00eenainte de a acorda un credit.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Fintech<\/b> folose\u0219te In-Memory pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi performan\u021ba serviciilor \u0219i aplica\u021biilor bancare care externalizeaz\u0103 procesarea \u0219i analizarea datelor.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Companiile de asigur\u0103ri<\/b>: pentru calcularea riscurilor, de exemplu, analiz\u00e2nd datele clien\u021bilor de-a lungul mai multor ani.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Companiile de logistic\u0103<\/b>. Ele proceseaz\u0103 cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de date, de exemplu, pentru a calcula rutele optime pentru transportul de m\u0103rfuri \u0219i pasageri cu mii de parametri, monitoriz\u00e2nd statutul expedierilor.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Retail<\/b>. Solu\u021biile In-Memory ajut\u0103 la servirea mai rapid\u0103 a clien\u021bilor \u0219i la procesarea unor volume mari de informa\u021bii: livr\u0103ri, facturi, tranzac\u021bii, disponibilitatea a mii de produse \u00een stocuri, preg\u0103tirea rapoartelor analitice.\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen <b>IoT<\/b> In-Memory \u00eenlocuie\u0219te bazele de date tradi\u021bionale.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Companiile \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0442ice<\/b> utilizeaz\u0103 In-Memory, de exemplu, pentru generarea combina\u021biilor de ingrediente ale medicamentelor.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVoi \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i c\u00e2teva exemple despre cum clien\u021bii no\u0219tri folosesc solu\u021biile In-Memory \u0219i cum le pute\u021bi implementa la voi.<\/p>\n<h3>In-Memory ca depozit principal<\/h3>\n<p>\nUnul dintre clien\u021bii no\u0219tri este un furnizor mare de echipamente medicale din SUA. Ei folosesc solu\u021bia In-Memory ca depozit principal de date. Toate datele sunt stocate pe disc, iar un subset de date care este utilizat activ este p\u0103strat \u00een memorie. Metodele de accesare a depozitului sunt standard: GDBC (Generic Database Connector) \u0219i limbajul de interogare SQL.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/b6dbb963d2157a7588199fe85ab78e11.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nToate acestea sunt cunoscute sub numele de In-Memory Database (IMDB) sau Memory-Centric Storage. Aceast\u0103 categorie de solu\u021bii are multe denumiri, acestea nu sunt singurele.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Caracteristicile IMDB:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Datele stocate \u00een In-Memory \u0219i accesibile prin SQL sunt acelea\u0219i ca \u0219i \u00een celelalte abord\u0103ri. Ele sunt sincronizate, singura diferen\u021b\u0103 fiind modul de prezentare \u0219i de accesare. Exist\u0103 tranzac\u021bionalitate \u00eentre date.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>IMDB sunt mai rapide dec\u00e2t bazele de date rela\u021bionale, deoarece accesarea informa\u021biilor din memorie este mai rapid\u0103 dec\u00e2t de pe disc.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>Algoritmii interni de optimizare au mai pu\u021bine instruc\u021biuni.\n<\/li>\n<li>IMDB sunt potrivite pentru gestionarea datelor, evenimentelor \u0219i tranzac\u021biilor \u00een aplica\u021bii.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIMDB sus\u021bin par\u021bial ACID: atomicitate, consisten\u021b\u0103 \u0219i izolare. Dar nu sus\u021bin \u201edurabilitatea\u201d \u2014 \u00een cazul opririi curentului, toate datele sunt pierdute. Pentru a rezolva aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, pot fi utilizate snapshot-uri \u2014 un \u201einstantaneu\u201d al bazei de date, similar unui backup al bazei de date pe un hard disk sau \u00eenregistrarea tranzac\u021biilor (loguri) pentru a recupera datele dup\u0103 repornire.<\/p>\n<h3>Pentru a crea aplica\u021bii rezistente la defec\u021biuni<\/h3>\n<p>\nS\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m o arhitectur\u0103 clasic\u0103 a unei aplica\u021bii web rezistente la defec\u021biuni. Aceasta func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel: toate solicit\u0103rile sunt distribuite de un echilibrator de sarcin\u0103 \u00eentre servere. Acest sistem este rezistent, deoarece serverele se duplicate \u0219i se sus\u021bin reciproc \u00een caz de incidente.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/86d363d25cf2c0ac3c5811f3458b2133.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEchilibratorul direc\u021bioneaz\u0103 toate solicit\u0103rile dintr-o sesiune strict pe un singur server. Acesta este mecanismul sesiunilor stabile: fiecare sesiune este legat\u0103 de <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/dts-shicago\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2876\">server<\/a>, \u00een care este stocat\u0103 \u0219i procesat\u0103 local.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Ce se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla c\u00e2nd unul dintre <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"servere\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1498\">servere<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/414457e02812e8c087a1f2a24d8f5902.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b>Serviciul nu va fi afectat, deoarece arhitectura este duplicat\u0103. Dar vom pierde un subset de sesiuni ale serverului c\u0103zut<\/b>. De asemenea, utilizatorii care sunt conecta\u021bi la aceste sesiuni vor fi afecta\u021bi. De exemplu, un client finalizeaz\u0103 o comand\u0103 \u0219i brusc este deconectat din cont. Va fi nemul\u021bumit c\u00e2nd se va reconecta \u0219i va descoperi c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 reia procesul de comand\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De la aplica\u021bia web se a\u0219teapt\u0103 s\u0103 suporte un num\u0103r mare de utilizatori \u0219i s\u0103 nu \"\u00eenghe\u021be\" pentru a le permite o experien\u021b\u0103 confortabil\u0103. Dar \u00een caz de defec\u021biune, cu fiecare solicitare urm\u0103toare, timpul de interac\u021biune cu stocarea sesiunilor va cre\u0219te. Aceasta va cre\u0219te laten\u021ba medie pentru ceilal\u021bi utilizatori. Dar ace\u0219tia nu vor s\u0103 a\u0219tepte mai mult dec\u00e2t sunt obi\u0219nui\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 poate fi rezolvat\u0103, similar clientului nostru \u2013 un mare furnizor PASS din SUA. Acesta folose\u0219te In-Memory pentru a clusteriza sesiunile web. \u00cen acest scop, acestea sunt stocate nu local, ci centralizat \u2013 \u00een clusterul In-Memory. \u00cen acest caz, sesiunile sunt accesibile mult mai rapid, deoarece se afl\u0103 deja \u00een memorie.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/9569a62570288e1e9ec8a9af01fb42dc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nC\u00e2nd serverul se pr\u0103bu\u0219e\u0219te, echilibratorul trimite solicit\u0103rile c\u0103zute pe alte servere, la fel ca \u00een arhitectura clasic\u0103. Dar exist\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 important\u0103: <b>sesiunile sunt stocate \u00een clusterul In-Memory<\/b> iar serverele au acces la sesiunile serverului c\u0103zut.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 cre\u0219te rezisten\u021ba la defec\u021biuni a \u00eentregului sistem. Mai mult, este posibil s\u0103 renun\u021b\u0103m complet la mecanismul sesiunilor stabile.<\/p>\n<h3>Procesarea tranzac\u021bional-analitic\u0103 hibrid\u0103 (HTAP)<\/h3>\n<p>\nDe obicei, sistemele tranzac\u021bionale \u0219i cele analitice sunt separate. C\u00e2nd acestea sunt divizate, baza de date principal\u0103 este supus\u0103 la sarcini. Pentru prelucrarea analitic\u0103, datele sunt copiate \u00eentr-o replic\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t procesarea analitic\u0103 s\u0103 nu interfereze cu procesele tranzac\u021bionale. Dar copierea se efectueaz\u0103 cu \u00eent\u00e2rziere - f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rziere, replicarea nu este posibil\u0103. Dac\u0103 o facem sincron, aceasta va \u00eencetini de asemenea baza principal\u0103 \u0219i nu vom ob\u021bine c\u00e2\u0219tiguri.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen HTAP, totul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 diferit - aceea\u0219i stocare de date este utilizat\u0103 pentru sarcina tranzac\u021bional\u0103 din aplica\u021bii \u0219i pentru interog\u0103rile analitice, care pot dura mult timp. Atunci c\u00e2nd datele se afl\u0103 \u00een memoria operativ\u0103, interog\u0103rile analitice sunt realizate mai rapid, iar serverul de baze de date este mai pu\u021bin solicitat (\u00een medie).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0ae5ca63b8bca13eeb169cbfb01ab699.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAbordarea hibrid\u0103 \u201erupe zidul\u201d \u00eentre procesarea tranzac\u021biilor \u0219i analytics. Dac\u0103 execut\u0103m analytics pe aceea\u0219i stocare, interog\u0103rile analitice sunt lansate pe datele din memoria operativ\u0103. Ele sunt mult mai precise, mai interpretabile \u0219i mai adecvate.<\/p>\n<h2>Integrarea solu\u021biilor In-Memory<\/h2>\n<p>\nO modalitate simpl\u0103 (relativ) este\u00a0<b>s\u0103 dezvolt\u0103m totul de la zero<\/b>. P\u0103str\u0103m datele pe disc, iar cele active \u00een memorie. Acest lucru ajut\u0103 la gestionarea repornirilor serverului sau a deconect\u0103rilor.<\/p>\n<p>Aici func\u021bioneaz\u0103 dou\u0103 scenarii principale, c\u00e2nd datele sunt stocate pe disc. \u00cen primul, dorim s\u0103 gestion\u0103m c\u0103derile sau repornirile planificate ale clusterului sau ale unor p\u0103r\u021bi - dorim s\u0103 utiliz\u0103m, ca o baz\u0103 de date simpl\u0103. \u00cen al doilea scenariu, atunci c\u00e2nd datele sunt prea multe, o parte din ele se afl\u0103 \u00een memorie.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a construi totul de la zero, este posibil s\u0103 integr\u0103m solu\u021bia In-Memory \u00een deja <b>arhitectura existent\u0103<\/b>. Dar nu toate solu\u021biile In-Memory sunt potrivite pentru asta. Exist\u0103 trei condi\u021bii obligatorii. Solu\u021bia In-Memory trebuie s\u0103 suporte:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>o modalitate standard de conectare la baza de date, care va fi sub ea (de exemplu, MySQL);\n<\/li>\n<li>un limbaj standard de interogare, pentru a nu rescrie sau modifica logica de interac\u021biune cu stocarea;\n<\/li>\n<li>tranzac\u021bionalitate - pentru a p\u0103stra semantica interac\u021biunii.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 toate cele trei condi\u021bii sunt respectate, integrarea este posibil\u0103. Plas\u0103m In-Memory Data Grid \u00eentre aplica\u021bie \u0219i baz\u0103. Acum interog\u0103rile de scriere vor fi delegate c\u0103tre baza de date inferioar\u0103, iar interog\u0103rile de citire vor fi \u00eendreptate c\u0103tre baza de date, dac\u0103 datele nu sunt \u00een cache.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arhitectura In-memory pentru servicii web: fundamentele tehnologiei \u0219i principii\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/98edd440297e3b28aeae3326dc7fe3ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dac\u0103 accesul rapid la date \u0219i procesarea acestora sunt importante, de exemplu, pentru analize de afaceri, ar trebui s\u0103 lua\u021bi \u00een considerare implementarea In-Memory. Pentru realizare, pute\u021bi utiliza ambele metode \u00een proiectarea unei noi arhitecturi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/505792\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In-Memory \u2014\u00a0\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0430. \u0412 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u0432 \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 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