{"id":85959,"date":"2020-06-20T13:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-06-20T11:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/sozdanie-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-boobstrap-v1-0"},"modified":"2020-06-20T13:42:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-20T11:42:30","slug":"sozdanie-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-boobstrap-v1-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/sozdanie-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-boobstrap-v1-0","title":{"rendered":"Crearea imaginilor de boot boobstrap v1.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"


\n \"Crearea<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Vreau s\u0103 v\u0103 prezint un framework numit boobstrap, scris \u00een POSIX shell, pentru crearea imaginilor de boot cu distribu\u021bii GNU\/Linux. Framework-ul permite s\u0103 parcurgi \u00eentreaga cale \u00een trei pa\u0219i simpli: de la desf\u0103\u0219urarea sistemului \u00een chroot, crearea imaginii initramfs care include sistemul din chroot \u0219i, \u00een final, imaginea ISO de boot. boobstrap include trei utilitare mkbootstrap, mkinitramfs \u0219i mkbootisofs, respectiv.<\/p>\n

mkbootstrap instaleaz\u0103 sistemul \u00eentr-un director separat, av\u00e2nd suport nativ pentru CRUX, iar \u00een cazul Arch Linux \/ Manjaro \u0219i distribu\u021biilor bazate pe Debian trebuie folosite utilitare externe pacstrap, basestrap \u0219i debootstrap, respectiv.<\/p>\n

mkinitramfs creeaz\u0103 o imagine initramfs; pute\u021bi folosi sistemul instalat \u00een director ca «overlay», comprimat cu SquashFS, sau \u00eenc\u0103rc\u00e2ndu-l \u00een sistem pentru a lucra direct \u00een tmpfs. De exemplu, comanda mkinitramfs `mktemp -d` —overlay "arch-chroot\\\/" —overlay "\\\/home" —squashfs-xz —output initrd va crea un fi\u0219ier initrd, incluz\u00e2nd dou\u0103 overlay-uri cu «arch-chroot\\\/» sistem \u0219i «\\\/home», comprimate cu SquashFS, pe care ulterior \u00eel pute\u021bi \u00eenc\u0103rca prin PXE \u00een tmpfs sau pute\u021bi crea o imagine ISO bootabil\u0103 cu acest initrd.<\/p>\n

mkbootisofs creeaz\u0103 o imagine ISO de boot BIOS\/UEFI din directorul specificat. Este suficient s\u0103 plasezi \u00een director fi\u0219ierele \/boot\/vmlinuz \u0219i \/boot\/initrd.<\/p>\n

boobstrap nu folose\u0219te busybox, iar pentru a crea un mediu de lucru initramfs se copiaz\u0103 un set minim de programe folosind ldd, necesare pentru \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u0219i comutare \u00een sistem. Lista programelor de copiat, ca \u0219i tot restul, poate fi configurat\u0103 prin fi\u0219ierul de configurare \\\/etc\\\/boobstrap\\\/boobstrap.conf. De asemenea, pute\u021bi instala orice distribu\u021bie minimal\u0103 \u00eentr-un chroot\\\/ separat, din care s\u0103 crea\u021bi apoi un mediu initramfs complet. Ca astfel de mediu minimalist, dar \u00een acela\u0219i timp complet, se propune utilizarea \u0219ablonului «crux_gnulinux-embedded», care dup\u0103 xz ocup\u0103 un compromis de 37 MB. busybox, \u00een afar\u0103 de dimensiunea sa, 3-5 MB comparativ cu 30-50 MB pentru un mediu GNU\\\/Linux complet, nu ofer\u0103 alte avantaje, astfel c\u0103 utilizarea busybox \u00een proiect nu pare justificat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cum s\u0103 verifici rapid func\u021bionalitatea \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eencepi munca? Instaleaz\u0103 \u0219i porne\u0219te.<\/p>\n

# git clone https:\/\/github.com\/sp00f1ng\/boobstrap.git
\n# cd boobstrap
\n# make install# boobstrap\/tests\/crux_gnulinux-download-and-build
\n# qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -m 1G -cdrom tmp.*\/install.iso<\/p>\n

De asemenea, trebuie s\u0103 instala\u021bi dependen\u021bele, \u0219i anume: cpio, grub, grub-efi, dosfstools, xorriso. Utilizarea squashfs-tools nu este obligatorie, pute\u021bi lucra \u00een tmpfs av\u00e2nd memoria RAM corespunz\u0103toare. \u00cen cazul \u00een care lipse\u0219te ceva din sistem, boobstrap v\u0103 va anun\u021ba la pornire.<\/p>\n

Pentru a simplifica crearea configura\u021biilor, boobstrap ofer\u0103 utilizarea «\u0219abloanelor» \u0219i «sistemelor», care constau \u00een utilizarea «\u0219abloanelor» (bootstrap-templates\\\/) pentru instalarea rapid\u0103 a sistemelor din fi\u0219ier, iar «sistemele» (bootstrap-systems\\\/) s\u0103 fie folosite pentru configurarea final\u0103.<\/p>\n

Astfel, de exemplu, rularea scriptului boobstrap\/bootstrap-templates\/crux_gnulinux-embedded.bbuild va instala o configura\u021bie minim\u0103 a sistemului CRUX GNU\/Linux \u0219i o va salva \u00een fi\u0219ierul crux_gnulinux-embedded.rootfs. Apoi, rula\u021bi boobstrap\/bootstrap-systems\/default\/crux_gnulinux.bbuild care va \u00eenc\u0103rca configura\u021bia ini\u021bial\u0103 din fi\u0219ierul men\u021bionat, va efectua toate set\u0103rile necesare \u0219i va preg\u0103ti ISO-ul de bootare. Este convenabil, de exemplu, c\u00e2nd mai multe sisteme folosesc o configura\u021bie asem\u0103n\u0103toare: pentru a nu descrie de fiecare dat\u0103 acela\u0219i set de pachete, folosi\u021bi un \u0219ablon pe baza c\u0103ruia crea\u021bi imagini de bootare pentru sistemele cu configura\u021bia final\u0103.<\/p>\n

Unde se poate folosi toate acestea?<\/p>\n

Configura\u021bi sistemul \u00eentr-un fi\u0219ier odat\u0103 \u0219i cu un singur apel realiza\u021bi construc\u021bia \u0219i\/sau actualizarea acestuia. Sistemul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een tmpfs, ceea ce \u00eel face de unic\u0103 folosin\u021b\u0103, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103. \u00cen cazul \u00een care sistemul se defecteaz\u0103, printr-o simpl\u0103 ap\u0103sare a butonului Reset reveni\u021bi la starea ini\u021bial\u0103. Pute\u021bi executa lini\u0219tit rm -rf \/.<\/p>\n

Pute\u021bi configura toate sistemele dumneavoastr\u0103 local, crea imagini, le testa \u00een ma\u0219ini virtuale sau pe hardware separat, apoi le \u00eenc\u0103rca\u021bi pe un server remote \u0219i, prin rularea a doar dou\u0103 comenzi kexec -l \\\/vmlinuz —initrd=\\\/initrd && kexec -e, actualiza\u021bi sistemul complet, repornindu-l \u00een tmpfs.<\/p>\n

\u00cen mod similar, pute\u021bi traduce toate sistemele, de exemplu pe VDS, pentru a func\u021biona \u00een tmpfs, iar discul \/dev\/vda s\u0103 fie criptat \u0219i folosit doar pentru date, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesar s\u0103 men\u021bine\u021bi sistemul de operare pe el. Singura \u201epunct de scurgere a informa\u021biilor\u201d \u00een acest caz va fi doar \u201edump-ul rece\u201d al memoriei ma\u0219inii virtuale, iar \u00een cazul unui compromis al sistemului (de exemplu, prin ghicirea parolei ssh sau printr-o vulnerabilitate \u00een exim), pute\u021bi \u00eenc\u0103rca un nou ISO prin \u201epanelul de control\u201d al provider-ului dvs. pentru a restabili VDS-ul, f\u0103r\u0103 a uita s\u0103 edita\u021bi configura\u021bia sistemului, \u00eenchiz\u00e2nd astfel toate vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bile. Este mai rapid dec\u00e2t reinstalarea, configurarea ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i\/sau restabilirea dintr-un backup, deoarece, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, ISO-ul \u00eenc\u0103rcat cu sistemul dumneavoastr\u0103 este backup-ul dumneavoastr\u0103. \u201e\u0218apte nenorociri \u2013 un Reset.\u201d<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, pute\u021bi crea orice distribu\u021bie pentru sarcinile dumneavoastr\u0103, s\u0103 o scrie\u021bi pe un stick USB \u0219i s\u0103 lucra\u021bi \u00een ea, actualiz\u00e2nd-o dup\u0103 cum este nevoie \u0219i rescriind-o din nou pe stickul USB. Toate datele s\u0103 fie stocate \u00een \u201ecloud-uri\u201d. Nu mai trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 face\u021bi griji cu privire la integritatea sistemului \u0219i s\u0103 face\u021bi backup c\u00e2nd sistemul, repet, a devenit \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 \u201ede unic\u0103 folosin\u021b\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sugestiile, propunerile \u0219i observa\u021biile dvs. sunt binevenite.<\/p>\n

\u00cen depozitul de mai jos, ve\u021bi g\u0103si un fi\u0219ier README detaliat (\u00een englez\u0103) cu descrierea fiec\u0103rei utilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i exemple de utilizare, de asemenea exist\u0103 documenta\u021bie detaliat\u0103 \u00een limba rus\u0103 \u0219i un istoric al dezvolt\u0103rii, disponibile la link: Set de scripturi de boot boobstrap<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Sursa: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":85960,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-85959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Crearea imaginilor de boot boobstrap v1.0 | ProHoster","description":"","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/sozdanie-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-boobstrap-v1-0","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 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