{"id":89721,"date":"2020-07-25T19:42:21","date_gmt":"2020-07-25T17:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/booty-utilita-dlya-sozdaniya-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-i-nakopitelej"},"modified":"2020-07-25T19:42:21","modified_gmt":"2020-07-25T17:42:21","slug":"booty-utilita-dlya-sozdaniya-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-i-nakopitelej","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/booty-utilita-dlya-sozdaniya-zagruzochnyh-obrazov-i-nakopitelej","title":{"rendered":"booty \u2014 un utilitar pentru crearea de imagini de boot \u0219i unit\u0103\u021bi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Programul a fost prezentat Booty<\/a><\/noindex>, care permite crearea imaginilor de boot initrd, fi\u0219ierelor ISO sau unit\u0103\u021bilor, incluz\u00e2nd orice distribu\u021bie GNU\/Linux \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 comand\u0103. Codul este scris \u00een POSIX shell \u0219i se r\u0103sp\u00e2nde\u0219te<\/a><\/noindex> sub licen\u021ba GPLv3. <\/p>\n

Toate distribu\u021biile \u00eenc\u0103rcate folosind Booty func\u021bioneaz\u0103 fie \u00een SHMFS (tmpfs), fie \u00een SquashFS + Overlay FS, la alegerea utilizatorului. Distribu\u021bia este creat\u0103 o singur\u0103 dat\u0103, iar \u00een timpul \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii se aleg parametrii care permit utilizarea tmpfs curat pentru r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, sau combina\u021bia Overlay FS + SquashFS cu scrierea modific\u0103rilor \u00een tmpfs. Exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a copia anticipat distribu\u021bia \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 \u00een RAM, ceea ce permite deconectarea unit\u0103\u021bii USB dup\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u0219i copierea distribu\u021biei \u00een memorie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, Booty genereaz\u0103 propria imagine initrd, \u00een care pot fi utilizate utilitare native din sistemul curent sau busybox. Exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a include (a \u00eempacheta) \u00eentreaga distribu\u021bie aflat\u0103 \u00een directorul de distribu\u021bie (chroot) \u00een initramfs. Acest lucru poate fi util atunci c\u00e2nd este necesar\u0103 actualizarea sistemului folosind kexec: pur \u0219i simplu reporni\u021bi initrd cu un nou nucleu \u0219i un nou sistem \u00een interiorul initrd.<\/p>\n

Crearea imaginii initrd specifice Booty:<\/p>\n

mkdir initramfs\/
\n mkinitramfs initramfs\/ \u2014output initrd<\/p>\n

Crearea imaginii initrd prin includerea distribu\u021biei din directorul \u201egentoo\/\u201d:<\/p>\n

mkdir initramfs\/
\n mkinitramfs initramfs\/ \u2014overlay gentoo\/ \u2014cpio \u2014output initrd<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 care aceast\u0103 imagine initrd este complet preg\u0103tit\u0103 pentru \u00eenc\u0103rcare, de exemplu, prin PXE sau prin kexec.<\/p>\n

Apoi, Booty genereaz\u0103 imagini cu sistemul specificat ca \u201eoverlay\u201d. De exemplu, se poate instala (dezarhiva un arhiv) un Gentoo condi\u021bionat \u00eentr-un director separat, dup\u0103 care, folosind Booty, se va genera un arhiv cpio sau o imagine SquashFS cu acest sistem. De asemenea, se pot efectua set\u0103ri pentru distribu\u021bie \u00eentr-un director separat \u0219i se pot copia set\u0103rile personale \u00eentr-un alt director. Toate aceste \u201estraturi\u201d vor fi \u00eenc\u0103rcate succesiv unul peste altul, cre\u00e2nd un sistem de lucru unic.<\/p>\n

mkdir initramfs\/
\n mkinitramfs initramfs\/ \u2014overlay gentoo\/ \u2014overlay settings\/ \u2014overlay documents\/ \u2014squashfs \u2014output initrd<\/p>\n

\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, Booty permite crearea imaginilor ISO bootabile \u0219i unit\u0103\u021bi USB, HDD, SSD \u0219i alte medii de stocare, instal\u00e2nd sistemul descris mai sus din imagini. Booty<\/a><\/noindex> Suport\u0103 crearea sistemelor de boot pentru BIOS \u0219i UEFI. Se suport\u0103 bootloaderele GRUB2 \u0219i SYSLINUX. Bootloader-urile pot fi combinate, de exemplu, pentru bootarea \u00een BIOS folosi\u021bi SYSLINUX, iar pentru UEFI \u2014 GRUB2. Pentru a crea imagini ISO, va fi necesar suplimentar pachetul cdrkit (genisoimage), sau xorriso (xorrisofs), la alegerea utilizatorului.<\/p>\n

Singura ac\u021biune suplimentar\u0103 necesar\u0103 este preg\u0103tirea prealabil\u0103 a nucleului (vmlinuz) pentru bootare. Autorul (Spoofing) recomand\u0103 utilizarea \u201emake defconfig\u201d. \u00cenainte de a crea imaginea, este necesar s\u0103 se preg\u0103teasc\u0103 directorul, plas\u00e2nd \u00een el nucleul vmlinuz \u0219i un \u201einitrd\u201d \u201egol\u201d preg\u0103tit anterior, creat \u00een primul exemplu.<\/p>\n

mkdir iso\/
\n cp \/boot\/vmlinuz-* iso\/boot\/vmlinuz
\n cp initrd iso\/boot\/initrd<\/p>\n

Acum preg\u0103tirea este complet\u0103, putem crea imagini ISO din acest director. <\/p>\n

Urm\u0103toarea comand\u0103 va crea o imagine ISO, non-bootable, doar ISO:<\/p>\n

mkdir iso\/
\n mkbootisofs iso\/ \u2014output archive.iso<\/p>\n

Pentru a crea o imagine de boot, este necesar s\u0103 se specifica op\u021biunea \u201e\u2014legacy-boot\u201d pentru BIOS \u0219i \u201e\u2014efi\u201d pentru UEFI, respectiv, ca parametrii op\u021biunii se accept\u0103 fie grub2, fie syslinux, de asemenea, se poate specifica doar o op\u021biune (de exemplu, dac\u0103 nu este nevoie de suport UEFI, aceasta poate fi omis\u0103).<\/p>\n

mkbootisofs iso\/ \u2014legacy-boot syslinux \u2014output boot-biosonly.iso<\/p>\n

mkbootisofs iso\/ \u2014legacy-boot syslinux \u2014efi grub2 \u2014output boot-bios-uefi.iso<\/p>\n

mkbootisofs iso\/ \u2014efi grub2 \u2014output boot-uefionly.iso<\/p>\n

\u0218i, a\u0219a cum au fost incluse anterior imaginile cu sistemul \u00een initrd, acestea pot fi incluse \u00een ISO.<\/p>\n

mkbootisofs iso\/ \u2014overlay gentoo\/ \u2014squashfs \u2014legacy-boot grub2 \u2014efi grub2 \u2014output gentoo.iso<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 comand\u0103, va fi creat un fi\u0219ier ISO de bootare BIOS\/UEFI care va lansa Gentoo dintr-o imagine SquashFS folosind Overlay FS, utiliz\u00e2nd tmpfs pentru stocarea datelor. Nucleul trebuie s\u0103 fie compilat cu suport pentru Overlay FS \u0219i SquashFS. Cu toate acestea, dac\u0103 din anumite motive nu este necesar, se poate utiliza op\u021biunea \"--cpio\" \u00een loc de \"--squashfs\" pentru a \u00eempacheta gentoo\/ ca un arhiv\u0103 cpio, \u00een acest caz arhiva va fi dezarhivat\u0103 direct \u00een tmpfs la bootare, at\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t este suficient\u0103 memorie RAM pentru a dezarhiva sistemul \u00een tmpfs.<\/p>\n

Un fapt interesant: dac\u0103 fi\u0219ierul ISO creat folosind op\u021biunea \"--efi\" este dezarhivat pe un stick USB FAT32 prin copierea simpl\u0103 a fi\u0219ierelor (cp -r), atunci Flash-urile vor boota \u00een modul UEFI f\u0103r\u0103 nicio preg\u0103tire prealabil\u0103, datorit\u0103 specificului \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarelor UEFI.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 ISO-urile de boot cu acelea\u0219i parametrii, se poate crea orice suport de boot: USB, HDD, SSD etc., iar acest suport poate continua s\u0103 fie utilizat pentru scopul s\u0103u principal. Pentru aceasta, este necesar s\u0103 se monteze, de exemplu, dispozitivul USB \u0219i s\u0103 se execute comanda mkbootisofs pe acesta. Este suficient doar s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi o op\u021biune \"--bootable\" pentru ca suportul care con\u021bine directorul specificat s\u0103 devin\u0103 bootabil.<\/p>\n

mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt
\nmkbootisofs \/mnt --overlay gentoo\/ --squashfs --legacy-boot grub2 --efi grub2 --bootable<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 aceasta, dispozitivul USB va deveni bootabil cu overlay gentoo\/ (nu uita\u021bi s\u0103 copia\u021bi fi\u0219ierele \/boot\/vmlinuz \u0219i \/boot\/initrd pe dispozitiv). <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 din anumite motive suportul nu a fost montat \u00een \/mnt \u0219i se dovede\u0219te c\u0103 \/mnt se afl\u0103 pe dispozitivul principal \/dev\/sda, atunci \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torul va fi suprascris pe \/dev\/sda. Trebuie s\u0103 fi\u021bi aten\u021bi atunci c\u00e2nd specifica\u021bi op\u021biunea --bootable.<\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul boot\u0103rii, Booty accept\u0103 o serie de op\u021biuni care pot fi transmise \u00een bootloader, grub.cfg sau syslinux.cfg. Implicit, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio op\u021biune, se efectueaz\u0103 bootarea \u0219i dezarhivarea tuturor overlay-urilor \u00een tmpfs (op\u021biune implicit\u0103 ooty.use-shmfs). Pentru a utiliza Overlay FS trebuie utilizat\u0103 op\u021biunea booty.use-overlayfs. Op\u021biunea booty.copy-to-ram copiaz\u0103 \u00een prealabil overlay-urile \u00een tmpfs, dup\u0103 care le monteaz\u0103 \u0219i le \u00eencarc\u0103. Dup\u0103 copiere, dispozitivul USB (sau alt mediu) poate fi extras.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Sursa: opennet.ro<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 Booty, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b initrd, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b ISO \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432 GNU\/Linux. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 POSIX shell \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439 GPLv3. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c Booty, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 SHMFS (tmpfs), \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 SquashFS + Overlay FS, \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0414\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-89721","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47booty \u2014 utilitar pentru crearea de imagini bootabile \u0219i medii | ProHoster","description":"Programul Booty este prezentat, permi\u021b\u00e2nd crearea de imagini bootabile initrd, fi\u0219iere ISO sau medii cu un singur 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