{"id":90845,"date":"2020-08-07T01:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T23:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/luchshij-v-svoem-klasse-istoriya-poyavleniya-standarta-shifrovaniya-aes"},"modified":"2020-08-07T01:42:00","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T23:42:00","slug":"luchshij-v-svoem-klasse-istoriya-poyavleniya-standarta-shifrovaniya-aes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/luchshij-v-svoem-klasse-istoriya-poyavleniya-standarta-shifrovaniya-aes","title":{"rendered":"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/8a9b19529cb9c03e9e8df79558a998b2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu mai 2020, \u00een Rusia au \u00eenceput v\u00e2nz\u0103rile oficiale de hard disk-uri externe WD My Book, care suport\u0103 criptarea hardware AES cu cheie de 256 bi\u021bi. Din cauza restric\u021biilor legislative, anterior astfel de dispozitive puteau fi achizi\u021bionate doar din magazine externe de electronice sau de pe pia\u021ba \u201egri\u201d, \u00eens\u0103 acum, oricine poate ob\u021bine un mediu de stocare protejat cu o garan\u021bie oficial\u0103 de 3 ani de la Western Digital. Cu ocazia acestui eveniment semnificativ, am decis s\u0103 facem o mic\u0103 incursiune \u00een istorie \u0219i s\u0103 afl\u0103m cum a ap\u0103rut Advanced Encryption Standard \u0219i ce \u00eel face at\u00e2t de bun \u00een compara\u021bie cu solu\u021biile concurente.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nMult timp, standardul oficial de criptare simetric\u0103 \u00een SUA a fost DES (Data Encryption Standard \u2014 standardul de criptare a datelor), dezvoltat de IBM \u0219i inclus \u00een lista standardelor federale de procesare a informa\u021biilor \u00een 1977 (FIPS 46-3). Algoritmul se bazeaz\u0103 pe lucr\u0103rile ob\u021binute \u00een cadrul unui proiect de cercetare cu codul numit Lucifer. C\u00e2nd, pe 15 mai 1973, Biroul Na\u021bional de Standarde din SUA a anun\u021bat organizarea unui concurs destinat cre\u0103rii unui standard de criptare pentru institu\u021biile guvernamentale, corpora\u021bia american\u0103 a intrat \u00een cursa criptografic\u0103 cu a treia versiune a lui Lucifer, folosind o re\u021bea Feistel actualizat\u0103. \u00cens\u0103, la fel ca \u0219i al\u021bi concuren\u021bi, a suferit un e\u0219ec: niciunul dintre algoritmii prezenta\u021bi la prima competi\u021bie nu respecta cerin\u021bele stricte formulate de exper\u021bii NBS.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ed1d6f9a782b0ff013451db0c1751f8e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDesigur, IBM nu putea pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 accepte \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea: c\u00e2nd concursul a fost reluat pe 27 august 1974, corpora\u021bia american\u0103 a depus din nou o candidatur\u0103, prezent\u00e2nd o versiune \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 a lui Lucifer. De data aceasta, juriul nu a avut nicio obiec\u021bie: dup\u0103 ce au realizat o munc\u0103 temeinic\u0103 asupra gre\u0219elilor anterioare, IBM a reu\u0219it s\u0103 elimine toate neajunsurile, astfel c\u0103 nu a fost nimic de repro\u0219at. Dup\u0103 o victorie concludent\u0103, Lucifer a fost denumit DES \u0219i, pe 17 martie 1975, a fost publicat \u00een Registrul Federal.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, \u00een cadrul simpozioanelor deschise organizate \u00een 1976 pentru a discuta un nou standard criptografic, DES a fost supus unei critici severe din partea comunit\u0103\u021bii de exper\u021bi. Cauza acestei critici a fost reprezentat\u0103 de modific\u0103rile aduse algoritmului de c\u0103tre speciali\u0219tii NSA: \u00een special, lungimea cheii a fost redus\u0103 la 56 de bi\u021bi (ini\u021bial, Lucifer suporta chei de 64 \u0219i 128 de bi\u021bi), iar logica de func\u021bionare a blocurilor de permutare a fost modificat\u0103. \u00cen opinia criptografilor, \u201e\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birile\u201d nu aveau sens, iar singurul lucru pe care Agen\u021bia Na\u021bional\u0103 de Securitate \u00ee\u0219i propunea prin implementarea modific\u0103rilor era de a ob\u021bine capacitatea de a vizualiza f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii documentele criptate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acuza\u021biile men\u021bionate, a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103, \u00een cadrul Senatului SUA, o comisie special\u0103 a c\u0103rei scop a fost de a verifica justificarea ac\u021biunilor NSA. \u00cen 1978, ca urmare a anchetei, a fost publicat un raport care con\u021binea urm\u0103toarele informa\u021bii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>reprezentan\u021bii NSA au participat la revizuirea DES doar indirect, iar contribu\u021bia lor a fost limitat\u0103 exclusiv la modificarea func\u021bion\u0103rii blocurilor de permutare;<\/li>\n<li>versiunea final\u0103 a DES s-a dovedit a fi mai rezistent\u0103 la atacuri \u0219i analize criptografice dec\u00e2t cea ini\u021bial\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t modific\u0103rile aduse au fost justificate;<\/li>\n<li>lungimea cheii de 56 de bi\u021bi este mai mult dec\u00e2t suficient\u0103 pentru majoritatea aplica\u021biilor, deoarece pentru a sparge un astfel de cifru ar fi necesar un supercomputer ce cost\u0103 cel pu\u021bin c\u00e2teva zeci de milioane de dolari, iar av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 infractorii obi\u0219nui\u021bi \u0219i chiar hackerii profesioni\u0219ti nu dispun de resurse de acest tip, nu exist\u0103 de ce s\u0103 ne \u00eengrijor\u0103m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nConcluziile comisiei s-au confirmat par\u021bial \u00een 1990, c\u00e2nd criptografii israelieni Eli Biham \u0219i Adi Shamir, lucr\u00e2nd la conceptul de analiz\u0103 criptografic\u0103 diferen\u021bial\u0103, au realizat o mare cercetare asupra algoritmilor bloc, printre care s-a aflat \u0219i DES. Cercet\u0103torii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 noul model de permut\u0103ri s-a dovedit a fi deosebit de rezistent la atacuri, comparativ cu cel ini\u021bial, ceea ce indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 NSA a ajutat \u00eentr-adev\u0103r la eliminarea unor sl\u0103biciuni din algoritm.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/1893c515351415094f7373b9c26783e5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Adi Shamir<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, limita lungimii cheii s-a dovedit a fi o problem\u0103, \u0219i anume o problem\u0103 foarte serioas\u0103, pe care \u00een 1998 a demonstrat-o conving\u0103tor organiza\u021bia public\u0103 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) \u00een cadrul experimentului DES Challenge II, desf\u0103\u0219urat sub egida RSA Laboratory. Special pentru a sparge DES, a fost construit un supercomputer, primit codul de nume EFF DES Cracker, la dezvoltarea c\u0103ruia au lucrat John Gilmore, cofondator EFF \u0219i lider al proiectului DES Challenge, \u0219i Paul Kocher, fondator al companiei Cryptography Research.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/8538a9aaaa2291042e215e84cc7a0151.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Procesor EFF DES Cracker<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sistemul dezvoltat de ei a reu\u0219it s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 cu succes cheia pentru un exemplu criptat prin metoda de \u00eencercare \u0219i eroare \u00een doar 56 de ore, adic\u0103 \u00een mai pu\u021bin de trei zile. Pentru aceasta, DES Cracker a trebuit s\u0103 verifice aproximativ un sfert din toate combina\u021biile posibile, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, chiar \u0219i \u00een cele mai nefavorabile circumstan\u021be, spargerea ar necesita aproximativ 224 de ore, adic\u0103 nu mai mult de 10 zile. \u00cen plus, costul supercomputerului, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere fondurile cheltuite pentru proiectarea acestuia, a fost de doar 250.000 de dolari. Nu este greu de intuit c\u0103 ast\u0103zi spargerea unui astfel de protocol este \u0219i mai u\u0219oar\u0103 \u0219i mai ieftin\u0103: nu doar c\u0103 hardware-ul a devenit mult mai puternic, dar \u0219i datorit\u0103 dezvolt\u0103rii tehnologiilor de internet, hackerul nu trebuie s\u0103 cumpere sau s\u0103 \u00eenchirieze echipamentele necesare \u2014 este suficient s\u0103 creeze un botnet din PC-uri infectate cu virus.<\/p>\n<p>Acest experiment a demonstrat clar c\u00e2t de moral dep\u0103\u0219it a devenit DES. \u0218i, deoarece la acel moment algoritmul era utilizat \u00een practic 50% din solu\u021biile de criptare a datelor (conform evalu\u0103rilor acelea\u0219i EFF), \u00eentrebarea despre g\u0103sirea unei alternative a devenit mai urgent\u0103 ca niciodat\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Provoc\u0103ri noi \u2014 concurs nou<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/5997cccf9349b208e662c95186417aee.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nEste important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103rile pentru \u00eenlocuirea Standardului de Criptare a Datelor au \u00eenceput practic simultan cu preg\u0103tirea EFF DES Cracker: Institutul Na\u021bional de Standarde \u0219i Tehnologie (NIST) din SUA a anun\u021bat \u00een 1997 lansarea unui concurs pentru algoritmi de criptare, destinat s\u0103 identifice un nou \u201estandard de aur\u201d \u00een securitatea cibernetic\u0103. \u0218i dac\u0103 \u00een trecut evenimente similare erau organizate exclusiv pentru \u201ecei din interior\u201d, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere experien\u021ba nefericit\u0103 de acum 30 de ani, NIST a decis s\u0103 fac\u0103 concursul complet deschis: orice companie sau persoan\u0103 putea participa, indiferent de loca\u021bie sau na\u021bionalitate.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 abordare s-a dovedit a fi eficient\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de la etapa de selec\u021bie a candida\u021bilor: printre autorii care au depus cereri pentru participarea la concursul Standardului Avansat de Criptare s-au num\u0103rat at\u00e2t criptologi de renume mondial (Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen), c\u00e2t \u0219i companii mici de IT specializate \u00een securitate cibernetic\u0103 (Counterpane), corpora\u021bii mari (Deutsche Telekom din Germania), institu\u021bii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt (Universitatea Catolic\u0103 din Leuven, Belgia), precum \u0219i startup-uri \u0219i firme mici, despre care pu\u021bini au auzit \u00een afara \u021b\u0103rilor lor (cum ar fi Tecnologia Apropriada Internacional din Costa Rica).<\/p>\n<p>Este interesant c\u0103 de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 NIST a aprobat doar dou\u0103 cerin\u021be principale pentru algoritmii participan\u021bi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>blocul de date trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 o dimensiune fix\u0103 de 128 bi\u021bi;<\/li>\n<li>algoritmul trebuie s\u0103 suporte cel pu\u021bin trei dimensiuni ale cheii: 128, 192 \u0219i 256 bi\u021bi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nOb\u021binerea acestui rezultat a fost relativ simpl\u0103, dar, a\u0219a cum se spune, diavolul se afl\u0103 \u00een detalii: cerin\u021bele secundare s-au dovedit a fi mult mai numeroase, iar respectarea lor a fost mult mai dificil\u0103. \u00centre timp, tocmai pe baza acestora, recenzen\u021bii NIST au realizat selec\u021bia candida\u021bilor. Iat\u0103 ce criterii trebuiau s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 pretenden\u021bii la victorie:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>capacitatea de a rezista la orice atacuri criptanalitice cunoscute la momentul desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii concursului, inclusiv atacuri prin canale laterale;<\/li>\n<li>lipsa de chei de criptare slabe \u0219i echivalente (prin chei echivalente se \u00een\u021beleg acele chei care, de\u0219i prezint\u0103 diferen\u021be semnificative \u00eentre ele, conduc la ob\u021binerea unor cifruri identice);<\/li>\n<li>viteza de criptare este stabil\u0103 \u0219i aproximativ aceea\u0219i pe toate platformele actuale (de la 8 la 64 bi\u021bi);<\/li>\n<li>optimizarea pentru sisteme multiprocesor, suport pentru paralelizarea opera\u021biunilor;<\/li>\n<li>cerin\u021bele minime pentru capacitatea de memorie RAM;<\/li>\n<li>lipsa restric\u021biilor pentru utilizare \u00een scenarii standard (ca baz\u0103 pentru construirea func\u021biilor hash, generatoare de numere aleatorii etc.);<\/li>\n<li>structura algoritmului trebuie s\u0103 fie justificat\u0103 \u0219i u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nUltimul punct poate p\u0103rea ciudat, totu\u0219i, dac\u0103 reflectezi asupra lui, nu este lipsit de sens, deoarece un algoritm bine structurat este mult mai u\u0219or de analizat, plus c\u0103 este mult mai dificil s\u0103 ascunzi o \u201ecapcan\u0103\u201d prin care dezvoltatorul ar putea ob\u021bine acces nelimitat la datele criptate.<\/p>\n<p>Primirea aplica\u021biilor pentru concursul Standardului Avansat de Criptare a durat un an \u0219i jum\u0103tate. \u00cen total, au participat 15 algoritmi:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>CAST-256, dezvoltat de compania canadian\u0103 Entrust Technologies pe baza CAST-128, creat de Carlyle Adams \u0219i Stafford Tavares;<\/li>\n<li>Crypton, creat de criptologul Che Hong Lim din compania sud-coreean\u0103 Future Systems, activ\u0103 \u00een domeniul securit\u0103\u021bii cibernetice;<\/li>\n<li>DEAL, conceptul c\u0103ruia a fost ini\u021bial propus de matematicianul danez Lars Knudsen \u0219i ulterior dezvoltat de Richard Outerbridge, care a depus aplica\u021bia pentru concurs;<\/li>\n<li>DFC, un proiect comun al \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului superior din Paris, al Centrului Na\u021bional de Cercet\u0103ri \u0218tiin\u021bifice din Fran\u021ba (CNRS) \u0219i al corpora\u021biei de telecomunica\u021bii France Telecom; <\/li>\n<li>E2, dezvoltat sub egida celei mai mari companii de telecomunica\u021bii din Japonia, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone;<\/li>\n<li>FROG, creatura companiei costaricane Tecnologia Apropriada Internacional;<\/li>\n<li>HPC, conceput de criptologul \u0219i matematicianul american Richard Shreppel de la Universitatea din Arizona;<\/li>\n<li>LOKI97, creat de criptografii australieni Lawrence Brown \u0219i Jennifer Seberry;<\/li>\n<li>Magenta, dezvoltat de Michael Jacobson \u0219i Klaus Huber pentru compania german\u0103 Deutsche Telekom AG;<\/li>\n<li>MARS de la IBM, la crearea c\u0103ruia a participat Don Coppersmith \u2014 unul dintre autorii lui Lucifer;<\/li>\n<li>RC6, scris de Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw \u0219i Ray Sidney special pentru concursul AES;<\/li>\n<li>Rijndael, creat de Vincent Rijmen \u0219i Joan Daemen de la Universitatea Catolic\u0103 din Leuven;<\/li>\n<li>SAFER+, dezvoltat de corpora\u021bia californian\u0103 Cylink \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Academia Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021be a Republicii Armenia;<\/li>\n<li>Serpent, creat de Ross Anderson, Eli Biham \u0219i Lars Knudsen;<\/li>\n<li>Twofish, dezvoltat de grupul de cercetare condus de Bruce Schneier, pe baza algoritmului criptografic Blowfish propus de Bruce \u00een 1993.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00cen urma primei runde, au fost selecta\u021bi 5 finali\u0219ti, printre care se num\u0103r\u0103 Serpent, Twofish, MARS, RC6 \u0219i Rijndael. Membrii juriului au g\u0103sit defecte la aproape fiecare dintre algoritmii enumera\u021bi, cu excep\u021bia unuia. Cine a fost c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torul? Hai s\u0103 men\u021binem pu\u021bin suspansul \u0219i, \u00eenainte de toate, s\u0103 analiz\u0103m principalele avantaje \u0219i dezavantaje ale fiec\u0103rei solu\u021bii enumerate.<\/p>\n<h3>MARS<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen cazul \u00abzeului r\u0103zboiului\u00bb, exper\u021bii au remarcat identitatea procedurii de criptare \u0219i decriptare a datelor, dar aceste avantaje s-au limitat la at\u00e2t. Algoritmul IBM s-a dovedit a fi surprinz\u0103tor de solicitant, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-l nepotrivit pentru condi\u021bii de resurse limitate. Au existat probleme \u0219i cu paralelizarea calculelor. Pentru a func\u021biona eficient, MARS avea nevoie de suport hardware pentru \u00eenmul\u021birea pe 32 de bi\u021bi \u0219i rota\u021bia pe un num\u0103r variabil de bi\u021bi, ceea ce din nou impunea restric\u021bii asupra platformelor suportate.<\/p>\n<p>MARS s-a dovedit a fi de asemenea vulnerabil la atacuri de tip timing \u0219i consum de energie, avea probleme cu extinderea cheilor \u00ab\u00een mi\u0219care\u00bb, iar complexitatea sa excesiv\u0103 \u00eengreuna analiza arhitecturii \u0219i crea probleme suplimentare \u00een etapa de implementare practic\u0103. Cu alte cuvinte, \u00een compara\u021bie cu ceilal\u021bi finali\u0219ti, MARS p\u0103rea un adev\u0103rat outsider.<\/p>\n<h3>RC6<\/h3>\n<p>\nAlgoritmul a mo\u0219tenit parte din transform\u0103rile predecesorului s\u0103u, RC5, care a fost cercetat anterior, ceea ce, combinat cu o structur\u0103 simpl\u0103 \u0219i clar\u0103, l-a f\u0103cut complet transparent pentru exper\u021bi \u0219i a exclus existen\u021ba \u00abbackdoor-urilor\u00bb. \u00cen plus, RC6 a demonstrat viteze record de procesare a datelor pe platforme de 32 de bi\u021bi, iar procedurile de criptare \u0219i decriptare au fost implementate absolut identic.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, algoritmul a avut acelea\u0219i probleme ca \u0219i MARS men\u021bionat mai sus: vulnerabilitatea la atacuri prin canale laterale, dependen\u021ba performan\u021bei de suportul opera\u021biilor pe 32 de bi\u021bi, precum \u0219i problemele cu calculul paralel, extinderea cheilor \u0219i cerin\u021bele ridicate pentru resursele hardware. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, nu avea cum s\u0103 fie considerat c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103tor.<\/p>\n<h3>Twofish<\/h3>\n<p>\nTwofish s-a dovedit a fi destul de rapid \u0219i bine optimizat pentru func\u021bionarea pe dispozitive cu resurse limitate, gestion\u00e2nd excelent extinderea cheilor \u0219i av\u00e2nd mai multe variante de implementare, ceea ce permitea adaptarea fin\u0103 la sarcini specifice. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, \u201edou\u0103 pe\u0219ti\u201d s-au dovedit vulnerabile la atacuri prin canale externe (\u00een special, prin timp \u0219i consumul de energie), nu s-au integrat foarte bine \u00een sistemele multi-procesor \u0219i s-au distins prin complexitate excesiv\u0103, ceea ce, de altfel, a avut \u0219i un impact asupra vitezei de extindere a cheii.<\/p>\n<h3>Serpent<\/h3>\n<p>\nAlgoritmul avea o structur\u0103 simpl\u0103 \u0219i clar\u0103, ceea ce facilita considerabil auditul s\u0103u, era relativ nepreten\u021bios cu privire la resursele platformei hardware, oferea suport pentru extinderea cheilor \u201e\u00een timpul rul\u0103rii\u201d \u0219i se modifica relativ u\u0219or, ceea ce \u00eel distinguea favorabil de competitorii s\u0103i. Cu toate acestea, Serpent era, \u00een principiu, cel mai lent dintre finali\u0219ti, \u00een plus, procedurile de criptare \u0219i decriptare a informa\u021biilor \u00een el diferau radical \u0219i necesitau abord\u0103ri complet diferite pentru implementare.<\/p>\n<h3>Rijndael<\/h3>\n<p>\nRijndael s-a dovedit a fi extrem de aproape de ideal: algoritmul satisface pe deplin cerin\u021bele NIST, f\u0103r\u0103 a ceda, ci, \u00een ansamblu, dep\u0103\u0219ind semnificativ competitorii. Singurele puncte slabe ale Ryndal erau dou\u0103: vulnerabilitatea la atacurile prin consumul de energie \u00een procesul de extindere a cheii, ceea ce este un scenariu destul de specific, \u0219i anumite probleme cu extinderea cheii \u201e\u00een timpul rul\u0103rii\u201d (acest mecanism func\u021bion\u00e2nd f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii doar la dou\u0103 dintre competitori \u2014 Serpent \u0219i Twofish). \u00cen plus, conform estim\u0103rilor exper\u021bilor, Ryndal de\u021binea un grad de criptosiguritate pu\u021bin mai sc\u0103zut dec\u00e2t Serpent, Twofish \u0219i MARS, ceea ce, cu toate acestea, era compensat din plin de rezisten\u021ba la cele mai multe variante de atacuri prin canale externe \u0219i un spectru larg de op\u021biuni de implementare.<\/p>\n<p>Categorie<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Serpent<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Twofish<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>MARS<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>RC6<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rijndael<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Cripto-siguran\u021b\u0103<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezerva de cripto-siguran\u021b\u0103<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Viteza de criptare \u00een implementare software<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Viteza de extindere a cheii \u00een implementare software<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Carduri smart cu resurse mari<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Carduri smart cu resurse limitate<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>++<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Implementare hardware (FPGA)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Implementare hardware (circuit integrat specializat)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor prin execu\u021bie \u0219i consum de energie<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor prin consumul de energie \u00een procedura de extindere a cheii<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor prin consumul de energie \u00een implement\u0103rile pe carduri inteligente<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2014<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Capacitatea de a extinde cheia \u201e\u00een timp real\u201d<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Existenta unor variante de implementare (f\u0103r\u0103 pierderi de compatibilitate)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Posibilitatea calculului paralel<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00b1<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>+<\/p>\n<p>Prin suma caracteristicilor, Rijndael a dep\u0103\u0219it cu mult concuren\u021bii, astfel c\u0103 rezultatul votului final a fost predictibil: algoritmul a ob\u021binut o victorie clar\u0103, primind 86 de voturi \u201epentru\u201d \u0219i numai 10 \u201e\u00eempotriv\u0103\u201d. Serpent a ocupat locul al doilea, cu 59 de voturi, iar Twofish s-a plasat pe locul al treilea: a ob\u021binut sprijinul a 31 de membri ai juriului. Urm\u0103torul a fost RC6, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u00e2nd 23 de voturi, iar MARS s-a aflat \u00een mod logic pe ultima pozi\u021bie, ob\u021bin\u00e2nd doar 13 voturi \u201epentru\u201d \u0219i 83 \u201e\u00eempotriv\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Pe 2 octombrie 2000, Rijndael a fost declarat c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103tor al concursului AES, schimb\u00e2nd tradi\u021bional denumirea \u00een Standardul Avansat de Criptare, sub care este cunoscut \u00een prezent. Procedura de standardizare a durat aproximativ un an: pe 26 noiembrie 2001, AES a fost inclus \u00een lista standardelor federale de procesare a informa\u021biilor, primind indexul FIPS 197. Noua algoritm a fost foarte apreciat \u0219i de NSA, iar din iunie 2003, Agen\u021bia Na\u021bional\u0103 de Securitate a SUA a recunoscut chiar AES cu o cheie de criptare de 256 de bi\u021bi ca fiind suficient de sigur pentru a proteja documentele de categoria \u201eultra-secret\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2>Discurile externe WD My Book cu suport pentru criptare hardware AES-256<\/h2>\n<p>\nDatorit\u0103 combina\u021biei de fiabilitate ridicat\u0103 \u0219i performan\u021b\u0103, Standardul Avansat de Criptare a c\u00e2\u0219tigat rapid recunoa\u0219tere global\u0103, devenind unul dintre cele mai populare algoritmi de criptare simetric\u0103 din lume \u0219i f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte din numeroase biblioteci criptografice (OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Crypto API-ul Linux etc.). \u00cen prezent, AES este utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een aplica\u021bii la nivel corporativ \u0219i de consum, iar suportul s\u0103u este implementat \u00een multe dispozitive diverse. \u00cen special, criptarea hardware AES-256 este folosit\u0103 \u00een unit\u0103\u021bile externe Western Digital din familia My Book pentru a asigura protec\u021bia datelor salvate. S\u0103 ne familiariz\u0103m mai bine cu aceste dispozitive.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/34206950ac46e6d739c6aaae4cb9733c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nGama unit\u0103\u021bilor de disc externe WD My Book include \u0219ase modele cu diferite capacit\u0103\u021bi: de 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 \u0219i 14 terabai\u021bi, ceea ce permite alegerea unui dispozitiv care s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 optim nevoilor dumneavoastr\u0103. \u00cen mod implicit, HDD-urile externe folosesc sistemul de fi\u0219iere exFAT, asigur\u00e2nd compatibilitatea cu o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de sisteme de operare, inclusiv Microsoft Windows 7, 8, 8.1 \u0219i 10, precum \u0219i Apple macOS versiunea 10.13 (High Sierra) \u0219i mai recent. Utilizatorii de sistem Linux pot monta hard disk-ul folosind driverul exfat-nofuse.<\/p>\n<p>Conectarea My Book la computer se face prin intermediul unei interfe\u021be USB 3.0 de mare vitez\u0103, compatibil\u0103 cu USB 2.0. Acest lucru permite transferul de fi\u0219iere la viteza maxim posibil\u0103, deoarece l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 USB SuperSpeed este de 5 Gbps (adic\u0103 640 MB\/s), ceea ce este mai mult dec\u00e2t suficient. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, func\u021bia de compatibilitate \u00eenapoi asigur\u0103 suport pentru aproape toate dispozitivele lansate \u00een ultimii 10 ani.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/d1200e78db61afdc5c2ed60a58847156.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDe\u0219i My Book nu necesit\u0103 instalarea de software suplimentar datorit\u0103 tehnologiei Plug and Play care recunoa\u0219te automat \u0219i configureaz\u0103 periferiile, recomand\u0103m totu\u0219i utilizarea pachetului software WD Discovery, care este inclus cu fiecare dispozitiv.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cea mai bun\u0103 din clasa sa: istoria apari\u021biei standardului de criptare AES\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ccd9e3d7fe0c5071265e840b422859af.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSetul include urm\u0103toarele aplica\u021bii:<\/p>\n<h3>WD Drive Utilities<\/h3>\n<p>\nProgramul ofer\u0103 informa\u021bii actualizate despre starea curent\u0103 a unit\u0103\u021bii pe baza datelor S.M.A.R.T. \u0219i permite verificarea hard disk-ului pentru sectoare defecte. \u00cen plus, prin intermediul Drive Utilities, pute\u021bi distruge rapid toate datele salvate pe My Book: fi\u0219ierele nu vor fi doar \u0219terse, ci vor fi rescrise complet de mai multe ori, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t recuperarea lor dup\u0103 finalizarea procedurii nu va mai fi posibil\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>WD Backup<\/h3>\n<p>\nFolosind aceast\u0103 utilitate, pute\u021bi configura copierea de rezerv\u0103 conform unui program stabilit. Este demn de men\u021bionat c\u0103 WD Backup suport\u0103 integrarea cu Google Drive \u0219i Dropbox, permi\u021b\u00e2nd alegerea oric\u0103ror combina\u021bii posibile \"surs\u0103-destination\" \u00een momentul cre\u0103rii unei copii de rezerv\u0103. Astfel, pute\u021bi configura transferul automat al datelor de la My Book \u00een cloud sau importa fi\u0219ierele \u0219i folder-urile necesare din serviciile men\u021bionate at\u00e2t pe un hard disk extern, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe un computer local. \u00cen plus, exist\u0103 posibilitatea de sincronizare cu un cont de pe re\u021beaua social\u0103 Facebook, ceea ce permite crearea automat\u0103 a copiilor de rezerv\u0103 pentru fotografii \u0219i videoclipuri din profilul dumneavoastr\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>WD Security<\/h3>\n<p>\nPrin intermediul acestei utilit\u0103\u021bi pute\u021bi restric\u021biona accesul la unitate cu o parol\u0103 \u0219i gestiona criptarea datelor. Tot ce este necesar pentru aceasta este s\u0103 specifica\u021bi o parol\u0103 (lungimea maxim\u0103 poate ajunge la 25 de caractere), dup\u0103 care toate informa\u021biile de pe disc vor fi criptate, iar accesul la fi\u0219ierele salvate va putea fi ob\u021binut doar de cei care cunosc codul. Pentru un plus de confort, WD Security permite crearea unei liste de dispozitive de \u00eencredere, la conectarea c\u0103rora My Book va fi deblocat automat.<\/p>\n<p>Subliniem c\u0103 WD Security ofer\u0103 doar o interfa\u021b\u0103 vizual\u0103 convenabil\u0103 pentru gestionarea protec\u021biei criptografice, \u00een timp ce criptarea datelor este efectuat\u0103 de unitatea extern\u0103 la nivel hardware. Aceast\u0103 abordare asigur\u0103 o serie de avantaje importante, \u0219i anume:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>generarea cheilor de criptare este responsabilitatea unui generator hardware de numere aleatorii, nu a unui generator de numere pseudo-aleatorii, ceea ce ajut\u0103 la ob\u021binerea unei entropii ridicate \u0219i sporirea rezisten\u021bei criptografice;<\/li>\n<li>\u00een timpul procesului de criptare \u0219i decriptare, cheile criptografice nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103rcate \u00een memoria RAM a computerului, iar copiii temporare ale fi\u0219ierelor procesate nu sunt create \u00een foldere ascunse ale discului sistemului, ceea ce ajut\u0103 la minimizarea riscurilor de interceptare;<\/li>\n<li>viteza de procesare a fi\u0219ierelor nu depinde de performan\u021ba dispozitivului client;<\/li>\n<li>dup\u0103 activarea protec\u021biei, criptarea fi\u0219ierelor va fi realizat\u0103 automat, \"\u00een timp real\", f\u0103r\u0103 a necesita ac\u021biuni suplimentare din partea utilizatorului.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nToate cele de mai sus asigur\u0103 securitatea datelor \u0219i reduc practic la zero riscul de furt al informa\u021biilor confiden\u021biale. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bile suplimentare ale stoc\u0103rii, My Book devine unul dintre cele mai bune solu\u021bii de stocare securizat\u0103 disponibile pe pia\u021ba din Rusia.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/wd\/blog\/513846\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C \u043c\u0430\u044f 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 WD My Book, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 AES \u0441 256-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 3-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 Western Digital \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":90846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-90845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"C \u043c\u0430\u044f 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/luchshij-v-svoem-klasse-istoriya-poyavleniya-standarta-shifrovaniya-aes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 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