{"id":91979,"date":"2020-08-21T07:42:12","date_gmt":"2020-08-21T05:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-spokojno-spat-kogda-u-vas-oblachnyj-servis-osnovnye-arhitekturnye-sovety"},"modified":"2020-08-21T07:42:12","modified_gmt":"2020-08-21T05:42:12","slug":"kak-spokojno-spat-kogda-u-vas-oblachnyj-servis-osnovnye-arhitekturnye-sovety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-spokojno-spat-kogda-u-vas-oblachnyj-servis-osnovnye-arhitekturnye-sovety","title":{"rendered":"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2ae3bcc5a2894c2a02468e32e32e8848.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deviantart.com\/sophiagworld\/art\/LOST-849430483\"><i>LOST by sophiagworld<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acest articol sunt prezentate c\u00e2teva modele comune care ajut\u0103 inginerii s\u0103 lucreze cu servicii la scar\u0103 mare, la care fac cereri milioane de utilizatori.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Din experien\u021ba autorului, aceasta nu este o list\u0103 exhaustiv\u0103, dar este cu adev\u0103rat <strong>efectiv\u0103<\/strong> sfaturi. A\u0219adar, s\u0103 \u00eenceput.<\/p>\n<p><i>Tradus cu sprijinul <\/i><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/mcs.mail.ru\/\"><i>Solu\u021bii Cloud Mail.ru<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><i>.<\/i><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>Nivel de baz\u0103<\/h1>\n<p>\nM\u0103surile enumerate mai jos sunt relativ simple de implementat, dar ofer\u0103 un randament ridicat. Dac\u0103 nu le-a\u021bi aplicat anterior, ve\u021bi fi surprins de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birile semnificative.<\/p>\n<h2>Infrastructure as Code<\/h2>\n<p>\nPrima parte a sfaturilor este s\u0103 implementa\u021bi infrastructura ca \u0219i cod. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 ave\u021bi o modalitate programatic\u0103 de a desf\u0103\u0219ura \u00eentreaga infrastructur\u0103. Poate suna complicat, dar de fapt, ne referim la urm\u0103torul cod:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Desf\u0103\u0219urarea a 100 de ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cu Ubuntu<\/li>\n<li>2 GB RAM pe fiecare<\/li>\n<li>vor avea urm\u0103torul cod<\/li>\n<li>cu aceste specifica\u021bii<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPute\u021bi urm\u0103ri modific\u0103rile din infrastructur\u0103 \u0219i reveni rapid la ele folosind un sistem de gestionare a versiunilor.<\/p>\n<p>Modernistul din mine spune c\u0103 putem folosi Kubernetes\/Docker pentru a face tot ce este men\u021bionat mai sus, \u0219i are dreptate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, asigurarea automatiz\u0103rii se poate face cu ajutorul Chef, Puppet sau Terraform.<\/p>\n<h2>Integrarea \u0219i livrarea continu\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nPentru a crea un serviciu scalabil, este important s\u0103 ave\u021bi o linie de construire \u0219i testare pentru fiecare pull request. Chiar dac\u0103 testul este cel mai simplu, garanteaz\u0103 cel pu\u021bin c\u0103 codul pe care \u00eel desf\u0103\u0219ura\u021bi se compileaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De fiecare dat\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103, r\u0103spunde\u021bi la \u00eentrebarea: <strong>se va compila construc\u021bia mea \u0219i va trece testele, este valid\u0103?<\/strong> Acest lucru poate p\u0103rea un standard sc\u0103zut, dar rezolv\u0103 multe probleme.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ecdabe9d4a7eb722df8d0268009fa509.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nu exist\u0103 nimic mai frumos dec\u00e2t s\u0103 vezi aceste bif\u0103ri<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pentru aceast\u0103 tehnologie, pute\u021bi evalua Github, CircleCI sau Jenkins.<\/p>\n<h2>Balancerii de \u00eenc\u0103rcare<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u0219adar, dorim s\u0103 pornim un balancer de \u00eenc\u0103rcare pentru a redirec\u021biona traficul \u0219i a asigura o sarcin\u0103 egal\u0103 asupra tuturor nodurilor sau func\u021bionarea serviciului \u00een caz de e\u0219ec:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/db0d5f91dfbae5e7cba5b330a0629cac.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nBalancerul de \u00eenc\u0103rcare ajut\u0103 de obicei la distribuirea traficului. Cea mai bun\u0103 practic\u0103 este redundan\u021ba balancerilor de \u00eenc\u0103rcare, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu ave\u021bi un singur punct de e\u0219ec.<\/p>\n<p>De obicei, balancerii de \u00eenc\u0103rcare sunt configura\u021bi \u00een acel cloud pe care \u00eel folosi\u021bi.<\/p>\n<h2>RayID, correlative ID sau UUID pentru cereri<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u021bi \u00eent\u00e2lnit vreodat\u0103 o eroare \u00een aplica\u021bie cu un mesaj de genul: <strong>\u201eCeva a mers prost. Salva\u021bi acest ID \u0219i trimite\u021bi-l c\u0103tre suportul nostru\u201d<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/d0f6db07574d882b9c3f8ae890068184.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Un identificator unic, correlation ID, RayID sau oricare dintre variante - este un identificator unic care permite urm\u0103rirea unei cereri pe parcursul ciclului s\u0103u de via\u021b\u0103.<\/strong> Acest lucru permite urm\u0103rirea \u00eentregului parcurs al cererii \u00een jurnale.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/2292ca3c4ee53481546756b8ccee2e45.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Utilizatorul face o cerere c\u0103tre sistemul A, apoi A se conecteaz\u0103 la B, aceasta se conecteaz\u0103 la C, salveaz\u0103 \u00een X \u0219i apoi cererea revine la A.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 a\u021bi fi conectat de la distan\u021b\u0103 la ma\u0219inile virtuale \u0219i a\u021bi \u00eencerca s\u0103 urm\u0103ri\u021bi parcursul cererii (\u0219i s\u0103 asocia\u021bi manual, ce apeluri au loc), a\u021bi \u00eennebuni. Existenta unui identificator unic faciliteaz\u0103 considerabil via\u021ba. Aceasta este una dintre cele mai simple lucruri pe care le pute\u021bi face pentru a economisi timp pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce serviciul cre\u0219te.<\/p>\n<h1>Nivel mediu<\/h1>\n<p>\nAici, sfaturile sunt mai complexe dec\u00e2t cele anterioare, dar instrumentele corecte faciliteaz\u0103 sarcina, asigur\u00e2nd o rentabilitate a investi\u021biei chiar \u0219i pentru micile \u0219i mijlociile companii.<\/p>\n<h2>Jurnalizare centralizat\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nFelicit\u0103ri! A\u021bi desf\u0103\u0219urat 100 de ma\u0219ini virtuale. A doua zi, directorul general vine \u0219i se pl\u00e2nge de o eroare pe care a \u00eent\u00e2mpinat-o \u00een timpul test\u0103rii serviciului. El reporta identificatorul relevant despre care am vorbit mai sus, dar va trebui s\u0103 revizui\u021bi jurnalele a 100 de ma\u0219ini pentru a g\u0103si cea care a generat eroarea. \u0218i trebuie s\u0103 o g\u0103si\u021bi \u00eenainte de prezentarea de m\u00e2ine.<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i pare o aventur\u0103 amuzant\u0103, este mai bine s\u0103 v\u0103 asigura\u021bi c\u0103 ave\u021bi op\u021biunea de a c\u0103uta \u00een toate jurnalele dintr-un singur loc. Am rezolvat problema centraliz\u0103rii jurnalelor folosind func\u021bionalitatea \u00eencorporat\u0103 a stivei ELK: aici suport\u0103 colectarea jurnalele cu op\u021biuni de c\u0103utare. Acest lucru va ajuta cu adev\u0103rat s\u0103 rezolva\u021bi problema cu g\u0103sirea jurnalului specific. Ca bonus, pute\u021bi crea grafice \u0219i alte lucruri distractive.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/59ed40f7247d3f5a331095bbeafa555e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Func\u021bionalitate a stivei ELK<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Agen\u021bi de monitorizare<\/h2>\n<p>\nAcum c\u0103 serviciul dumneavoastr\u0103 este opera\u021bional, trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 asigura\u021bi c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentreruperi. Cel mai bun mod de a face acest lucru este s\u0103 rula\u021bi c\u00e2\u021biva <strong>agen\u021bi<\/strong>, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een paralel \u0219i verific\u0103 c\u0103 acesta func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 se execut\u0103 opera\u021bii de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acest moment, verifica\u021bi c\u0103 <strong>o construc\u021bie lansat\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 bine \u0219i opereaz\u0103 normal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru proiecte mici \u0219i medii, recomand Postman pentru monitorizarea \u0219i documentarea API-urilor. Dar, \u00een general, trebuie s\u0103 te asiguri c\u0103 ai un mod de a \u0219ti c\u00e2nd a avut loc o \u00eentrerupere \u0219i de a primi o notificare \u00een timp util.<\/p>\n<h2>Autoscalarea \u00een func\u021bie de \u00eenc\u0103rcare<\/h2>\n<p>\nEste foarte simplu. Dac\u0103 ai o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 care prelucreaz\u0103 cereri \u0219i se apropie de 80% din memorie ocupat\u0103, po\u021bi fie s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi m\u0103re\u0219ti resursele, fie s\u0103 adaugi mai multe ma\u0219ini virtuale \u00een cluster. Automatisarea acestor opera\u021biuni este excelent\u0103 pentru adaptarea elastic\u0103 a puterii \u00een func\u021bie de \u00eenc\u0103rcare. Dar trebuie \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 fii atent la c\u00e2\u021bi bani cheltuie\u0219ti \u0219i s\u0103 stabili\u021bi limite rezonabile.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/8d74b51a41bbc9d3983d71ee972de199.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\u00cen majoritatea serviciilor cloud, po\u021bi configura autoscalarea folosind un num\u0103r mai mare de servere sau servere mai puternice.<\/p>\n<h2>Sistemul experimentelor<\/h2>\n<p>\nO modalitate bun\u0103 de a implementa actualiz\u0103ri \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 este s\u0103 ai posibilitatea de a testa ceva pentru 1% din utilizatori timp de o or\u0103. Cu siguran\u021b\u0103 ai v\u0103zut astfel de mecanisme \u00een ac\u021biune. De exemplu, Facebook arat\u0103 o parte din audien\u021b\u0103 o alt\u0103 culoare sau schimb\u0103 dimensiunea fontului pentru a vedea cum percep utilizatorii modific\u0103rile. Aceasta se nume\u0219te testare A\/B.<\/p>\n<p>Chiar \u0219i lansarea unei noi func\u021bii poate fi ini\u021biat\u0103 ca un experiment, iar apoi po\u021bi decide cum s\u0103 o lansezi. De asemenea, ai oportunitatea de a 'retrage' sau modifica configura\u021bia \u00een timp real \u00een func\u021bie de o func\u021bie care cauzeaz\u0103 degradarea serviciului t\u0103u.<\/p>\n<h1>Nivel avansat<\/h1>\n<p>\nAici sunt sfaturi care sunt destul de dificile de implementat. Probabil c\u0103 vei avea nevoie de pu\u021bin mai multe resurse, a\u0219a c\u0103 va fi greu pentru o companie mic\u0103 sau medie s\u0103 se descurce cu acestea.<\/p>\n<h2>Implement\u0103ri blue-green<\/h2>\n<p>\nAceasta este ceea ce numesc o metod\u0103 'Erlang' de implementare. Erlang a devenit popular c\u00e2nd au ap\u0103rut companiile telefonice. Pentru rutarea apelurilor telefonice au fost folosite comutatoare software. Sarcina principal\u0103 a software-ului acestor comutatoare era s\u0103 nu \u00eentrerup\u0103 apelurile \u00een timpul actualiz\u0103rii sistemului. Erlang are un mod excelent de a \u00eenc\u0103rca un nou modul f\u0103r\u0103 a pr\u0103bu\u0219i precedentul.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 etap\u0103 depinde de disponibilitatea unui echilibror de \u00eenc\u0103rcare. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 ave\u021bi versiunea N a software-ului dvs., iar apoi dori\u021bi s\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219ura\u021bi versiunea N+1.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Dumneavoastr\u0103 <strong>a\u021bi putea<\/strong> pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 opri\u021bi serviciul \u0219i s\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219ura\u021bi urm\u0103toarea versiune atunci c\u00e2nd considera\u021bi c\u0103 este convenabil pentru utilizatorii dvs. \u0219i s\u0103 ob\u021bine\u021bi un timp de nefunc\u021bionare. Dar s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 ave\u021bi <strong>cu adev\u0103rat<\/strong> condi\u021bii riguroase SLA. A\u0219adar, un SLA de 99,99% \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 pute\u021bi fi offline <i>doar<\/i> timp de 52 de minute pe an.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 dori\u021bi cu adev\u0103rat s\u0103 atinge\u021bi aceste valori, ave\u021bi nevoie de dou\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103ri simultane:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cea pe care o ave\u021bi \u00een prezent (N);<\/li>\n<li>urm\u0103toarea versiune (N+1).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSpecifici echilibrorului de \u00eenc\u0103rcare s\u0103 redirec\u021bioneze un procent din trafic c\u0103tre noua versiune (N+1), \u00een timp ce tu monitorizezi activ regresiile.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/49c4be483564045c19ea1268ad1059a4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Aici avem desf\u0103\u0219urarea verde N, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 normal. \u00cencerc\u0103m s\u0103 trecem la urm\u0103toarea versiune a acestei desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103ri<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, trimitem un test foarte mic pentru a vedea dac\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219urarea N+1 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu un volum mic de trafic:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/3e352812f0aa7f08898fb69fb970e742.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, avem un set de verific\u0103ri automate pe care le rul\u0103m p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd desf\u0103\u0219urarea noastr\u0103 este complet\u0103. Dac\u0103 e\u0219ti <i>foarte, foarte<\/i> aten\u021bionat, po\u021bi de asemenea s\u0103 p\u0103strezi desf\u0103\u0219urarea N pentru totdeauna pentru o repornire rapid\u0103 \u00een caz de regresie sever\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/517d0696f1e165573fad0457a8a55bb9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 treci la un nivel \u0219i mai avansat, po\u021bi face ca totul \u00een desf\u0103\u0219urarea albastru-verde s\u0103 fie automatizat.<\/p>\n<h2>Detectarea anomaliilor \u0219i atenuarea automat\u0103 a consecin\u021belor<\/h2>\n<p>\nAv\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 ai o jurnalizare centralizat\u0103 \u0219i o bun\u0103 colectare a jurnalelor, po\u021bi deja stabili obiective mai ambi\u021bioase. De exemplu, s\u0103 previzionezi proactiv defec\u021biunile. Func\u021biile sunt urm\u0103rite pe monitoare \u0219i \u00een jurnale \u0219i se construiesc diverse diagrame - \u0219i se poate prezice din timp ce ar putea s\u0103 mearg\u0103 prost:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cum s\u0103 dormi lini\u0219tit c\u00e2nd ai un serviciu \u00een cloud: sfaturi arhitecturale de baz\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/ad40120961ee1e115d0b818338c26559.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nCu detectarea anomaliilor, \u00eencepi s\u0103 studiezi unele indicii pe care \u021bi le ofer\u0103 serviciul. De exemplu, un v\u00e2rf de \u00eenc\u0103rcare a CPU-ului poate indica c\u0103 hard disk-ul este pe cale de a ceda, iar un v\u00e2rf al num\u0103rului de solicit\u0103ri \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 scalezi. Astfel de date statistice permit serviciului s\u0103 devin\u0103 proactiv.<\/p>\n<p>Ob\u021bin\u00e2nd astfel de date analitice, pute\u021bi scala \u00een orice dimensiune, modific\u00e2nd proactiv \u0219i reactualiz\u00e2nd caracteristicile ma\u0219inilor, bazelor de date, conexiunilor \u0219i altor resurse.<\/p>\n<h1>Asta e tot!<\/h1>\n<p>\nAceast\u0103 list\u0103 de priorit\u0103\u021bi v\u0103 va scuti de multe probleme atunci c\u00e2nd gestiona\u021bi un serviciu cloud.<\/p>\n<p>Autorul articolului original invit\u0103 cititorii s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i lase comentariile \u0219i s\u0103 fac\u0103 modific\u0103ri. Articolul este distribuit ca open source, cererile de extragere sunt acceptate de autor <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/danielsada\/danielsada.tech\">pe Github<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>What else to read on the topic:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/510200\/\">Go \u0219i cache-urile CPU<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/490362\/\">Kubernetes in the spirit of piracy with an implementation template<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tele.click\/k8s_mail\">Our Around Kubernetes channel on Telegram<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/513840\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LOST by sophiagworld 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