{"id":92998,"date":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","slug":"odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Una dintre func\u021biile Chromium genereaz\u0103 o \u00eenc\u0103rcare uria\u0219\u0103 pe serverele DNS de baz\u0103.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Una
\n
\nBrowserul Chromium, un proiect open-source \u00een continu\u0103 dezvoltare de c\u0103tre Google Chrome \u0219i noul Microsoft Edge, a atras o aten\u021bie negativ\u0103 serioas\u0103 din cauza unei func\u021bii g\u00e2ndite cu bune inten\u021bii: aceasta verific\u0103 dac\u0103 providerul \u00eei \u201efur\u0103\u201d utilizatorului rezultate inexistente ale c\u0103ut\u0103rilor de domenii.<\/p>\n

Detector de Redirect Intranet<\/a><\/noindex>, gener\u00e2nd cereri false pentru \u201edomenii\u201d aleatorii, existen\u021ba c\u0103rora este statistic improbabil\u0103, este responsabil pentru aproximativ jum\u0103tate din traficul total ob\u021binut de serverele DNS r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 din \u00eentreaga lume. Inginerul Verisign, Matt Thomas, a scris un articol detaliat post<\/a><\/noindex> pe blogul APNIC, descriind problema \u0219i evalu\u00e2nd amploarea acesteia.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cum se efectueaz\u0103 de obicei transformarea DNS<\/h2>\n

\n\"Una
\nAceste servere sunt instan\u021ba suprem\u0103 c\u0103tre care trebuie s\u0103 te adresezi pentru rezolvarea domeniilor .com, .net \u0219i altele, pentru a te informa c\u0103 frglxrtmpuf nu este un domeniu de nivel superior (TLD).<\/i><\/p>\n

DNS, sau Sistemul de Nume de Domeniu, este sistemul prin care calculatoarele pot transforma nume de domeniu memorabile, precum arstechnica.com, \u00een adrese IP mult mai pu\u021bin convenabile, precum 3.128.236.93. F\u0103r\u0103 DNS, internetul nu ar putea exista \u00eentr-o form\u0103 u\u0219or accesibil\u0103 oamenilor, iar astfel, o \u00eenc\u0103rcare inutil\u0103 asupra infrastructurii de nivel \u00eenalt devine o problem\u0103 real\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pentru a \u00eenc\u0103rca o singur\u0103 pagin\u0103 web modern\u0103, pot fi necesare un num\u0103r inimaginabil de opera\u021biuni de c\u0103utare DNS. De exemplu, atunci c\u00e2nd am analizat pagina principal\u0103 ESPN, am num\u0103rat 93 de nume de domeniu separate, de la a.espncdn.com p\u00e2n\u0103 la z.motads.com. Toate acestea sunt necesare pentru \u00eenc\u0103rcarea complet\u0103 a paginii!<\/p>\n

Pentru ca un sistem de c\u0103utare s\u0103 poat\u0103 suporta o asemenea \u00eenc\u0103rcare, av\u00e2nd nevoie s\u0103 serveasc\u0103 \u00eentreaga lume, DNS este proiectat ca o ierarhie multi-nivel. \u00cen v\u00e2rful acestei piramide se afl\u0103 serverele r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 - fiecare domeniu de nivel superior, cum ar fi .com, are propria sa familie de servere care sunt instan\u021ba suprem\u0103 pentru fiecare domeniu de sub ele. O treapt\u0103 mai sus aceste<\/em> servere se afl\u0103 serverele r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 \u00een sine, de la a.root-servers.net<\/code> la m.root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t de des se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 asta?<\/h2>\n

\nDatorit\u0103 ierarhiei multilayer de caching a infrastructurii DNS, un procent foarte mic din solicit\u0103rile DNS globale ajunge la serverele r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Majoritatea oamenilor primesc informa\u021bii DNS direct de la furnizorul lor. C\u00e2nd un dispozitiv al utilizatorului trebuie s\u0103 afle cum s\u0103 acceseze un anumit site, cererea este trimis\u0103 ini\u021bial unui server DNS gestionat de acest furnizor local. Dac\u0103 serverul DNS local nu \u0219tie r\u0103spunsul, redirec\u021bioneaz\u0103 cererea c\u0103tre \u201eserverele de redirec\u021bionare\u201d proprii (\u00een cazul \u00een care acestea sunt specificate).<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 nici serverul DNS al furnizorului local, nici serverele de redirec\u021bionare specificate \u00een configurarea sa nu au r\u0103spunsul stocat, cererea este trimis\u0103 direct la serverul de autoritate al domeniului mai sus<\/em> pe care \u00eencerci s\u0103-l converte\u0219ti. \u00cen cazul domeniului.com<\/code> asta va \u00eensemna c\u0103 cererea este trimis\u0103 c\u0103tre serverele de autoritate ale domeniului \u00eensu\u0219i com<\/code>, care se afl\u0103 la adresa gtld-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sistem gtld-servers<\/code>, la care a fost trimis\u0103 cererea, r\u0103spunde cu o list\u0103 de servere de autoritate ale numelui pentru domeniul domeniu.com, precum \u0219i cu cel pu\u021bin un \u00eenregistrare de leg\u0103tur\u0103 care con\u021bine IP-ul unuia dintre aceste servere de nume. Apoi, r\u0103spunsurile sunt transmise \u00een jos \u2014 fiecare server de redirec\u021bionare transmite aceste r\u0103spunsuri c\u0103tre serverul care le-a solicitat, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd r\u0103spunsul ajunge \u00een cele din urm\u0103 la serverul furnizorului local \u0219i computerul utilizatorului. Toate acestea stocheaz\u0103 acest r\u0103spuns pentru a nu perturba sistemele de nivel superior f\u0103r\u0103 necesitate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cele mai multe cazuri, \u00eenregistr\u0103rile serverelor de nume pentru domeniului.com<\/strong> vor fi deja stocate pe unul dintre aceste servere de redirec\u021bionare, astfel c\u0103 serverele r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 nu sunt deranjate. Cu toate acestea, deocamdat\u0103 discut\u0103m despre forma obi\u0219nuit\u0103 a URL-ului \u2014 cea care se converte\u0219te \u00eentr-un site web obi\u0219nuit. Cererile Chrome se refer\u0103 la nivelul mai sus<\/em> acestuia, la nivelul grupurilor de servere root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Chromium \u0219i verificarea furtului NXDomain<\/h2>\n

\n\"Una
\nVerific\u0103rile Chromium \u201eacest server DNS nu m\u0103 \u00een\u0219al\u0103?\u201d constituie aproape jum\u0103tate din traficul care ajunge la clusterele serverelor DNS de r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 Verisign.<\/i><\/p>\n

Browserul Chromium, proiectul p\u0103rinte al Google Chrome, al noului Microsoft Edge \u0219i al unui num\u0103r incalculabil de browsere mai pu\u021bin cunoscute, \u00ee\u0219i propune s\u0103 ofere utilizatorilor o modalitate simpl\u0103 de c\u0103utare \u00eentr-un singur c\u00e2mp, uneori numit \u201eOmnibox\u201d. Cu alte cuvinte, utilizatorul poate introduce at\u00e2t URL-uri reale, c\u00e2t \u0219i interog\u0103ri \u00een motorul de c\u0103utare \u00eentr-un singur c\u00e2mp text aflat \u00een partea de sus a ferestrei browserului. Fac\u00e2nd un alt pas \u00een direc\u021bia simplific\u0103rii, acesta nu \u00eei cere utilizatorului s\u0103 introduc\u0103 o parte din URL cu http:\/\/<\/code> sau https:\/\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i poate p\u0103rea comod, aceast\u0103 abordare necesit\u0103 ca browserul s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 ce trebuie considerat un URL \u0219i ce este o interogare de c\u0103utare. \u00cen majoritatea cazurilor, acest lucru este destul de evident \u2014 de exemplu, o linie cu spa\u021bii nu poate fi un URL. Dar lucrurile pot fi mai complicate dac\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare intranetele \u2014 re\u021bele private care pot folosi, de asemenea, domenii de nivel superior private pentru a rezolva adev\u0103ratele site-uri web.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 un utilizator \u00een intranetul companiei sale introduce \u201emarketing\u201d, iar \u00een intranetul companiei exist\u0103 un site web intern cu acela\u0219i nume, atunci Chromium afi\u0219eaz\u0103 un mesaj informativ, \u00eentreb\u00e2nd utilizatorul dac\u0103 dore\u0219te s\u0103 caute \u201emarketing\u201d sau s\u0103 acceseze https:\/\/marketing<\/code>. Acesta este un \u00eenceput, dar mul\u021bi furnizori de Internet \u0219i furnizori de re\u021bele Wi-Fi publice \u201efura\u201d fiecare URL introdus cu gre\u0219eli de tipar, redirec\u021bion\u00e2nd utilizatorul c\u0103tre o pagin\u0103 plin\u0103 de bannere publicitare.<\/p>\n

Generare aleatorie<\/h2>\n

\nDezvoltatorii Chromium nu au dorit ca utilizatorii din re\u021belele obi\u0219nuite s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 un mesaj informativ la fiecare c\u0103utare a unui cuv\u00e2nt, \u00eentreb\u00e2ndu-i ce au avut \u00een vedere, a\u0219a c\u0103 au implementat un test: c\u00e2nd browserul este lansat sau c\u00e2nd se schimb\u0103 re\u021beaua, Chromium efectueaz\u0103 opera\u021biuni de c\u0103utare DNS pentru trei \u201edomenii\u201d de nivel superior generate aleatoriu, cu lungimi \u00eentre \u0219apte \u0219i cincisprezece caractere. Dac\u0103 oricare dintre aceste dou\u0103 cereri se returneaz\u0103 cu acela\u0219i IP, atunci Chromium presupune c\u0103 re\u021beaua local\u0103 \u201efur\u0103\u201d erorile NXDOMAIN<\/code>, pe care ar trebui s\u0103 le primeasc\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 browserul consider\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 la o notificare ulterioar\u0103, toate cererile introduse dintr-un singur cuv\u00e2nt ca fiind \u00eencerc\u0103ri de c\u0103utare.<\/p>\n

Din p\u0103cate, \u00een re\u021belele care nu<\/em> fur\u0103 rezultatele cererilor DNS, aceste trei opera\u021biuni sunt \u00een general ridicate la cel mai \u00eenalt nivel, p\u00e2n\u0103 la serverele de nume r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103: serverul local nu \u0219tie cum s\u0103 transforme qwajuixk<\/code>, a\u0219a c\u0103 redirec\u021bioneaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 cerere c\u0103tre serverul s\u0103u de redirec\u021bionare, care face acela\u0219i lucru, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, a.root-servers.net<\/code> sau unul dintre \u201efra\u021bii\u201d s\u0103i nu va fi obligat s\u0103 spun\u0103 \u201e\u00cemi pare r\u0103u, dar acesta nu este un domeniu\u201d.<\/p>\n

Deoarece exist\u0103 aproximativ 1,67*10^21 posibile nume de domenii false cu lungimi cuprinse \u00eentre \u0219apte \u0219i cincisprezece caractere, cel mai frecvent fiecare<\/em> dintre aceste teste, efectuate \u00een re\u021beaua \u201ecorect\u0103\u201d, ajunge la serverul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Aceasta reprezint\u0103 nu mai pu\u021bin de jum\u0103tate<\/em> din \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura total\u0103 pe DNS-urile r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, dac\u0103 ne lu\u0103m dup\u0103 statisticile acelei p\u0103r\u021bi a clusterelor root-servers.net<\/code>, care apar\u021bin companiei Verisign.<\/p>\n

Istoria se repet\u0103<\/h2>\n

\nNu este primul caz \u00een care un proiect creat cu cele mai bune inten\u021bii a e\u0219uat<\/a><\/noindex> sau a fost pe punctul de a e\u0219ua o resurs\u0103 public\u0103 cu trafic inutil \u2014 ne-a amintit imediat de lunga \u0219i trist\u0103 poveste a lui D-Link \u0219i serverul NTP (Network Time Protocol) al lui Poul-Henning Kamp din mijlocul anilor 2000.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 2005, dezvoltatorul FreeBSD, Poul-Henning, care de\u021binea \u0219i singurul server Network Time Protocol de nivel Stratum 1 din Danemarca, a primit o factur\u0103 mare \u0219i nea\u0219teptat\u0103 pentru traficul transmis. Pe scurt, cauza a fost c\u0103 dezvoltatorii D-Link au inclus adresele serverelor NTP Stratum 1, inclusiv serverul Kampe, \u00een firmware-ul gamei de switch-uri, routere \u0219i puncte de acces ale companiei. Acest lucru a crescut instantaneu traficul serverului Kampe de nou\u0103 ori, motiv pentru care Danish Internet Exchange (punctul de schimb al traficului de internet din Danemarca) a schimbat tariful s\u0103u de la \"Gratuit\" la \"9 000 de dolari pe an\".<\/p>\n

Problema nu era c\u0103 erau prea multe routere D-Link, ci c\u0103 acestea \u201e\u00eenc\u0103lcau subordonarea\u201d. Aproape ca DNS, NTP trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze \u00eentr-o form\u0103 ierarhic\u0103 \u2014 serverele de nivel Stratum 0 transmit informa\u021bii serverelor de Stratum 1, care transmit informa\u021bii serverelor de Stratum 2 \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, \u00een jos pe ierarhie. Un router, switch sau punct de acces obi\u0219nuit de acas\u0103, de tipul celor \u00een care D-Link a inclus adresele serverelor NTP, ar fi trebuit s\u0103 trimit\u0103 cereri serverelor de Stratum 2 sau Stratum 3.<\/p>\n

Proiectul Chromium, av\u00e2nd probabil cele mai bune inten\u021bii, a repetat problema cu NTP \u00een problema cu DNS, \u00eenc\u0103rc\u00e2nd serverele r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 ale Internetului cu cereri pe care nu ar fi trebuit niciodat\u0103 s\u0103 le gestioneze.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 speran\u021be pentru o solu\u021bie rapid\u0103<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen proiectul Chromium exist\u0103 un incident deschis o eroare<\/a><\/noindex>, care necesita pentru a remedia aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 dezactivarea implicit\u0103 a Intranet Redirect Detector. Trebuie s\u0103 d\u0103m dreptate proiectului Chromium: bug-ul a fost descoperit \u00eenainte de<\/em>, cum Matt Thomas de la Verisign a atras o mare aten\u021bie asupra lui prin postare separat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een blogul APNIC. Bug-ul a fost raportat \u00een iunie, dar a r\u0103mas \u00een uitare p\u00e2n\u0103 la postarea lui Thomas; dup\u0103 postare, a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie monitorizat \u00eendeaproape.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 speran\u021ba c\u0103 problema va fi rezolvat\u0103 \u00een cur\u00e2nd, iar serverele DNS r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 nu vor mai trebui s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 zilnic la aproximativ 60 de miliarde de solicit\u0103ri false.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00cen numele publicit\u0103\u021bii<\/h4>\n

\nServere epice<\/b> \u2014 acesta este VPS pe Windows<\/a><\/noindex> sau Linux cu procesoare puternice din familia AMD EPYC \u0219i SSD-uri NVMe Intel foarte rapide. Gr\u0103bi\u021bi-v\u0103 s\u0103 comanda\u021bi!<\/p>\n

\"Una<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0440 Chromium, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f open-source-\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c Google Chrome \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e Microsoft Edge, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0451\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438: \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432. 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