{"id":93654,"date":"2020-09-08T07:42:49","date_gmt":"2020-09-08T05:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kartirovanie-czifrovyh-prav-chast-iii-pravo-na-anonimnost"},"modified":"2020-09-08T07:42:49","modified_gmt":"2020-09-08T05:42:49","slug":"kartirovanie-czifrovyh-prav-chast-iii-pravo-na-anonimnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kartirovanie-czifrovyh-prav-chast-iii-pravo-na-anonimnost","title":{"rendered":"Cartografierea drepturilor digitale, partea III. Dreptul la anonimat","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

TL;DR<\/strong>: Exper\u021bii \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc viziunea despre problemele din Rusia legate de dreptul digital la anonimat.<\/p>\n

Pe 12 \u0219i 13 septembrie, Tepla tehnologiilor sociale \u0219i RosKomSvoboda organizeaz\u0103 un hackathon pe tema cet\u0103\u021beniei digitale \u0219i drepturilor digitale demhack.ru<\/a><\/noindex>. \u00cen ajunul evenimentului, organizatorii public\u0103 al treilea articol dedicat cartografierii domeniului problematic, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t participan\u021bii s\u0103 poat\u0103 g\u0103si o provocare interesant\u0103. Articolele anterioare: despre dreptul de publicare a operelor digitale pot fi g\u0103site aici (partea 1)<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i despre accesul la informa\u021bii \u2013 aici (partea 2)<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Dreptul la anonimat<\/h4>\n

Anonimatul este starea de a nu putea determina identitatea unei persoane. Dreptul la anonimat, adic\u0103 posibilitatea de a ac\u021biona \u00een re\u021bea f\u0103r\u0103 a fi identificat, este extrem de important pentru dreptul constitu\u021bional la libertatea de g\u00e2ndire \u0219i de exprimare (articolul 29). <\/p>\n

Bazele arhitecturii Internetului au fost create \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 er\u0103 \u0219i \u00een alte condi\u021bii. Existau \u00eendoieli c\u0103 cineva, \u00een afar\u0103 de academicieni (sau, hm, oameni \u00eembr\u0103ca\u021bi la fel) ar sta \u00een fa\u021ba terminalelor negre. Existau \u00eendoieli \u0219i dac\u0103 oamenii vor folosi calculatoare personale. Re\u021beaua mondial\u0103 a lui Tim Berners-Lee a fost creat\u0103 pentru a evita aducerea la un standard unic a documentelor CERN. Pu\u021bini puteau anticipa c\u0103 Internetul va deveni at\u00e2t de important \u00een vie\u021bile noastre, a\u0219a cum este acum. <\/p>\n

Dar a ie\u0219it a\u0219a cum a ie\u0219it. \u0218i s-a dovedit c\u0103 \u00een arhitectura actual\u0103 a internetului aproape toate traseele pot<\/em> fi \u00eenregistrate. <\/p>\n

Anumite calit\u0103\u021bi ale vie\u021bii noastre se cristalizeaz\u0103 \u00een drepturile civile doar atunci c\u00e2nd acestea sunt \u00een pericol, consider\u0103 filozoful american John Searle. Libertatea de exprimare are nevoie de protec\u021bie doar atunci c\u00e2nd exist\u0103 riscul ca aceasta s\u0103 fie \u00eenlocuit\u0103 de propagand\u0103 \u0219i cenzur\u0103. C\u00e2nd Internetul era t\u00e2n\u0103r, liber \u0219i inocent, iar prezen\u021ba noastr\u0103 \u00een el era efemer\u0103 \u0219i inofensiv\u0103, nu aveam nevoie de drepturi. C\u00e2nd posibilitatea de a folosi Internetul (\u0219i nu doar Internetul) a fost pus\u0103 \u00een pericol, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t \u201ede parc\u0103 nimeni nu ne vede\u201d, tot mai mul\u021bi oameni au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se preocupe nu doar de asigurarea tehnic\u0103 a acestui drept, ci \u0219i de ap\u0103rarea sa pe un front mai fundamental \u2013 cel moral \u0219i filozofic. <\/p>\n

Scriitorul \u0219i cercet\u0103torul \u00een criptografie Simon Singh descrie apari\u021bia interesului pentru anonimat prin criptografie \u00een epoca modern\u0103, odat\u0103 cu inven\u021bia telegrafului \u00een secolul al XIX-lea. Atunci, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, afacerile au fost \u00eengrijorate. \u201eOricine dorea s\u0103 transmit\u0103 un mesaj operatorului de telegraf trebuia s\u0103 dezv\u0103luie con\u021binutul mesajului s\u0103u. Operatorii aveau acces la toate mesajele transmise, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t exista riscul ca cineva s\u0103 corup\u0103 un operator de comunica\u021bii pentru a ob\u021bine acces la comunica\u021biile competitorului.\u201d <\/p>\n

\u00cen secolul XX, la considera\u021biile pur practice legate de protec\u021bia comunic\u0103rilor de mas\u0103 mediatic\u0103, s-au ad\u0103ugat \u0219i temerile comportamentale. Michel Foucault a descris clar efectul Panopticum<\/a><\/noindex>, conform c\u0103ruia chiar actul de a observa \u0219i asimetria informa\u021biei \u00eentre observator \u0219i observat reprezint\u0103 baza puterii disciplinare<\/em>, care se exercit\u0103, printre altele, prin modificarea comportamentului observatului. Rezum\u00e2ndu-l pe Foucault, dans\u0103m diferit atunci c\u00e2nd nimeni nu ne observ\u0103. <\/p>\n

Dreptul la anonimat recunoa\u0219te ONU<\/a><\/noindex>, de\u0219i cu anumite rezerve. Este clar c\u0103 dorim s\u0103 beneficiem de anonimat pentru propria libertate \u0219i creativitate, dar cu greu ne dorim ca anonimatul s\u0103 fie folosit de indivizi care inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 r\u0103u, s\u0103 loveasc\u0103 pe cineva etc. <\/p>\n

Tema, pe scurt, nu este o glum\u0103<\/em>. \u00cen cadrul mesei rotunde, am invitat exper\u021bi cu care am \u00eencercat s\u0103 identific\u0103m problemele principale legate de exercitarea drepturilor noastre la anonimat. Unele dintre subiectele discutate au fost: <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    Utilizarea anonim\u0103 a Internetului (inclusiv c\u0103utarea de informa\u021bii);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Publicarea anonim\u0103 de materiale, crearea \u0219i distribuirea de opere;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Subiect 1. Utilizarea anonim\u0103 a Internetului (inclusiv c\u0103utarea de informa\u021bii)<\/h3>\n

    \"Cartografierea Recep\u021bioner telegrafic. Foto: Rauantiques \/\/ Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0) <\/p>\n

    Problema 1.1.<\/strong>: Stereotipul bine \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat al inutilit\u0103\u021bii anonimatului, afirma\u021bia \u201eNu am nimic de ascuns\u201d. Oamenii nu \u00een\u021beleg de ce este necesar anonimatul \u0219i nu \u00een\u021beleg de ce ar trebui s\u0103-l foloseasc\u0103. Din cauza DPI, posibilitatea de anonimare scade, dar pu\u021bini \u0219tiu cum anume DPI reduce op\u021biunile de anonimat. Nu exist\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegere clar\u0103 a modului \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 anumite mecanisme \u0219i ce ar putea s\u0103 mearg\u0103 gre\u0219it, cum ar putea datele s\u0103 fie folosite \u00eempotriva utilizatorului. <\/p>\n

    O posibilitate de solu\u021bie la hackathon<\/strong>: Aduce la cuno\u0219tin\u021ba oamenilor ce urme \u0219i c\u00e2nd le las\u0103, de ce este necesar\u0103 anonimitatea \u0219i de ce dreptul la anonimitate trebuie respectat. Crearea de infoproduse \u0219i servicii;<\/p>\n

    O op\u021biune de solu\u021bie pe termen lung<\/strong>: A face anonimitatea \"regula jocului\" \u0219i standard \u00een servicii, dup\u0103 exemplul cript\u0103rii end-to-end. <\/p>\n

    Problema 1.2.<\/strong>: Fingerprinting-ul browserelor de-anonimizeaz\u0103. Fingerprint-ul sau amprenta browserului - informa\u021bii adunate despre dispozitivul \u00eendep\u0103rtat pentru identificare ulterioar\u0103, fingerprinting - colectarea acestor informa\u021bii. Amprentele pot fi folosite \u00een \u00eentregime sau par\u021bial pentru identificare, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd cookie-urile sunt dezactivate. Mozilla \u00eenlocuie\u0219te informa\u021biile \u0219i blocheaz\u0103 fingerprinting-ul<\/a><\/noindex>, dar alte browsere - nu. <\/p>\n

    O posibilitate de solu\u021bie la hackathon<\/strong>: Activarea bloc\u0103rii fingerprinting-ului \u00een alte browsere. De exemplu, se pot propune modific\u0103ri \u00een nucleul Chromium. <\/p>\n

    Problema 1.3.<\/strong>: Serviciile necesit\u0103 cartele SIM pentru majoritatea aplica\u021biilor de mesagerie. <\/p>\n

    Op\u021biuni de solu\u021bii la hackathon<\/strong>: <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      Un serviciu de \u00eenregistrare a cartelelor SIM. O re\u021bea de solidaritate pentru cei dispu\u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i \u00eenregistreze cartele SIM (totu\u0219i, exper\u021bii remarc\u0103 multe riscuri cu aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      Un mecanism care permite s\u0103 nu se foloseasc\u0103 cartele SIM noi. Dac\u0103 un astfel de mecanism va ap\u0103rea, ar trebui s\u0103 existe o campanie public\u0103 pentru a-l folosi exclusiv (cum s\u0103 adaugi prietenii \u00een aplica\u021bia de mesagerie f\u0103r\u0103 num\u0103rul lor de telefon, f\u0103r\u0103 liste de contacte). <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Problema 1.4.<\/strong>: Func\u021bionalitatea intern\u0103 a unor aplica\u021bii de mesagerie \u0219i servicii permite de-anonimizarea utilizatorilor (de exemplu, aplica\u021bia GetContact), dar utilizatorii nu \u00een\u021beleg acest lucru. <\/p>\n

      Op\u021biuni de solu\u021bii la hackathon<\/strong>: <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n

        Un proiect informativ despre servicii, posibilit\u0103\u021bile lor, cum func\u021biile anumitor servicii pot de-anonimiza o persoan\u0103;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      2. \n

        Un set de reguli pentru un public larg (list\u0103 de verificare?), conform c\u0103ruia se pot identifica semnele c\u0103 utiliz\u00e2nd un anumit serviciu utilizatorul poate fi identificat; <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      3. \n

        Un joc educativ care va indica semnele de identificare a utilizatorului online. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Problema 1.5.<\/strong>: Utilizarea anonim\u0103 a internetului de c\u0103tre copii - toate serviciile sunt orientate c\u0103tre a face copiii s\u0103-\u0219i lase informa\u021biile reale. Anonimatul copiilor - este o protec\u021bie, inclusiv \u00eempotriva p\u0103rin\u021bilor care abuzeaz\u0103 de intimitatea copiilor lor. <\/p>\n

        Subiectul 2. Publicarea anonim\u0103 a materialelor<\/h3>\n

        \"CartografiereaUn tip trist \u00eentr-o capot\u0103, pe fundalul unui ora\u0219 mare \u0219i dur \u2014 f\u0103r\u0103 el, nu am avea despre ce vorbi c\u00e2nd discut\u0103m despre anonimat \u2014 o interpretare liber\u0103 a unei fotografii de stoc. Foto: Daniel Monteiro \/\/ Unsplash (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n

        Problema 2.1.<\/strong>: Problema analizei stilistice pentru identificarea persoanei \u00een baza unei publica\u021bii anonime. <\/p>\n

        O posibilitate de solu\u021bie la hackathon<\/strong>: obfuscarea stilului de scriere cu ajutorul re\u021belelor neuronale. <\/p>\n

        Problema 2.2.<\/strong>: Problema scurgerilor prin metadatele documentelor (imagine, documente Word). <\/p>\n

        Op\u021biuni de solu\u021bii la hackathon<\/strong>: <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n

          Serviciu de cur\u0103\u021bare a metadatelor cu eliminarea automat\u0103 a metadatelor din documente \u0219i \u00eendep\u0103rtarea istoricului modific\u0103rilor din documente;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        2. \n

          Publicarea materialelor pe mai multe resurse \u00een mod automat, pentru a \u00eengreuna localizarea sursei originale;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        3. \n

          M\u0103\u0219ti automate pentru fe\u021be \u00een imagini, care complic\u0103 identificarea unei persoane.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        4. \n

          Crearea de site-uri \u0219i publica\u021bii \u00een Darknet<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Problema 2.3.<\/strong>: Problema identific\u0103rii fotografiilor de la whistlebloweri.<\/p>\n

          Op\u021biuni de solu\u021bii la hackathon<\/strong>: <\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n

            Obfuscator de fotografii. Un serviciu care prelucreaz\u0103 fotografiile astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t re\u021belele sociale s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 s\u0103 identifice persoana. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          2. \n

            Re\u021bea neuronal\u0103 care determin\u0103 pe ce criterii o fotografie publicat\u0103 poate fi identificat\u0103 din afar\u0103 (de exemplu, prin c\u0103utare invers\u0103 a imaginilor).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Problema 2.4.<\/strong>: Problema \u201eOSINT-ului prost\u201d \u2013 vigilantele atac\u0103 activi\u0219ti utiliz\u00e2nd metode OSINT. <\/p>\n

            O posibilitate de solu\u021bie la hackathon<\/strong>: sunt necesare mecanisme de cur\u0103\u021bare a datelor publicate \u0219i dificult\u0103\u021bi aunting<\/em> \u0219i doxing<\/em>. <\/p>\n

            Problema 2.4.<\/strong>: Problema vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bii non-tehnice a Black-box-urilor (dispozitive pentru scurgerea anonim\u0103 a informa\u021biilor, de exemplu, SecureDrop<\/a><\/noindex>). Solu\u021biile existente sunt vulnerabile. Jurnali\u0219tii care primesc scurgeri uneori nu trateaz\u0103 cu seriozitate anonimatul surselor. <\/p>\n

            Op\u021biuni de solu\u021bii la hackathon<\/strong>: <\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n

              Instruc\u021biuni pentru jurnali\u0219ti privind manipularea surselor pentru maximizarea anonimatului acestora;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            2. \n

              Simplificarea instal\u0103rii software-ului de tip black-box (acestea sunt \u00een prezent prea complicate de instalat);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            3. \n

              Black Box cu op\u021biunea de a \u0219terge metadatele cu procesare instantanee de c\u0103tre re\u021bele neuronale cu func\u021bionalitate op\u021bional\u0103 (dori\u021bi s\u0103 acoperi\u021bi fa\u021ba, sau s\u0103 elimina\u021bi unul dintre personaje?); <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            4. \n

              Analizor de documente pentru \u201escurgeri de metadate\u201d \u2013 a transmite rezultatele unei persoane pentru verificare \u0219i luarea unei decizii: ce a fost descoperit \u0219i ce poate fi eliminat, ce va ajunge la publicare.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Organizatorii hackathon-ului sper\u0103 c\u0103 provoc\u0103rile identificate vor oferi un teren fertil pentru solu\u021bii \u00een cadrul hackathon-ului (\u0219i nu numai). <\/p>\n

              PS: Pe 4 septembrie, la ora 12:30 (ora Moscovei), \u00een cadrul conferin\u021bei online Septembrie \u00een Re\u021bea, antrenorul de securitate cibernetic\u0103 Sergey Smirnov, co-fondatorul RosKomSvoboda Sarkis Darbinyan \u0219i al\u021bii vor discuta despre problemele legate de anonimat \u00een cadrul discu\u021biei \u201eAnonimat: un drept, nu un capriciu\u201d. Po\u021bi viziona discu\u021bia online<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

              Ser\u0103 tehnologic\u0103 social\u0103 \u0219i RosKomSvoboda mul\u021bumesc lui Gleb Suvorov, Vladimir Kuzmin, activist \u0219i director al furnizorului de internet Links, precum \u0219i tuturor exper\u021bilor care au participat la masa rotund\u0103. \u00censcrie\u021bi-v\u0103 la hackathonul cet\u0103\u021beniei digitale \u0219i al drepturilor digitale <\/em>demhack.ru<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> p\u00e2n\u0103 pe 8 septembrie 2020.<\/em><\/p>\n

              Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Dreptul la anonimat | ProHoster","description":"TL;DR: Exper\u021bii \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc viziunea asupra problemelor din Rusia legate de dreptul digital la anonimat. 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