{"id":94574,"date":"2020-09-18T19:42:57","date_gmt":"2020-09-18T17:42:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vybor-arhitekturnogo-stilya-chast-2"},"modified":"2020-09-18T19:42:57","modified_gmt":"2020-09-18T17:42:57","slug":"vybor-arhitekturnogo-stilya-chast-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vybor-arhitekturnogo-stilya-chast-2","title":{"rendered":"Choosing an architectural style (part 2)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Bun\u0103, Habr. Ast\u0103zi continui seria de publica\u021bii pe care am scris-o special pentru lansarea noii grupe a cursului \u201eSoftware Architect\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Introducere<\/h2>\n

\nAlegerea stilului arhitectural este una dintre deciziile tehnice fundamentale \u00een construirea unui sistem informa\u021bional. \u00cen aceast\u0103 serie de articole, propun s\u0103 analizez cele mai populare stiluri arhitecturale pentru construirea aplica\u021biilor \u0219i s\u0103 r\u0103spund la \u00eentrebarea c\u00e2nd este preferabil un anumit stil arhitectural. Pe parcursul expunerii, voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 urmez un fir logic care explic\u0103 evolu\u021bia stilurilor arhitecturale de la monolite la microservicii. <\/p>\n

\u00cen ultima dat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> am analizat monolitul \u0219i am ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 acesta are o serie de probleme: dimensiune, leg\u0103tur\u0103, desf\u0103\u0219urare, scalabilitate, fiabilitate \u0219i inflexibilitate. <\/p>\n

De data aceasta, propun s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre modalit\u0103\u021bile de organizare a sistemului sub forma unui set de module\/biblioteci (arhitectur\u0103 orientat\u0103 pe componente) sau servicii (arhitectur\u0103 orientat\u0103 pe servicii).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Arhitectura orientat\u0103 pe componente<\/h2>\n

\nArhitectura orientat\u0103 pe componente presupune realizarea sistemului sub forma unui set de componente, care pot fi utilizate at\u00e2t \u00een proiectele curente, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een cele viitoare. \u00cen procesul de \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire a sistemului \u00een componente se iau \u00een considerare: adecvarea lor pentru reutilizare, \u00eenlocuibilitatea, independen\u021ba de context, extensibilitatea, \u00eencapsularea \u0219i independen\u021ba.<\/p>\n

Prin utilizarea corect\u0103 a componentelor, se rezolv\u0103 problema \u201emuntelui de murd\u0103rie\u201d (dimensiune mare + leg\u0103tur\u0103 mare), iar componentele pot reprezenta at\u00e2t unit\u0103\u021bi de construire (module, biblioteci), c\u00e2t \u0219i unit\u0103\u021bi de desf\u0103\u0219urare (servicii). Unit\u0103\u021bile de desf\u0103\u0219urare nu se reflect\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna \u00een procesul executabil: de exemplu, o aplica\u021bie web \u0219i o baz\u0103 de date sunt desf\u0103\u0219urate \u00eempreun\u0103. <\/p>\n

Cel mai adesea, monolitele sunt dezvoltate sub forma unui set de module. Acest (approach) conduce la asigurarea independen\u021bei \u00een dezvoltare, dar problemele de scalabilitate \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urare independent\u0103, rezilien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i independen\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de stiva tehnologic\u0103 comun\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n. De aceea, un modul este o component\u0103 par\u021bial independent\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cea mai mare problem\u0103 a unui monolit de acest tip const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 divizarea \u00een module este pur logic\u0103 \u0219i poate fi u\u0219or \u00eenc\u0103lcat\u0103 de c\u0103tre dezvoltatori. Poate ap\u0103rea un modul core, care treptat devine un haos, iar graficul de dependen\u021be \u00eentre module poate cre\u0219te. Pentru a evita astfel de probleme, dezvoltarea ar trebui s\u0103 fie realizat\u0103 fie de o echip\u0103 foarte matur\u0103, fie sub conducerea unui \u00abarhitect\u00bb care se ocup\u0103 cu code review full-time \u0219i \u00eei sanc\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe dezvoltatorii care \u00eencalc\u0103 structura logic\u0103. <\/p>\n

Un monolit \u00abideal\u00bb reprezint\u0103 un set de module logic delimitate, fiecare dintre acestea av\u00e2nd propria baz\u0103 de date.<\/p>\n

Arhitectur\u0103 orientat\u0103 pe servicii<\/h2>\n

\nDac\u0103 se presupune totu\u0219i organizarea sistemului sub forma unui set de servicii, atunci se vorbe\u0219te despre arhitectura orientat\u0103 pe servicii. Principiile acesteia sunt: compatibilitatea aplica\u021biilor centrate pe utilizatori, reutilizarea multifunc\u021bional\u0103 a serviciilor de afaceri, independen\u021ba fa\u021b\u0103 de setul de tehnologii \u0219i autonomia (evolu\u021bia, scalabilitatea \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urarea independente).<\/p>\n

Arhitectura orientat\u0103 pe servicii (SOA = service oriented architecture) rezolv\u0103 toate problemele men\u021bionate ale monolitului: la schimbare este afectat doar un singur serviciu, iar un API bine definit sus\u021bine o bun\u0103 \u00eencapsulare a componentelor. <\/p>\n

Dar nu toate sunt perfect curate: SOA induce apari\u021bia unor noi probleme. Apelurile de la distan\u021b\u0103 sunt mai scumpe dec\u00e2t cele locale, iar redistribuirea responsabilit\u0103\u021bilor \u00eentre componente a devenit semnificativ mai costisitoare.<\/p>\n

Apropo, posibilitatea desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii independente este o caracteristic\u0103 foarte important\u0103 a serviciului. Dac\u0103 serviciile trebuie desf\u0103\u0219urate \u00eempreun\u0103 sau, mai r\u0103u, \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 ordine, atunci sistemul nu poate fi considerat orientat pe servicii. \u00cen acest caz, se vorbe\u0219te despre un monolit distribuit (considerat un antipattern nu doar din perspectiva SOA, ci \u0219i a arhitecturii microserviciilor). <\/p>\n

Arhitectura orientat\u0103 pe servicii beneficiaz\u0103 de un bun suport din partea comunit\u0103\u021bii arhitecturale \u0219i a furnizorilor. Acest lucru duce la existen\u021ba multor cursuri \u0219i certific\u0103ri, precum \u0219i la modele bine elaborate. Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103, de exemplu, binecunoscuta bus de servicii de \u00eentreprindere (ESB = enterprise service bus). Totu\u0219i, ESB este un bagaj de la furnizori, ea nu trebuie neap\u0103rat utilizat\u0103 \u00een SOA.<\/p>\n

V\u00e2rful popularit\u0103\u021bii arhitecturii orientate pe servicii a fost \u00een jurul anului 2008, dup\u0103 care a \u00eenceput o declinare, care a devenit semnificativ mai accentuat\u0103 dup\u0103 apari\u021bia microserviciilor (~2015).<\/p>\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n

\nDup\u0103 ce am discutat despre posibilit\u0103\u021bile organiz\u0103rii sistemelor informa\u021bionale sub form\u0103 de servicii \u0219i module, propun s\u0103 trecem, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, la principiile arhitecturii microservicilor \u0219i s\u0103 acord\u0103m o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 diferen\u021bei dintre arhitectura microserviciilor \u0219i cea orientat\u0103 pe servicii \u00een urm\u0103toarea parte.<\/p>\n

\"Choosing<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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