{"id":95122,"date":"2020-09-25T19:42:52","date_gmt":"2020-09-25T17:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/razrabotat-soft-dlya-deczentralizovannogo-prokata-skuterov-kto-skazal-chto-budet-legko"},"modified":"2020-09-25T19:42:52","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T17:42:52","slug":"razrabotat-soft-dlya-deczentralizovannogo-prokata-skuterov-kto-skazal-chto-budet-legko","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/razrabotat-soft-dlya-deczentralizovannogo-prokata-skuterov-kto-skazal-chto-budet-legko","title":{"rendered":"Dezvoltarea unui software pentru \u00eenchirierea descentralizat\u0103 de trotinete. Cine a spus c\u0103 va fi u\u0219or?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen acest articol, voi povesti despre cum am \u00eencercat s\u0103 construim un serviciu descentralizat de \u00eenchiriere a trotinetelor pe baza contractelor inteligente \u0219i de ce a fost nevoie totu\u0219i de un serviciu centralizat.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Dezvoltarea
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cum a \u00eenceput totul<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen noiembrie 2018, am participat la un hackathon dedicat internetului lucrurilor \u0219i blockchain. Ca idee, echipa noastr\u0103 a ales \u00eenchirierea trotinetelor, av\u00e2nd un scuter de la sponsorul hackathon-ului. Prototipul ar\u0103ta ca o aplica\u021bie mobil\u0103 care permitea pornirea scuterului prin NFC. Din punct de vedere al marketingului, ideea era sus\u021binut\u0103 de o poveste despre un \u201eviitor luminos\u201d cu un ecosistem deschis, unde oricine poate deveni chiria\u0219 sau proprietar, totul bazat pe contracte inteligente.<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 idee le-a pl\u0103cut foarte mult stakeholder-ilor no\u0219tri, iar ei au decis s\u0103 o transforme \u00eentr-un prototip pentru a fi prezentat la expozi\u021bii. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva prezent\u0103ri de succes la Mobile World Congress \u0219i Bosch Connected World \u00een 2019, s-a decis s\u0103 test\u0103m \u00eenchirierea trotinetelor pe utilizatori reali, angaja\u021bi ai Deutsche Telekom. A\u0219a am \u00eenceput dezvoltarea unui MVP complet.<\/p>\n

Blockchain pe crutches<\/h3>\n

\nCred c\u0103 nu este nevoie s\u0103 explic\u0103m care este diferen\u021ba \u00eentre un proiect de prezentare pe scen\u0103 \u0219i unul folosit de utilizatori reali. \u00cen cele \u0219ase luni, trebuia s\u0103 transform\u0103m prototipul brut \u00een ceva potrivit pentru un pilot. \u0218i atunci am \u00een\u021beles ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201edurere\u201d.<\/p>\n

Pentru a face sistemul nostru descentralizat \u0219i deschis, am decis s\u0103 folosim contracte inteligente Ethereum. Am ales aceast\u0103 platform\u0103 de servicii online descentralizate datorit\u0103 popularit\u0103\u021bii sale \u0219i a posibilit\u0103\u021bii de a construi o aplica\u021bie serverless. Ne-am planificat s\u0103 implement\u0103m proiectul nostru \u00een felul urm\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

\"Dezvoltarea<\/p>\n

Dar, din p\u0103cate, un contract inteligent este un cod executat de o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 \u00een momentul tranzac\u021biei \u0219i nu poate \u00eenlocui un sistem complet. serverul<\/a>. De exemplu, un smart contract nu poate executa ac\u021biuni am\u00e2nate sau planificate. \u00cen proiectul nostru, acest lucru a \u00eempiedicat implementarea unui serviciu de \u00eenchiriere minute, a\u0219a cum fac majoritatea platformelor moderne de carsharing. A\u0219adar, imobiliz\u0103m criptovaluta de la utilizator dup\u0103 finalizarea opera\u021biunii f\u0103r\u0103 a fi siguri c\u0103 are suficiente fonduri. Aceast\u0103 abordare este acceptabil\u0103 doar pentru un pilot intern \u0219i, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, adaug\u0103 probleme \u00een proiectarea unui proiect complet func\u021bional.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 cele men\u021bionate anterior, se adaug\u0103 umiditatea platformei \u00een sine. De exemplu, dac\u0103 scrie\u021bi un smart contract cu o logica diferit\u0103 de tokenurile ERC-20, v\u0103 ve\u021bi confrunta cu problema gestion\u0103rii erorilor. De obicei, \u00een cazul unei introduceri incorecte sau al unei func\u021bion\u0103ri gre\u0219ite a metodelor noastre, primim un cod de eroare ca r\u0103spuns. \u00cen cazul Ethereum, nu putem ob\u021bine nimic altceva dec\u00e2t cantitatea de gaz consumat\u0103 pentru a executa aceast\u0103 func\u021bie. Gazul este moneda pe care trebuie s\u0103 o pl\u0103ti\u021bi pentru tranzac\u021bii \u0219i calcule: cu c\u00e2t ave\u021bi mai multe opera\u021biuni \u00een codul dvs., cu at\u00e2t ve\u021bi pl\u0103ti mai mult. Prin urmare, pentru a \u00een\u021belege de ce codul nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103, trebuie s\u0103-l testa\u021bi simul\u00e2nd toate posibilele erori \u0219i codific\u00e2nd gazul consumat ca \u0219i cod de eroare. Dar, dac\u0103 modifica\u021bi codul, aceast\u0103 gestionare a erorilor se va strica. <\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, este practic imposibil s\u0103 creezi o aplica\u021bie mobil\u0103 care s\u0103 func\u021bioneze corect cu blockchain-ul f\u0103r\u0103 a folosi o cheie stocat\u0103 undeva \u00een cloud. De\u0219i portofelele oneste exist\u0103, ele nu ofer\u0103 interfe\u021be pentru semnarea tranzac\u021biilor externe. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu vei avea o aplica\u021bie nativ\u0103 dac\u0103 nu va exista un portofel cripto \u00eencorporat, \u00een care utilizatorii vor avea pu\u021bin \u00eencredere (eu nu a\u0219 avea). Drept urmare, aici a trebuit s\u0103 t\u0103iem col\u021burile. Contractele inteligente erau livrate \u00een re\u021beaua privat\u0103 Ethereum, iar portofelul era \u00een cloud. Dar, \u00een ciuda acestui fapt, utilizatorii no\u0219tri au sim\u021bit toate \"farmecile\" serviciilor descentralizate prin time-out-uri de a\u0219teptare a tranzac\u021biilor de c\u00e2teva ori pe sesiunea de \u00eenchiriere.<\/p>\n

Toate acestea ne conduc la o astfel de arhitectur\u0103. Sunte\u021bi de acord, aceasta este foarte diferit\u0103 de ceea ce am planificat. <\/p>\n

\"Dezvoltarea
\n<\/p>\n

Asul din m\u00e2nec\u0103: Identitatea auto-suveran\u0103 <\/h3>\n

\nNu se poate construi un sistem complet descentralizat f\u0103r\u0103 identificare descentralizat\u0103. Acest aspect este gestionat de Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), care const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 elimin\u0103m un furnizor centralizat de identitate (IDP) \u0219i oferim oamenilor toate datele \u0219i responsabilitatea pentru ele. Acum utilizatorul decide singur ce date \u00eei sunt necesare \u0219i cu cine va \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i aceste date. Toate aceste informa\u021bii se afl\u0103 pe dispozitivul utilizatorului. Dar pentru schimb, ne va trebui un sistem descentralizat de stocare a dovezilor criptografice. Toate implement\u0103rile moderne ale conceptului SSI utilizeaz\u0103 blockchain ca storage.<\/p>\n

\u201eCe leg\u0103tur\u0103 are asta cu un as \u00een m\u00e2nec\u0103?\u201d \u2013 ve\u021bi \u00eentreba. Serviciul l-am lansat pentru un test intern pe angaja\u021bii no\u0219tri din Berlin \u0219i Bonn, iar \u00een fa\u021ba noastr\u0103 au ap\u0103rut dificult\u0103\u021bi legate de sindicatele germane. \u00cen Germania, companiilor le este interzis s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 mi\u0219c\u0103rile angaja\u021bilor, iar sindicatele controleaz\u0103 acest aspect. Aceste restric\u021bii pun cap\u0103t stoc\u0103rii centralizate a datelor de identificare a utilizatorilor, deoarece \u00een acest caz am fi \u0219tiut loca\u021bia angaja\u021bilor. Totodat\u0103, nu puteam s\u0103 nu-i verific\u0103m din cauza riscului de furt al scuterelor. Dar, datorit\u0103 Self-Sovereign Identity, utilizatorii no\u0219tri au utilizat sistemul \u00een mod anonim, iar scuterul verifica automat permisul de conducere \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe \u00eenchirierea. \u00cen rezultat, am p\u0103strat metrici anonimizate ale utilizatorilor, f\u0103r\u0103 documente \u0219i date personale: toate acestea erau stocate pe dispozitivele \u0219oferilor \u00een\u0219i\u0219i. Astfel, datorit\u0103 SSI, solu\u021bia problemei \u00een proiectul nostru a fost gata \u00eenainte de a se ivi.<\/p>\n

Dispozitivul a generat probleme<\/h3>\n

\nNu am implementat noi \u00een\u0219ine Self-Sovereign Identity, deoarece acest lucru necesit\u0103 expertiz\u0103 \u00een criptografie \u0219i mult timp. \u00cen schimb, am folosit produsul partenerilor no\u0219tri Jolocom \u0219i am integrat portofelul lor mobil \u0219i serviciile \u00een platforma noastr\u0103. Din p\u0103cate, acest produs are un dezavantaj semnificativ: principala limbaj de dezvoltare este Node.js.<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 tehnologie ne limiteaz\u0103 foarte mult \u00een alegerea hardware-ului integrat \u00een scuter. Din fericire, la \u00eenceputul proiectului, am ales Raspberry Pi Zero \u0219i am profitat de toate avantajele unui microcomputer complet. Acest lucru ne-a permis s\u0103 rul\u0103m Node.js complex pe scuter. \u00cen plus, am ob\u021binut monitorizare \u0219i acces de la distan\u021b\u0103 prin vpn<\/a>, folosind instrumente deja preg\u0103tite.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen ciuda tuturor \"dureroaselor\" probleme, proiectul a fost lansat. Nu totul a func\u021bionat a\u0219a cum ne-am planificat, dar pe scutere chiar se putea merge, \u00eenchiriindu-le.<\/p>\n

Da, am f\u0103cut o serie de gre\u0219eli \u00een proiectarea arhitecturii, care nu ne-au permis s\u0103 facem serviciul complet descentralizat, dar chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 aceste erori, ne-ar fi fost greu s\u0103 cre\u0103m o platform\u0103 serverless. Este o diferen\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 scrii o alt\u0103 piramid\u0103 crypto \u0219i s\u0103 dezvol\u021bi un serviciu complet, \u00een care trebuie s\u0103 gestionezi erori, s\u0103 rezolvi cazuri limit\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 execu\u021bi sarcini planificate. S\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 noile platforme ap\u0103rute recent vor fi mai flexibile \u0219i func\u021bionale.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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