{"id":95405,"date":"2020-09-28T19:43:20","date_gmt":"2020-09-28T17:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine"},"modified":"2020-09-28T19:43:20","modified_gmt":"2020-09-28T17:43:20","slug":"elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine","title":{"rendered":"Elbrus VS Intel. Compar\u0103m performan\u021ba sistemelor de stocare Aerodisk Vostok \u0219i Engine","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Compar\u0103m performan\u021ba sistemelor de stocare Aerodisk Vostok \u0219i Engine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/f83947517e7ab2cbd2fe5547f522f979.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Salut tuturor. Continu\u0103m s\u0103 v\u0103 familiariz\u0103m cu sistemul de stocare a datelor Aerodisk VOSTOK, realizat pe baza procesorului rusesc Elbrus 8C. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acest articol, vom analiza \u00een detaliu, a\u0219a cum am promis, una dintre cele mai populare \u0219i interesante teme legate de Elbrusi, \u0219i anume \u2013 performan\u021ba. Exist\u0103 multe specula\u021bii despre performan\u021ba Elbrus, chiar polarizate. Pesimi\u0219tii spun c\u0103 performan\u021ba Elbrus este acum \u201eneacceptabil\u0103\u201d \u0219i c\u0103 va dura decenii pentru a ajunge la \u201eproduc\u0103torii de v\u00e2rf\u201d (adic\u0103, \u00een condi\u021biile actuale \u2013 niciodat\u0103). Pe de alt\u0103 parte, optimi\u0219tii sus\u021bin c\u0103 Elbrus 8C deja ofer\u0103 rezultate bune, iar \u00een urm\u0103torii c\u00e2\u021biva ani, odat\u0103 cu lansarea noilor versiuni de procesoare (Elbrus 16C \u0219i 32C), vom putea \u201eajunge \u0219i dep\u0103\u0219i\u201d principalii produc\u0103tori de procesoare din lume. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Noi, la Aerodisk, suntem oameni practici, a\u0219a c\u0103 am urmat cea mai simpl\u0103 \u0219i clar\u0103 cale (pentru noi): s\u0103 test\u0103m, s\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103m rezultatele \u0219i abia apoi s\u0103 tragem concluzii. \u00cen urma a unui num\u0103r considerabil de teste, am descoperit o serie de tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale func\u021bion\u0103rii arhitecturii Elbrus 8C e2k (inclusiv unele pl\u0103cute) \u0219i, desigur, am comparat aceste rezultate cu sistemele de stocare similare bazate pe procesoare Intel Xeon arhitectura amd64.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Apropo, mai multe detalii despre teste, rezultate \u0219i viitorul dezvolt\u0103rii S\u0425D pe Elbrusuri le vom discuta la urm\u0103torul nostru webinar &quot;OcolIT&quot; pe 15.10.2020 la ora 15:00. V\u0103 pute\u021bi \u00eenregistra folosind linkul de mai jos.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aerodisk.promo\/webinarmcst\/?utm_source=habr&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=webinarmcst&amp;utm_content=article\">\u00censcriere pentru webinar<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"testovyy-stend\">Banc de testare<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Am creat dou\u0103 standuri. Ambele standuri constau dintr-un server cu Linux, conectat prin comutatoare FC de 16G la doi controlere ale sistemului de stocare, \u00een care sunt instalate 12 discuri SAS SSD de 960 GB (11,5 TB \u201ecapacitate brut\u0103\u201d sau 5,7 TB \u201ecapacitare util\u0103\u201d, dac\u0103 folosim RAID-10). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Schema standului arat\u0103 astfel.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Compar\u0103m performan\u021ba sistemelor de stocare Aerodisk Vostok \u0219i Engine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d31d0b7311505154015ff28db55e96ef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"stend-1-e2k-elbrus\">Standul nr. 1 e2k (Elbrus)<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Configura\u021bia hardware-ului este urm\u0103toarea:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Server Linux (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 64 GB DDR4, adaptator FC 16G 2 porturi) \u2013 1 buc.<\/li>\n<li>Comutator FC 16 G \u2013 2 buc.<\/li>\n<li>Sistem de stocare Aerodisk Vostok 2-E12 (2xElbrus 8C (8 cores, 1,20Ghz), 32 GB DDR3, 2xFE FC-adaptor 16G 2 porturi, 12xSAS SSD 960 GB) \u2013 1 buc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"stend-2-amd64-intel\">Standul nr. 2 amd64 (Intel)<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pentru compara\u021bie, a fost utilizat\u0103 o configura\u021bie similar\u0103 a sistemului de stocare pe e2k, cu un procesor asem\u0103n\u0103tor ca specifica\u021bii pe amd64: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Server Linux (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 64 GB DDR4, adaptator FC 16G 2 porturi) \u2013 1 buc.<\/li>\n<li>Comutator FC 16 G \u2013 2 buc.<\/li>\n<li>Sistem de stocare Aerodisk Engine N2 (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 32 GB DDR4, 2xFE FC-adaptor 16G 2 porturi, 12xSAS SSD 960 GB) \u2013 1 buc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Observa\u021bie important\u0103: procesoarele Elbrus 8C utilizate \u00een test suport\u0103 doar memorie RAM DDR3, ceea ce este evident \"r\u0103u, dar nu pe termen lung\". Elbrus 8CV (pe care nu \u00eel avem \u00eenc\u0103, dar va fi disponibil cur\u00e2nd) suport\u0103 DDR4. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"metodika-testirovaniya\">Metodologia de testare<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pentru generarea de sarcini, am folosit programul popular \u0219i testat \u00een timp Flexible IO (FIO).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ambele SAN-uri sunt configurate conform propriilor noastre recomand\u0103ri pentru setare, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere cerin\u021bele de performan\u021b\u0103 ridicat\u0103 la acces bloc, a\u0219a c\u0103 folosim grupuri de disk DDP (Dynamic Disk Pool). Pentru a nu denatura rezultatele test\u0103rii, dezactiv\u0103m compresia, deduplicarea \u0219i RAM cache pe ambele SAN-uri. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Au fost create 8 D-LUN-uri \u00een RAID-10 de 500 GB fiecare, volumul util total este de 4 TB (adic\u0103 aproximativ 70% din capacitatea util\u0103 posibil\u0103 a acestei configura\u021bii). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vor fi efectuate scenariile principale \u0219i populare de utilizare a SAN-ului, \u00een special:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>primele dou\u0103 teste emuleaz\u0103 func\u021bionarea unei baze de date tranzac\u021bionale. \u00cen acest grup de teste ne intereseaz\u0103 IOPS-urile \u0219i laten\u021ba.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>1) Citire aleatorie cu blocuri mici de 4k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 4k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 100%\/0%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Complet Aleatorie<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>2) Scriere aleatorie cu blocuri mici de 4k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 4k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Complet Aleatorie<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>urm\u0103toarele dou\u0103 teste emuleaz\u0103 func\u021bionarea p\u0103r\u021bii analitice a bazei de date. \u00cen acest grup de teste ne intereseaz\u0103 de asemenea IOPS-urile \u0219i laten\u021ba.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>3) Citire secven\u021bial\u0103 cu blocuri mici de 4k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 4k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 100%\/0%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Secven\u021bial<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>4) Scriere secven\u021bial\u0103 cu blocuri mici de 4k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 4k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Secven\u021bial<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>al treilea grup de teste emuleaz\u0103 func\u021bionarea citirii continue (exemplu \u2013 transmisii live, recuperarea backup-urilor) \u0219i a scrierii continue (exemplu \u2013 supraveghere video, \u00eenregistrarea backup-urilor). \u00cen acest grup de teste, ne intereseaz\u0103 deja nu IOPS-urile, ci MB\/s \u0219i, de asemenea, laten\u021ba.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>5) Citire secven\u021bial\u0103 cu blocuri mari de 128k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 128k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Secven\u021bial<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>6) Scriere secven\u021bial\u0103 cu blocuri mari de 128k<br \/>\na. Dimensiunea blocului = 128k<br \/>\nb. Citire\/scriere = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Num\u0103rul de opera\u021bii = 8<br \/>\nd. Ad\u00e2ncimea cozii = 32<br \/>\ne. Tipologia sarcinii = Secven\u021bial<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Fiecare test va dura o or\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a lua \u00een considerare timpul de \u00eenc\u0103lzire al masivului de 7 minute.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezultaty-testov\">Rezultatele testelor<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezultatele testelor sunt sumarizate \u00een dou\u0103 tabele.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Elbrus 8C (SAN Aerodisk Vostok 2-E12)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Compar\u0103m performan\u021ba sistemelor de stocare Aerodisk Vostok \u0219i Engine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d0a0e82e3829ffc778373a76fad1a16e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Intel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (SAN Aerodisk Engine N2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Compar\u0103m performan\u021ba sistemelor de stocare Aerodisk Vostok \u0219i Engine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/321a52cf06452b73fb9c280df667ba63.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezultatele au fost extrem de interesante. \u00cen ambele cazuri, am utilizat bine capacit\u0103\u021bile procesorului SAN (70-90% utilizare), \u0219i \u00een aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie sunt evidente avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele ambelor procesoare.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ambele tabele, testele unde procesoarele \u201ese simt \u00eencrez\u0103toare\u201d sunt eviden\u021biate cu verde, iar cele care \u201enu sunt pe placul\u201d procesoarelor sunt eviden\u021biate cu portocaliu.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 vorbim despre sarcini aleatorii cu blocuri mici, atunci:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>din punct de vedere al citirii aleatoare, Intel este cu siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba Elbrusului, diferen\u021ba fiind de 2 ori;<\/li>\n<li>din punct de vedere al scrierii aleatoare, este f\u0103r\u0103 dubiu un egal, ambele procesoare au ar\u0103tat rezultate comparabile \u0219i de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul sarcinilor secven\u021biale cu blocuri mici, situa\u021bia este diferit\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0219i la citire, \u0219i la scriere, Intel dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te semnificativ (de 2 ori) Elbrusul. Astfel, dac\u0103 Elbrusul are un indice IOPS sub cel al lui Intel, dar arat\u0103 decent (200-300 de mii), \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 probleme evidente cu timpii de laten\u021b\u0103 (acestea fiind de trei ori mai mari dec\u00e2t la Intel). Concluzia este c\u0103 versiunea curent\u0103 a Elbrusului 8C nu \u201eiube\u0219te\u201d deloc sarcinile secven\u021biale cu blocuri mici. Este evident c\u0103 mai este loc de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen schimb, \u00een cazul sarcinilor secven\u021biale cu blocuri mari, situa\u021bia este exact opus\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ambele procesoare au ar\u0103tat rezultate aproximativ egale \u00een MB\/s, dar exist\u0103 un \u00ceNS\u0102\u2026. Timpii de laten\u021b\u0103 ai Elbrusului sunt de 10 (zece, Karl!!!) ori mai buni (adic\u0103 mai mici) dec\u00e2t cei ai procesorului similar de la Intel (0,4\/0,5 ms fa\u021b\u0103 de 5,1\/6,5 ms). La \u00eenceput am crezut c\u0103 este o eroare, a\u0219a c\u0103 am verificat din nou rezultatele, am efectuat un test repetat, dar testul repetat a ar\u0103tat aceea\u0219i imagine. Aceasta este o avantaj serios al Elbrusului (\u0219i al arhitecturii e2k \u00een general) fa\u021b\u0103 de Intel (\u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, arhitectura amd64). S\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 acest succes va continua s\u0103 se dezvolte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Exist\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 interesant\u0103 a Elbrusului, la care cititorul atent poate s\u0103 observe, uit\u00e2ndu-se la tabel. Dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la diferen\u021ba dintre indicele de citire \u0219i scriere al Intel, \u00een toate testele citirea dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te scrierea cu peste 50% \u00een medie. Aceasta este norma la care toat\u0103 lumea (inclusiv noi) s-a obi\u0219nuit. Dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la Elbrus, indicii de scriere sunt mult mai aproape de cei de citire, citirea dep\u0103\u0219ind scrierea, de regul\u0103, cu 10 \u2013 30%, nu mai mult. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ce demonstreaz\u0103 asta? C\u0103 Elbrus \"iube\u0219te foarte mult\" scrierea, iar acest lucru, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 acest procesor va fi foarte util \u00een sarcini unde scrierea prevaleaz\u0103 \u00een mod evident asupra citirii (cine a spus legea Iarovaya?), ceea ce este, de asemenea, un avantaj incontestabil al arhitecturii e2k, iar acest avantaj trebuie dezvoltat.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"vyvody-i-blizhayshee-buduschee\">Concluzii \u0219i viitorul apropiat<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Testele comparative ale procesoarelor de nivel mediu Elbrus \u0219i Intel pentru sarcinile de stocare a datelor au ar\u0103tat rezultate aproximativ egale \u0219i la fel de demne, fiecare procesor av\u00e2nd propriile caracteristici interesante. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Intel a dep\u0103\u0219it de departe Elbrus \u00een citirea aleatorie a blocurilor mici, precum \u0219i \u00een citirea \u0219i scrierea secven\u021bial\u0103 a blocurilor mici. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul scrierii aleatorii cu blocuri mici, ambele procesoare arat\u0103 rezultate egale.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te indicatorii de laten\u021b\u0103, Elbrus arat\u0103 semnificativ mai bine dec\u00e2t Intel \u00een sarcini de flux, adic\u0103 \u00een citirea \u0219i scrierea secven\u021bial\u0103 a blocurilor mari.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, spre deosebire de Intel, Elbrus se descurc\u0103 la fel de bine at\u00e2t cu sarcinile de citire, c\u00e2t \u0219i cu cele de scriere, \u00een timp ce la Intel citirea este \u00eentotdeauna semnificativ mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t scrierea.<br \/>\nPe baza rezultatelor ob\u021binute, se poate concluziona despre aplicabilitatea sistemelor de stocare a datelor AeroDisk Vostok pe procesorul Elbrus 8C \u00een urm\u0103toarele sarcini:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sisteme informa\u021bionale cu predominan\u021ba opera\u021biunilor de scriere;<\/li>\n<li>acces la fi\u0219iere;<\/li>\n<li>transmisiuni live;<\/li>\n<li>supraveghere video;<\/li>\n<li>backup;<\/li>\n<li>con\u021binut media.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Echipa MCST are \u00eenc\u0103 mult de lucru, dar rezultatul muncii lor este vizibil deja acum, ceea ce, desigur, nu poate dec\u00e2t s\u0103 ne bucure. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Aceste teste au fost efectuate pe kernel-ul Linux pentru e2k versiunea 4.19, \u00een prezent fiind \u00een teste beta (la MCST, la Bazalt SPO, precum \u0219i la noi, \u00een Aerodisk) kernel-ul Linux 5.4-e2k, \u00een care, printre altele, scheduler-ul a fost complet reproiectat \u0219i s-au f\u0103cut multe optimiz\u0103ri pentru unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare SSD de mare vitez\u0103. De asemenea, special pentru kernel-urile ramurii 5.x, compania AO \u201eMCST\u201d va lansa un nou compilator LCC versiunea 1.25. Conform rezultatelor preliminare, pe acela\u0219i procesor Elbrus 8C, kernel-ul nou construit cu noul compilator, mediu kernel, utilitare de sistem \u0219i biblioteci \u0219i, de fapt, software-ul Aerodisk VOSTOK va permite ob\u021binerea unei cre\u0219teri semnificative a performan\u021bei. \u0218i asta f\u0103r\u0103 a schimba echipamentul \u2014 pe acela\u0219i procesor \u0219i cu acelea\u0219i frecven\u021be. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A\u0219tept\u0103m lansarea versiunii Aerodisk VOSTOK bazat\u0103 pe kernel 5.4 mai aproape de sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului, \u0219i imediat ce munca la noua versiune va fi finalizat\u0103, vom actualiza rezultatele test\u0103rii \u0219i le vom publica aici. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem acum la \u00eenceputul articolului \u0219i \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 r\u0103spundem la \u00eentrebarea, cine are dreptate: pesimi\u0219tii care spun c\u0103 Elbrus este \u201eneimportant\u201d \u0219i nu va ajunge niciodat\u0103 din urm\u0103 principalii produc\u0103tori de procesoare, sau optimi\u0219tii care spun c\u0103 \u201edeja aproape i-am ajuns \u0219i \u00een cur\u00e2nd \u00eei vom dep\u0103\u0219i\u201d? Dac\u0103 ne baz\u0103m nu pe stereotipuri \u0219i prejudec\u0103\u021bi religioase, ci pe teste reale, atunci cu siguran\u021b\u0103 au dreptate optimi\u0219tii. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Elbrus arat\u0103 deja rezultate bune, comparativ cu procesoarele amd64 de nivel mediu. Desigur, este departe de modelele de v\u00e2rf din gam\u0103 ale procesoarelor server Intel sau AMD \u00een 8C, dar nu acesta a fost obiectivul; pentru aceasta vor fi lansate procesoare 16C \u0219i 32C. Atunci vom discuta mai mult. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen\u021belegem c\u0103 dup\u0103 acest articol \u00eentreb\u0103rile despre Elbrus vor deveni \u0219i mai numeroase, a\u0219a c\u0103 am decis s\u0103 organiz\u0103m un alt webinar online \u201eOcolIT\u201d, pentru a r\u0103spunde la aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u00een direct. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>De data aceasta, invitatul nostru va fi Konstantin Trushkin, vicepre\u0219edintele companiei MCST. V\u0103 pute\u021bi \u00eenscrie la webinar la linkul de mai jos.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aerodisk.promo\/webinarmcst\/?utm_source=habr&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=webinarmcst&amp;utm_content=article\">\u00censcriere pentru webinar<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumim tuturor, a\u0219a cum ne-am obi\u0219nuit, a\u0219tept\u0103m critici constructive \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri interesante.<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/aerodisk\/blog\/520888\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u041e\u041a, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441 8C. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438) \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":95406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - 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