{"id":95924,"date":"2020-10-05T01:42:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij"},"modified":"2020-10-05T01:42:16","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:42:16","slug":"progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/progulka-po-grablyam-10-kriticheskih-oshibok-razrabotki-testa-dlya-proverki-znanij","title":{"rendered":"Mersul pe greble: 10 gre\u0219eli critice \u00een dezvoltarea testelor pentru evaluarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/519748\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mersul pe greble: 10 gre\u0219eli critice \u00een dezvoltarea testelor pentru evaluarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/e3547e90a2a706eaf5c29ea9498a1331.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n\u00cenainte de \u00eenscrierea la noul curs Machine Learning Advanced, test\u0103m viitorii studen\u021bi pentru a stabili nivelul lor de preg\u0103tire \u0219i a \u00een\u021belege ce anume le trebuie pentru a se preg\u0103ti pentru curs. Dar apare o dilema: pe de o parte, trebuie s\u0103 verific\u0103m cuno\u0219tin\u021bele de Data Science, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte \u2014 nu putem organiza un examen complet de 4 ore.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a rezolva aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, am \u00eenfiin\u021bat un birou de TestDev chiar \u00een echipa de dezvoltare a cursurilor de Data Science (\u0219i se pare c\u0103 acesta este doar \u00eenceputul). V\u0103 prezent\u0103m o list\u0103 cu 10 \u201ecapcane\u201d \u00een care se poate c\u0103dea la elaborarea testelor pentru evaluarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor. Sper\u0103m c\u0103 lumea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii online va fi pu\u021bin mai bun\u0103 dup\u0103 aceasta.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 1: Neprecizarea clar\u0103 a obiectivelor test\u0103rii<\/h2>\n<p>\nPentru a defini corect obiectivele \u0219i a crea un test care s\u0103 le ia \u00een considerare, \u00een etapa de planificare trebuie s\u0103 ne punem c\u00e2teva \u00eentreb\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ce anume verific\u0103m?\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen ce mediu va avea loc testarea \u0219i ce mecanisme sunt utilizate? Ce limit\u0103ri sunt \u00een acest mediu? Acest punct va ajuta de asemenea la \u00een\u021belegerea cerin\u021belor tehnice pentru dispozitivul pe care se va desf\u0103\u0219ura testarea, dar \u0219i pentru con\u021binut (dac\u0103 testul se realizeaz\u0103 de pe telefoane, imaginile trebuie s\u0103 fie lizibile chiar \u0219i pe un ecran mic, iar utilizatorul trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 posibilitatea de a le m\u0103ri etc.).<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e2t timp va dura testarea? Trebuie s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim \u00een ce condi\u021bii va realiza utilizatorul testul. Poate ap\u0103rea situa\u021bia \u00een care acesta trebuie s\u0103 \u00eentrerup\u0103 procesul de testare \u0219i apoi s\u0103 continue?<\/li>\n<li>Va exista feedback? Cum \u00eel form\u0103m \u0219i \u00eel livr\u0103m? Ce este necesar pentru a-l ob\u021bine? Exist\u0103 un interval de timp \u00eentre completarea testului \u0219i feedback?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00cen cazul nostru, dup\u0103 ce am r\u0103spuns la aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri, am stabilit urm\u0103toarele obiective pentru test:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Testul trebuie s\u0103 arate dac\u0103 viitorii studen\u021bi sunt preg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru a urma cursul, dac\u0103 au suficiente cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi.<\/li>\n<li>Testul trebuie s\u0103 ne ofere material pentru feedback, s\u0103 indice subiectul \u00een care studen\u021bii au f\u0103cut gre\u0219eli, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i poat\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi cuno\u0219tin\u021bele. Cum s\u0103 \u00eel concepem \u2014 vom explica mai departe.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 2: Nepreg\u0103tirea unui caiet de sarcini pentru expertul \u2014 elaboratorul testului<\/h2>\n<p>\nPentru a elabora sarcini de test, este foarte important s\u0103 implici un expert \u00een domeniul ale c\u0103rui cuno\u0219tin\u021be sunt verificate. Iar pentru expert, este necesar un briefing corect (descriere) care s\u0103 includ\u0103 temele testului, cuno\u0219tin\u021bele\/abilit\u0103\u021bile verificate \u0219i nivelul acestora. <\/p>\n<p>Expertul nu va crea un astfel de briefing pentru el \u00eensu\u0219i, deoarece rolul s\u0103u este de a crea sarcinile, nu structura testului. Cu at\u00e2t mai mult cu c\u00e2t pu\u021bini dezvolt\u0103 teste profesional, chiar \u0219i \u00een procesul de predare. Acest lucru se \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 \u00eentr-o specialitate separat\u0103 - psihometrie.<\/p>\n<p><i>Dac\u0103 dori\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 familiariza\u021bi rapid cu psihometria, \u00een Rusia exist\u0103<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/letnyayashkola.org\/testovaya\/\"> o \u0219coal\u0103 de var\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> pentru to\u021bi cei interesa\u021bi. Pentru o studiu mai aprofundat, la Institutul de educa\u021bie exist\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hse.ru\/ma\/psyedu\/\">un program de masterat<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i doctorat.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd preg\u0103tim briefingul, adun\u0103m o descriere detaliat\u0103 a testului pentru expert (sau \u0219i mai bine, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu el): temele sarcinilor, tipul sarcinilor, num\u0103rul acestora.<\/p>\n<p>Cum s\u0103 alegem tipul sarcinilor: dup\u0103 ce am decis temele, trebuie s\u0103 stabilim ce tip de sarcini poate verifica cel mai bine acest lucru. Op\u021biunile clasice sunt: sarcini cu r\u0103spuns deschis, sarcini cu alegere multipla sau unic\u0103, coresponden\u021be, etc. (s\u0103 nu uit\u0103m de restric\u021biile tehnice ale mediului \u00een care se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 testarea!). Dup\u0103 determinarea \u0219i specificarea tipurilor de sarcini, avem un briefing gata pentru expert. \u00cel putem numi specifica\u021bia testului.<\/p>\n<h2>Gre\u0219elile 3: Neimplicarea expertului \u00een dezvoltarea testului<\/h2>\n<p>\nAtunci c\u00e2nd implic\u0103m expertul \u00een dezvoltarea testului, este foarte important s\u0103 nu-i indic\u0103m doar \u00abdomeniul de lucru\u00bb, ci s\u0103-l implic\u0103m \u00een \u00eentregul proces de dezvoltare.<\/p>\n<p>Cum s\u0103 facem ca colaborarea cu expertul s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai eficient\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u0103-l preg\u0103tim dinainte \u0219i s\u0103 dedic\u0103m ceva timp pentru a-i povesti despre \u0219tiin\u021ba dezvolt\u0103rii testelor, psihometrie.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0103 ne concentr\u0103m aten\u021bia expertului pe crearea unui instrument de evaluare valid \u0219i fiabil, nu pe o list\u0103 de \u00eentreb\u0103ri.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0103-i explic\u0103m c\u0103 munca sa include o etap\u0103 preg\u0103titoare, nu doar elaborarea sarcinilor \u00een sine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUnii exper\u021bi (din cauza caracterului lor) pot percepe acest lucru ca pe o verificare a propriei lor munci, \u0219i le explic\u0103m c\u0103, chiar \u0219i \u00een cazul \u00een care creeaz\u0103 sarcini excelente, acestea pot s\u0103 nu corespund\u0103 unor obiective specifice de testare.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a asigura un proces rapid, preg\u0103tim cu expertul un tabel de acoperire a temelor (cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi), care face parte din specifica\u021bia testului. Acest tabel ne permite s\u0103 elabor\u0103m precis \u00eentreb\u0103rile \u0219i s\u0103 definim ce vom m\u0103sura. \u00cen fiecare caz specific, acesta poate fi realizat pu\u021bin diferit. Sarcina noastr\u0103 este s\u0103 verific\u0103m c\u00e2t de bine se orienteaz\u0103 o persoan\u0103 \u00een cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile cursurilor anterioare de baz\u0103, pentru a \u00een\u021belege c\u00e2t de preg\u0103tit\u0103 este pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea unui nou curs. <\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 4: A crede c\u0103 expertul \"\u0219tie mai bine\"<\/h2>\n<p>\nCunoa\u0219te subiectul mai bine. Dar nu \u00eentotdeauna explic\u0103 clar. Este foarte important s\u0103 verific\u0103m formul\u0103rile sarcinilor. S\u0103 scriem instruc\u021biuni clare, de exemplu: \u201eAlege\u021bi 1 variant\u0103 corect\u0103\u201d. \u00cen 90% din cazuri, exper\u021bii preg\u0103tesc \u00eentreb\u0103rile a\u0219a cum le este clar lor. \u0218i asta este normal. Dar \u00eenainte de a transmite testul celor care \u00eel vor sus\u021bine, trebuie s\u0103 verific\u0103m totul \u0219i s\u0103-l rafin\u0103m, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t persoanele care sus\u021bin testul s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 exact ce li se cere \u0219i s\u0103 nu comit\u0103 erori doar pentru c\u0103 au interpretat gre\u0219it textul sarcinii.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a evita interpretarea dubl\u0103 a sarcinilor, desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103m \u201elaboratoare cognitive\u201d. Cerem persoanelor din publicul \u021bint\u0103 s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 testul, articul\u00e2nd cu voce tare ce cred \u0219i not\u0103m detaliat. La \u201elaboratoarele cognitive\u201d putem \u201eprinde\u201d \u00eentreb\u0103ri neclare, formul\u0103ri slabe \u0219i ob\u021bine un prim feedback asupra testului.<\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 5: A nu lua \u00een considerare timpul de finalizare a testului<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>modul de sarcasm: activ<br \/>\nDesigur, testul nostru este cel mai bun, toat\u0103 lumea viseaz\u0103 s\u0103-l sus\u021bin\u0103! Da, toate cele 4 ore.<br \/>\nmodul de sarcasm: inactiv\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>C\u00e2nd exist\u0103 o lista a tot ceea ce poate fi verificat, cheia este s\u0103 nu facem asta (pe de-o parte pare ciudat, nu-i a\u0219a?). Trebuie s\u0103 t\u0103iem f\u0103r\u0103 mil\u0103, eviden\u021biind \u00eempreun\u0103 cu expertul cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile cheie (da, o serie de abilit\u0103\u021bi pot fi de asemenea verificate \u00een test). Ne uit\u0103m la tipul de sarcini \u0219i estim\u0103m timpul \u021bint\u0103 de realizare: dac\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te limitele rezonabile \u2014 t\u0103iem!<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a reduce volumul, putem \u00eencerca, de asemenea (cu aten\u021bie), s\u0103 verific\u0103m dou\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi cu o singur\u0103 sarcin\u0103. \u00cen acest caz, este greu de \u00een\u021beles de ce o persoan\u0103 a gre\u0219it, dar, dac\u0103 este realizat\u0103 corect, putem lua \u00een considerare ambele abilit\u0103\u021bi. Este important s\u0103 ne asigur\u0103m c\u0103 aceste 2 abilit\u0103\u021bi se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een aceea\u0219i arie de cuno\u0219tin\u021be. <\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 6: A nu g\u00e2ndi la sistemul de punctaj<\/h2>\n<p>\nAdesea, atunci c\u00e2nd concepem teste de evaluare, folosim sistemul clasic de notare \u00een puncte, de exemplu, 1 punct pentru sarcinile u\u0219oare \u0219i 2 puncte pentru cele dificile. Dar acesta nu este universal. Pur \u0219i simplu suma punctelor ob\u021binute \u00een urma test\u0103rii ne va spune pu\u021bine: nu \u0219tim pentru ce sarcini au fost ob\u021binute aceste puncte \u0219i putem determina doar num\u0103rul de sarcini corecte. Avem nevoie de o \u00een\u021belegere precis\u0103 a abilit\u0103\u021bilor pe care le demonstreaz\u0103 participan\u021bii la testare. \u00cen plus, dorim s\u0103 le oferim feedback, indic\u00e2nd ce subiecte trebuie s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0103ci realiz\u0103m un test care va \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi oamenii \u00een preg\u0103ti\u021bi \u0219i nepreg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru a participa la program, iar unora le vom recomanda s\u0103 se preg\u0103teasc\u0103 prin cursuri gratuite. Este important pentru noi ca \u00een acest grup s\u0103 ajung\u0103 doar cei care au cu adev\u0103rat nevoie \u0219i care sunt preg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru aceasta.<\/p>\n<p>Ce facem \u00een situa\u021bia noastr\u0103: ne stabilim \u00een cadrul grupului de lucru al dezvoltatorilor de teste ce grupuri de oameni trebuie s\u0103 distingem (de exemplu, preg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, par\u021bial preg\u0103ti\u021bi) \u0219i form\u0103m un tabel cu caracteristicile acestor grupuri, indic\u00e2nd ce abilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i cuno\u0219tin\u021be vor fi relevante pentru grupul celor preg\u0103ti\u021bi pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare. Astfel, putem determina \u201edificultatea\u201d sarcinilor pentru asemenea teste.<\/p>\n<h2>Gre\u0219eala 7: A evalua rezultatele doar automat<\/h2>\n<p>\nDesigur, evaluarea trebuie s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai obiectiv\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 o parte din materialele studen\u021bilor sunt evaluate automat, \u201edup\u0103 chei\u201d \u2014 compar\u00e2ndu-le cu r\u0103spunsurile corecte. Chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 un sistem special de testare, exist\u0103 o mul\u021bime de solu\u021bii gratuite. Iar dac\u0103 exist\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegere a principiilor de scriere a scripturilor, atunci cu formularele Google \u0219i rezultatele \u00een tabele se poate face orice. Dac\u0103 o parte din sarcini sunt verificate de exper\u021bi, atunci trebuie s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la livrarea r\u0103spunsurilor exper\u021bilor, f\u0103r\u0103 informa\u021bii despre cei care culeg. \u0218i s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim cum s\u0103 integr\u0103m rezultatele verific\u0103rii exper\u021bilor \u00een evaluarea final\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ini\u021bial, ne-am dorit s\u0103 realiz\u0103m c\u00e2teva teste deschise cu cod, \u00een care exper\u021bii evalueaz\u0103 solu\u021biile pe baza unor criterii predefinite \u0219i am preg\u0103tit chiar un sistem care export\u0103 r\u0103spunsurile individuale ale participan\u021bilor la test \u00eentr-un tabel special pentru exper\u021bi, iar apoi import\u0103 rezultatele \u00eentr-un tabel pentru calcularea evalu\u0103rilor. Dar, dup\u0103 discu\u021bii cu reprezentan\u021bii publicului \u021bint\u0103, managerul de produs \u0219i designerul educa\u021bional, am considerat c\u0103 a efectua un interviu tehnic cu feedback instant din partea expertului \u0219i discu\u021bii despre cod, precum \u0219i despre anumite \u00eentreb\u0103ri, va fi mult mai eficient \u0219i util pentru participan\u021bi. <\/p>\n<p>Acum expertul verific\u0103 absolvirea testului, clarific\u00e2nd anumite \u00eentreb\u0103ri. Pentru aceasta, am preg\u0103tit un ghid de \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u0219i criteriile de evaluare pentru interviul tehnic. \u00cenainte de interviul tehnic, expertul prime\u0219te o hart\u0103 a r\u0103spunsurilor participantului la test, pentru a alege \u00eentreb\u0103rile care ar trebui puse.<\/p>\n<h2>Gafa 8: A nu explica rezultatele test\u0103rii<\/h2>\n<p>\nFurnizarea de feedback participan\u021bilor este o \u00eentrebare separat\u0103. Trebuie s\u0103 inform\u0103m nu doar despre scorul testului, ci \u0219i s\u0103 d\u0103m \u00een\u021belegerea rezultatelor testului.<br \/>\nAcestea pot fi:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sarcinile la care participantul a gre\u0219it \u0219i cele pe care le-a \u00eendeplinit corect.<\/li>\n<li>Temele la care participantul a comis erori.<\/li>\n<li>Clasamentul s\u0103u \u00een r\u00e2ndul celor care \u00ee\u0219i sus\u021bin examenul.<\/li>\n<li>Descrierea nivelului participantului, conform, de exemplu, cu descrierea nivelului speciali\u0219tilor (pe baza descrierii locurilor de munc\u0103).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00cen timpul lans\u0103rii pilot a testului nostru, celor care doreau s\u0103 se \u00eenscrie \u00een program, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu rezultatele, le-am ar\u0103tat lista temelor pe care trebuie s\u0103 le \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103. Dar aceasta nu este, desigur, idealul; ne vom perfec\u021biona \u0219i vom face feedback-ul mai bun.<\/p>\n<h2>Gafa 9: A nu discuta testul cu dezvoltatorii<\/h2>\n<p>\nProbabil cele mai deranjante capcane, \u00een care este deosebit de nepl\u0103cut s\u0103 cazi \u2014 a trimite dezvoltatorilor testul, descrierea \u0219i scala de evaluare a acestuia \u00een starea \u201ea\u0219a cum este\u201d.<br \/>\nCe anume necesit\u0103 discu\u021bie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aspectul \u00eentreb\u0103rilor, structura, pozi\u021bia graficelor, cum arat\u0103 alegerea r\u0103spunsului corect.<\/li>\n<li>Cum se calculeaz\u0103 scorul (dac\u0103 este necesar), nu exist\u0103 condi\u021bii suplimentare.<\/li>\n<li>Cum se formeaz\u0103 feedback-ul, de unde se iau textele, nu exist\u0103 blocuri suplimentare ce se formeaz\u0103 automat.<\/li>\n<li>Ce informa\u021bii suplimentare trebuie s\u0103 colecta\u021bi \u0219i \u00een ce moment (acelea\u0219i contacte).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPentru a evita ne\u00een\u021belegerile, cerem dezvoltatorilor no\u0219tri s\u0103 codifice 2 sau 3 \u00eentreb\u0103ri diferite, pentru a putea vedea cum arat\u0103 \u00eenainte de programarea efectiv\u0103 a testului.<\/p>\n<h2>Capcana 10: F\u0103r\u0103 a testa, s\u0103 treci direct \u00een produc\u021bie<\/h2>\n<p>\nDe 3 ori, oameni buni, testul trebuie verificat de 3 persoane diferite, iar cel mai bine \u2014 fiecare de 3 ori. Aceast\u0103 adev\u0103r a fost ob\u021binut cu s\u00e2nge, sudoare \u0219i pixeli \u00een linii de cod. <\/p>\n<p>Testul nostru verific\u0103 acest trio:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Product Owner \u2014 verific\u0103 testul pentru func\u021bionalitate, aspect \u0219i mecanisme.<\/li>\n<li>Dezvoltatorul testului \u2014 verific\u0103 textul sarcinilor, ordinea, modul de lucru cu testul, tipurile de sarcini, r\u0103spunsurile corecte, lizibilitatea \u0219i vizualizarea adecvat\u0103 a graficii.<\/li>\n<li>Autorul sarcinilor (expert) \u2014 verific\u0103 testul pentru corectitudine din perspectiva de expert.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nUn exemplu din practic\u0103: doar la a treia rund\u0103 de verificare, autorul sarcinilor a observat c\u0103 1 sarcin\u0103 a r\u0103mas \u00een varianta veche a formul\u0103rii. Toate celelalte au fost de asemenea corectate activ. Dar c\u00e2nd testul a fost codificat, a ar\u0103tat diferit de cum \u00ee\u0219i imaginau ini\u021bial. Cu o mare probabilitate, va fi necesar s\u0103 se fac\u0103 corecturi. Acest lucru trebuie avut \u00een vedere.<\/p>\n<h2>Rezultatul<\/h2>\n<p>\nEvit\u00e2nd cu aten\u021bie toate aceste \u201ecapcane\u201d, am creat un <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/teleg.run\/SkillTedbot?start=restart_BLZJkUuo\">bot \u00een Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>, pentru a verifica cuno\u0219tin\u021bele candida\u021bilor. Oricine este interesat poate s\u0103-l testeze, \u00een timp ce preg\u0103tim urm\u0103torul material, \u00een care vom povesti ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een interiorul botului \u0219i \u00een ce s-a transformat ulterior.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=banner&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=banner\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mersul pe greble: 10 gre\u0219eli critice \u00een dezvoltarea testelor pentru evaluarea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/7d6245756b99f06c516a6df2dc9d77ad.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPo\u021bi ob\u021bine o profesie cerut\u0103 de la zero sau s\u0103 faci un Level Up \u00een abilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i salariu, particip\u00e2nd la cursurile online SkillFactory:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" 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DevOps<\/a><\/noindex> (12 luni)<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/webdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=WEBDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=021020\">Profesia Dezvoltator Web<\/a><\/noindex> (8 luni)<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/python-for-web-developers?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=PWS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=021020\">Cursul \u201ePython pentru dezvoltarea web\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> (9 luni)<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/iosdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=IOSDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=021020\">Profesie de dezvoltator iOS de la zero<\/a><\/noindex> (12 luni)<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" 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\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e Data Science, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2014 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 4-\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":95925,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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