{"id":96477,"date":"2020-10-12T13:42:06","date_gmt":"2020-10-12T11:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-9"},"modified":"2020-10-12T13:42:06","modified_gmt":"2020-10-12T11:42:06","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-9","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea nucleului Linux 5.9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 dou\u0103 luni de dezvoltare, Linus Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lkml.org\/lkml\/2020\/10\/11\/275\">a prezentat<\/a><\/noindex> lansarea nucleului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kernel.org\/\">Linux 5.9<\/a><\/noindex>. Dintre cele mai notabile schimb\u0103ri: restric\u021bionarea importului de simboluri din module proprietare \u00een module GPL, accelerarea opera\u021biunilor de comutare a contextului prin instruc\u021biunea procesorului FSGSBASE, suport pentru comprimarea imaginii nucleului folosind Zstd, reproiectarea prioritiz\u0103rii firelor \u00een nucleu, suport pentru protocolul PRP (Protocol de Redundan\u021b\u0103 Paralel\u0103), planificarea av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 \u00een scheduler-ul deadline, ambalarea anticipat\u0103 a paginilor de memorie, flag-ul de capacitate CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTOR, apelul de sistem close_range(), \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea performan\u021bei dm-crypt, eliminarea codului pentru sisteme gazd\u0103 pe 32 de bi\u021bi Xen PV, noul mecanism de gestionare a memoriei slab, op\u021biunea \u201erescue\u201d \u00een Btrfs, suport pentru criptarea inline \u00een ext4 \u0219i F2FS.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen noua versiune au fost acceptate 16074 corec\u021bii de la 2011 dezvoltatori,<br \/>\ndimensiunea patch-ului \u2014 62 MB (modific\u0103rile au afectat 14548 de fi\u0219iere, au fost ad\u0103ugate 782155 de linii de cod, 314792 de linii fiind \u0219terse). Aproximativ 45% din toate cele prezentate \u00een 5.9<br \/>\nsunt legate de driverele de dispozitive, aproximativ 15% din modific\u0103ri au<br \/>\nde a face cu actualizarea codului specific arhitecturilor hardware, 13%<br \/>\nse refer\u0103 la stiva de re\u021bea, 3% \u2014 la sisteme de fi\u0219iere \u0219i 3% la interne<br \/>\ninterne ale nucleului.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kernelnewbies.org\/Linux_5.9\">Principalele<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/828385\/\">nout\u0103\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie \u0219i servicii de sistem<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53485\">A fost \u00eent\u0103rit\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva utiliz\u0103rii straturilor GPL pentru asocierea driverelor proprietare cu componentele nucleului, exportate doar pentru module sub licen\u021ba GPL. Flag-ul TAINT_PROPRIETARY_MODULE este acum mo\u0219tenit \u00een toate modulele care import\u0103 simboluri din module cu acest flag. Dac\u0103 un modul GPL \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 importe simboluri dintr-un modul ne-GPL, atunci acest modul GPL va mo\u0219teni eticheta TAINT_PROPRIETARY_MODULE \u0219i nu va putea accesa componentele nucleului disponibile doar pentru module sub licen\u021ba GPL, chiar dac\u0103 modul a importat anterior simboluri din categoria \u201egplonly\u201d. Blocarea invers\u0103 (export doar EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL \u00een modulele care au importat EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL), care ar fi putut perturba func\u021bionarea driverelor proprietare, nu este implementat\u0103 (mo\u0219tenirea este doar a flag-ului modulului proprietar, dar nu a leg\u0103turii GPL).\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=facdaa917c4d5a376d09d25865f5a863f906234a\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru mecanismul kcompactd pentru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/817905\/\">\u00eempachetarea proactiv\u0103 a paginilor de memorie<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een fundal, permi\u021b\u00e2nd cre\u0219terea num\u0103rului de pagini mari de memorie Disponibile pentru nucleu. Estim\u0103rile preliminare arat\u0103 c\u0103 ambalarea \u00een fundal, cu costuri minime de suprasarcin\u0103, permite reducerea laten\u021belor \u00een alocarea paginilor mari de memorie (huge-page) de 70-80 de ori \u00een compara\u021bie cu mecanismul anterior de ambalare, activat la nevoie (on-demand). Pentru a stabili limitele fragment\u0103rii externe pe care va asigura kcompactd, a fost ad\u0103ugat sysctl vm.compaction_proactiveness.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=48f7ddf785af24aa380f3282d8d4400883d0099e\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru comprimarea imaginii nucleului utiliz\u00e2nd algoritmul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=45058\">Zstandard<\/a><\/noindex> (zstd).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemele x86 a fost implementat suportul pentru instruc\u021bia procesorului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/security-software-guidance\/best-practices\/guidance-enabling-fsgsbase\">FSGSBASE<\/a><\/noindex>, permi\u021b\u00e2nd citirea \u0219i modificarea con\u021binutului registrului FS\/GS din spa\u021biul utilizatorului. \u00cen nucleu, FSGSBASE este folosit pentru a accelera opera\u021biunile de schimbare a contextului prin excluderea opera\u021biunilor inutile de scriere MSR pentru GSBASE, iar \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului permite evitarea apelurilor sistemului pentru a modifica FS\/GS.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=a7e1f67ed29f\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> parametrul \u201eallow_writes\u201d, care permite interzicerea modific\u0103rilor registrului MSR al procesorului din spa\u021biul utilizatorului \u0219i restric\u021bionarea accesului la con\u021binutul acestor registre prin opera\u021bii de citire, deoarece modificarea MSR poate duce la probleme. \u00cen mod implicit, scrierea nu este \u00eenc\u0103 interzis\u0103, iar modificarea MSR este reflectat\u0103 \u00een jurnal, dar \u00een viitor se preconizeaz\u0103 trecerea accesului per default \u00een modul doar pentru citire.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen interfa\u021ba de intrare\/ie\u0219ire asincron\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50631#io_uring\">io_uring<\/a><\/noindex> a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul complet pentru opera\u021biuni asincrone de citire tamponizat\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a necesita implicarea firelor nucleului. Suportul pentru scriere este a\u0219teptat \u00een urm\u0103toarea versiune.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen planificatorul de intrare\/ie\u0219ire deadline <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=65065fd70b5a\">a fost implementat<\/a><\/noindex> planificarea av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/821578\/\">permi\u021b\u00e2nd<\/a><\/noindex> a lua decizii corecte pe sistemele asimetrice, cum ar fi sistemele ARM bazate pe arhitecturile  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arm.com\/why-arm\/technologies\/dynamiq\">DynamIQ<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i big.LITTLE, care combin\u0103 \u00een acela\u0219i cip nucleele CPU puternice \u0219i cele mai pu\u021bin performante, eficiente din punct de vedere energetic. \u00cen special, noul mod permite evitarea necorel\u0103rilor \u00een planificare, c\u00e2nd un nucleu CPU lent nu are resursele necesare pentru a finaliza o sarcin\u0103 \u00een termenul alocat.\n<li class=\"l\"> Modelul de consum de energie \u00een nucleu (framework-ul Energy Model) acum  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/7b7570ad0d76\">descrie<\/a><\/noindex> nu doar comportamentul consumului de energie al CPU-ului, ci \u0219i acoper\u0103 dispozitivele periferice.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat\u0103 apelul de sistem close_range(), care permite unui proces s\u0103 \u00eenchid\u0103 simultan \u00eentreaga gam\u0103 de descriptorii de fi\u0219iere deschi\u0219i.\n<li class=\"l\"> Din implementarea consolei text \u0219i a driver-ului fbcon <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53714\">a fost eliminat codul<\/a><\/noindex>, care asigur\u0103 posibilitatea derul\u0103rii textului \u00eenapoi (CONFIG_VGACON_SOFT_SCROLLBACK) cu mai mult dec\u00e2t volumul memoriei video \u00een modul text VGA.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/818388\/\">Reformulat<\/a><\/noindex> un algoritm de alocare a priorit\u0103\u021bilor pentru firele de execu\u021bie din nucleu. Noua variant\u0103 asigur\u0103 o coeren\u021b\u0103 mai bun\u0103 \u00een toate subsistemele nucleului \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te alocarea priorit\u0103\u021bilor pentru sarcinile \u00een timp real.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat sysctl <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=1f73d1abe5836bd8ffe747ff5cb7561b17ce5bc6\">sched_uclamp_util_min_rt_default<\/a><\/noindex>  pentru a gestiona parametrii de for\u021bare a frecven\u021bei CPU pentru sarcinile \u00een timp real (de exemplu, se poate modifica comportamentul \u00een timpul execu\u021biei sarcinilor \u00een timp real pentru economisirea energiei dup\u0103 trecerea la sursa de alimentare de la baterie sau pe sisteme mobile).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost realizat\u0103 preg\u0103tirea pentru implementarea suportului pentru tehnologia Transparent Huge Pages \u00een cache-ul de pagini.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mecanismul fanotify au fost implementate noi flag-uri FAN_REPORT_NAME \u0219i FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID pentru a transmite informa\u021bii despre numele p\u0103rinte \u0219i identificatorul unic FID \u00een cazul evenimentelor de creare, \u0219tergere sau mutare a elementelor din director \u0219i a obiectelor nes\u0103turate de directoare.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru cgroups <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52790\">a fost implementat<\/a><\/noindex> un nou controler de alocare a memoriei slab (slab memory controller), care se remarc\u0103 prin transferul contabiliz\u0103rii slab de la nivelul paginilor de memorie la nivelul obiectelor nucleului, ceea ce permite partajarea paginilor slab \u00een diferite cgroup-uri, \u00een loc de alocarea de cache-uri slab separate pentru fiecare cgroup. Abordarea propus\u0103 permite \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea eficien\u021bei utiliz\u0103rii slab, reduc\u00e2nd dimensiunea memoriei utilizate pentru slab cu 30-45%, diminu\u00e2nd semnificativ consumul total de memorie al nucleului \u0219i reduc\u00e2nd fragmentarea memoriei.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen subsistemul audio <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53404\">ALSA<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53508\">stiva USB<\/a><\/noindex>, conform <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53342\">recent adoptate<\/a><\/noindex> recomand\u0103 utilizarea unei terminologii incluzive \u00een nucleul Linux, fiind efectuat\u0103 cur\u0103\u021barea termenilor nepotrivi\u021bi. Codul a fost cur\u0103\u021bat de utilizarea cuvintelor \u201eslave\u201d, \u201emaster\u201d, \u201eblacklist\u201d \u0219i \u201ewhitelist\u201d.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizare \u0219i securitate<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> La compilarea nucleului utiliz\u00e2nd compilatorul Clang <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/f0fe00d4972a\">a ap\u0103rut<\/a><\/noindex> posibilitatea de configurare (CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO) a ini\u021bializ\u0103rii automate la valoarea zero a tuturor variabilelor stocate pe stiv\u0103 (la compilare se specific\u0103 \u201e-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero\u201d).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen subsistemul seccomp, c\u00e2nd utiliza\u021bi modul de control al proceselor \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=c97aedc52dce4c87d4c44de4e6af941cd102600c\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=7cf97b12545503992020796c74bd84078eb39299\">posibilitatea<\/a><\/noindex> substitu\u021biile \u00een procesul monitorizat al descriptatorilor de fi\u0219iere pentru a emula complet apelurile de sistem care duc la crearea descriptatorilor de fi\u0219iere. Func\u021bionalitatea este solicitat\u0103 \u00een sistemele de containere izolate \u0219i implement\u0103rile sandbox pentru Chrome.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitecturile xtensa \u0219i csky a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru restric\u021bionarea apelurilor de sistem prin intermediul subsistemului seccomp. Pentru xtensa, a fost implementat suplimentar suportul pentru mecanismul de audit.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/74858abbb103\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> noua flag de capacitate CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE, care permite accesul la func\u021biile legate de suspendarea \u0219i restaurarea st\u0103rii proceselor f\u0103r\u0103 a oferi privilegii suplimentare.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen GCC 11 au fost implementate toate capacit\u0103\u021bile necesare pentru<br \/>\ninstrumentul de depanare KCSAN (Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer), destinat identific\u0103rii dinamice a st\u0103rilor de competi\u021bie \u00een interiorul nucleului. Astfel, KCSAN poate fi utilizat acum cu nuclee compilate \u00een GCC. <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru AMD Zen \u0219i modelele de CPU mai recente, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/dea286bb71baded7d2fb4f090e3b9fd2c1ccac58\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suportul tehnologiei P2PDMA, care permite utilizarea DMA pentru transferul direct de date \u00eentre memoria a dou\u0103 dispozitive conectate la magistrala PCI.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen dm-crypt a fost ad\u0103ugat un mod care permite reducerea \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor prin executarea proces\u0103rii criptografice a datelor f\u0103r\u0103 utilizarea cozilor de lucru. Modificarea respectiv\u0103 este, de asemenea, necesar\u0103 pentru a func\u021biona corect cu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52092\">dispozitivele de stocare zonate<\/a><\/noindex> dispozitive bloc (dispozitive cu zone care trebuie \u00eenregistrate secven\u021bial cu actualizarea \u00eentregului grup de blocuri). S-au realizat lucr\u0103ri pentru a cre\u0219te l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 \u0219i a reduce \u00eent\u00e2rzierile \u00een dm-crypt.\n<li class=\"l\"> Codul pentru suportul sistemelor gazd\u0103 de 32 de bi\u021bi care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een modul de paravirtualizare sub controlul hypervisorului Xen a fost eliminat. Utilizatorii acestor sisteme ar trebui s\u0103 treac\u0103 la utilizarea nucleelor de 64 de bi\u021bi \u00een mediile gazd\u0103 sau s\u0103 utilizeze pentru rularea mediilor, \u00een locul paravirtualiz\u0103rii (PV), modurile de virtualizare complet\u0103 (HVM) sau combinat\u0103 (PVH).\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsistemul de disc, I\/O \u0219i sistemele de fi\u0219iere<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sistemul de fi\u0219iere Btrfs, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/74ef00185eb864252156022ff129b01549504175\">a fost implementat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> op\u021biunea de montare \u201erescue\u201d, care unific\u0103 accesul la toate celelalte op\u021biuni pentru recuperare. Suportul pentru op\u021biunile \u201ealloc_start\u201d \u0219i \u201esubvolrootid\u201d a fost eliminat, iar op\u021biunea \u201einode_cache\u201d a fost declarat\u0103 \u00eenvechit\u0103. A fost realizat\u0103 optimizarea performan\u021bei, observat\u0103 mai ales prin accelerarea execu\u021biei opera\u021biunilor fsync(). <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=137c541821a83debb63b3fa8abdd1cbc41bdf3a1\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> posibilitatea de a utiliza tipuri alternative de checksum-uri, diferite de CRC32c.\n<li class=\"l\"> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=690b25675f5c9c082cb1b902e6d21dd956754e7e\">Ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> posibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii cript\u0103rii inline (Inline Encryption) \u00een sistemele de fi\u0219iere ext4 \u0219i F2FS, pentru activarea c\u0103reia este disponibil\u0103 op\u021biunea de montare \u201einlinecrypt\u201d. Modul de criptare inline permite utilizarea mecanismelor de criptare integrate \u00een controlerul de stocare, care efectueaz\u0103 criptarea \u0219i decriptarea transparent\u0103 a inputului\/ie\u0219irii.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen XFS  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=5631c5e0eb9035d92ceb20fcd9cdb7779a3f5cc7\">a fost asigurat<\/a><\/noindex>  resetarea inode-urilor (flush) \u00een modul complet asincron, f\u0103r\u0103 a bloca procesele \u00een timpul opera\u021biei de cur\u0103\u021bare a memoriei. A fost rezolvat\u0103 o problem\u0103 de lung\u0103 durat\u0103 cu cotele, din cauza c\u0103reia avertiz\u0103rile referitoare la dep\u0103\u0219irea limitei moi \u0219i restric\u021biile asupra num\u0103rului de inode-uri erau urm\u0103rite incorect. A fost unificat\u0103 implementarea suportului DAX pentru ext4 \u0219i xfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen Ext4 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=cfd73237722135807967f389bcbda558a60a30d6\">a fost implementat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eenc\u0103rcarea anticipat\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bilor de distribu\u021bie a blocurilor. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu restric\u021bia de scanare a grupurilor neini\u021bializate, optimizarea a redus timpul de montare a parti\u021biilor foarte mari.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen F2FS <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/9af846486d781a63de025a5f502c515268e48790\">ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> ioctl F2FS_IOC_SEC_TRIM_FILE, care permite utilizarea comenzilor TRIM\/discard pentru resetarea fizic\u0103 a datelor specificate \u00een fi\u0219ier, de exemplu, pentru \u0219tergerea cheilor de acces f\u0103r\u0103 a l\u0103sa date reziduale pe stocare.<br \/>\n\u00cen F2FS, de asemenea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/0e5e81114de1c4ac32e36f057256653a04f27a33\">ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> a fost ad\u0103ugat un nou modul de colectare a gunoiului GC_URGENT_LOW, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai agresiv prin excluderea anumitor verific\u0103ri ale st\u0103rii idle \u00eenainte de activarea colectorului de gunoi.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen bcache, dimensiunea bucket_size pentru extenti a fost m\u0103rit\u0103 de la 16 la 32 bi\u021bi, \u00een cadrul preg\u0103tirilor pentru a permite aplicarea pentru cache-ul dispozitivelor zonate.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen subsistemul SCSI a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea de a utiliza criptarea inline bazat\u0103 pe uneltele de criptare hardware \u00eencorporate, furnizate de controlerele UFS (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/scsi\/ufs.txt\">Universal Flash Storage<\/a><\/noindex>).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un nou parametru de linie de comand\u0103 al nucleului \u201edebugfs\u201d, care permite gestionarea disponibilit\u0103\u021bii sistemului de fi\u0219iere pseudo omonim.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen clientul NFSv4.2, a fost asigurat\u0103 suportul pentru atributele extinse ale fi\u0219ierelor (xattr).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen dm-dust <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=0c248ea27fc88cf8a3035ba0ed75b210be9abf80\">ad\u0103ugat<\/a><\/noindex> interfa\u021b\u0103 pentru a afi\u0219a toate blocurile bad detectate pe disc (\u201edmsetup message dust1 0 listbadblocks\u201d).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru md\/raid5 a fost ad\u0103ugat parametrul \/sys\/block\/md1\/md\/stripe_size pentru a configura dimensiunea blocului STRIPE.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru dispozitivele de stocare NVMe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=240e6ee272c07a2636dfc7d65f5bbb18377c49e5\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> Asisten\u021b\u0103 pentru echipe de zonare a stoc\u0103rii (ZNS, NVM Express Zoned Namespace), care permite \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea spa\u021biului de stocare \u00een zone, form\u00e2nd grupuri de blocuri pentru o gestionare mai complet\u0103 a plas\u0103rii datelor pe dispozitivul de stocare.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsystema de re\u021bea<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen Netfilter <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=f53b9b0bdc59c0823679f2e3214e0d538f5951b9\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> posibilitatea de a respinge pachete \u00een etapa anterioar\u0103 verific\u0103rii rut\u0103rii (expresia REJECT poate fi folosit\u0103 nu doar \u00een lan\u021burile INPUT, FORWARD \u0219i OUTPUT, ci \u0219i \u00een etapa PREROUTING pentru icmp \u0219i tcp).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen nftables  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/linus\/8e6cf365e1d5c70e275a77a3c5ad7e3dc685474c\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> posibilitatea de auditare a evenimentelor legate de modificarea configur\u0103rii.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen nftables \u00een API netlink <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=74cccc3d38438b346e40a4f8133cff3f0839ff84\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> sprijin pentru lan\u021buri anonime, al c\u0103ror nume este atribuit dinamic de nucleu. Atunci c\u00e2nd regula asociat\u0103 cu lan\u021bul anonim este \u0219tears\u0103, lan\u021bul \u00een sine este de asemenea \u0219ters automat.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen BPF a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru iteratori pentru iterarea, filtrarea \u0219i modificarea elementelor din tablouri asociative (map) f\u0103r\u0103 a copia datele \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului. Iteratoarele pot fi utilizate pentru socket-uri TCP \u0219i UDP, permi\u021b\u00e2nd programelor BPF s\u0103 parcurg\u0103 listele de socket-uri deschise \u0219i s\u0103 extrag\u0103 informa\u021biile necesare.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un nou tip de program BPF BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_LOOKUP, care este executat \u00een momentul \u00een care nucleul caut\u0103 un socket ascult\u0103tor adecvat pentru o conexiune entranta. Printr-un asemenea program BPF se pot crea gestionari care decid cu care socket ar trebui asociat\u0103 conexiunea, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi restric\u021bionate de apelul de sistem bind(). De exemplu, se poate organiza asocierea unui socket cu un interval de adrese sau porturi. De asemenea, \u00een bpf_setsockopt() a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru flag-ul SO_KEEPALIVE \u0219i s-a realizat posibilitatea de a stabili gestionari BPF_CGROUP_INET_SOCK_RELEASE, care sunt apelate la eliberarea socket-ului.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat suport pentru protocolul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallel_Redundancy_Protocol\">PRP<\/a><\/noindex> (Protocol de Redundan\u021b\u0103 Paralel), care permite realizarea unei comut\u0103ri transparente pentru aplica\u021bii pe baza Ethernet, \u00een cazul \u00een care oricare dintre componentele re\u021belei e\u0219ueaz\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen stiv\u0103 mac80211 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=f96622749a67d40ad5efe8a58d5fc95313097aa0\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> sprijin pentru negocierea pe patru etape a canalului WPA\/WPA2-PSK \u00een modul punct de acces.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea de a comuta planificatorul qdisc (disciplina de coad\u0103) pentru a utiliza \u00een mod implicit algoritmul de gestionare a cozilor de re\u021bea FQ-PIE (Flow Queue PIE), destinat s\u0103 reduc\u0103 impactul negativ al tampon\u0103rii intermediare a pachetelor pe echipamentele de re\u021bea de margine (bufferbloat) \u00een re\u021belele cu modemuri cu cablu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost ad\u0103ugate noi func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi \u00een MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), extensii ale protocolului TCP pentru organizarea func\u021bion\u0103rii conexiunii TCP cu livrarea pachetelor simultan pe mai multe rute prin diferite interfe\u021be de re\u021bea, legate la adrese IP diferite. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru syn cookie, DATA_FIN, auto-configurarea bufferelor, diagnostica socketurilor \u0219i utilizarea flagurilor REUSEADDR, REUSEPORT \u0219i V6ONLY \u00een setsockopt.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru tabelele de rutare virtuale VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), care permit organizarea func\u021bion\u0103rii mai multor domenii de rutare pe un singur sistem, a fost implementat modul \u201estrict\u201d. \u00cen acest mod, tabela virtual\u0103 poate fi asociat\u0103 doar cu tabela de rutare care nu este utilizat\u0103 \u00een alte tabele virtuale.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul wireless ath11k <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=c5625abaf8266307d2237a75143b27be7afafcdf\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suport  pentru frecven\u021ba de 6GHz \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=9d11b7bff9508101d05f06e461ab81b5f0dc90ae\">scanarea spectral\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Echipament<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost eliminat codul pentru suportul arhitecturii UniCore, dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een centrul de microprocesoare al Universit\u0103\u021bii din Beijing \u0219i inclus\u0103 \u00een nucleul Linux \u00een 2011. Aceast\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 este f\u0103r\u0103 suport din 2014 \u0219i nu are suport \u00een GCC.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitectura RISC-V a fost implementat suportul pentru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/html\/v4.17\/dev-tools\/kcov.html\">kcov<\/a><\/noindex> (interfa\u021ba debugfs pentru analiza acoperirii codului nucleului), kmemleak (sistemul de detectare a scurgerilor de memorie), protec\u021bia stivei, marc\u0103rile de salt \u0219i opera\u021biile tickless (multitasking independent de semnalele temporizatorului).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitectura PowerPC a fost implementat suport pentru cozi pentru spinlock, ceea ce a permis cre\u0219terea semnificativ\u0103 a performan\u021bei \u00een situa\u021biile de conflict al bloc\u0103rilor.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitecturile ARM \u0219i ARM64 a fost activat, \u00een mod implicit, mecanismul de reglare a frecven\u021bei procesorului <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/cpu-freq\/governors.txt\">schedutil<\/a><\/noindex> (cpufreq governor), care pentru a lua decizii privind modificarea frecven\u021bei utilizeaz\u0103 direct informa\u021biile de la programatorul de sarcini \u0219i poate apela imediat driverele cpufreq pentru ajustarea operativ\u0103 a frecven\u021bei, adapt\u00e2nd instantaneu parametrii de func\u021bionare ai CPU-ului la sarcina actual\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul DRM i915 pentru pl\u0103cile grafice Intel a fost inclus suportul pentru cipurile bazate pe microarhitectura <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_Lake\">Rocket Lake<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i a fost ad\u0103ugat suport ini\u021bial pentru pl\u0103cile discrete <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/1\/9\/21058422\/intel-dg1-discrete-gpu-graphics-card-announcement-ces-2020\">Intel Xe DG1<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul amdgpu a fost ad\u0103ugat suport ini\u021bial pentru GPU-ul AMD <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/torvalds\/c\/206739119508d5ab4b42ab480ff61a7e6cd72d7c\">Navi 21<\/a><\/noindex> (Navy Flounder) \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/torvalds\/c\/9555152beb1143c85c03f9b9de59863cbbe89f4b\">Navi 22<\/a><\/noindex> (Sienna Cichlid). A fost ad\u0103ugat suportul pentru motoarele de accelerare a cod\u0103rii \u0219i decod\u0103rii video UVD\/VCE pentru GPU-urile Southern Islands (Radeon HD 7000).<br \/>\nA fost ad\u0103ugat o proprietate pentru rotirea afi\u0219\u0103rii la 90, 180 sau 270 de grade. <\/p>\n<p>Este interesant c\u0103 driverul pentru GPU-ul AMD <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoronix.com\/scan.php?page=news_item&#038;px=Linux-5.9-AMDGPU-Stats\">este<\/a><\/noindex> cel mai mare driver din nucleu \u2014 acesta con\u021bine aproximativ 2,71 milioane de linii de cod, ceea ce reprezint\u0103 aproximativ 10% din dimensiunea total\u0103 a nucleului (27,81 milioane de linii). Dintre acestea, 1,79 milioane de linii sunt fi\u0219iere de antet generate automat cu date pentru registrii GPU, iar codul C constituie 366 de mii de linii (spre compara\u021bie, driverul Intel i915 include 209 mii de linii, iar Nouveau \u2014 149 de mii).<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul Nouveau <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/commit\/?id=12885ecbfe62df4358d452080d3b8feef54ec8cb\">a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> suport pentru verificarea integrit\u0103\u021bii pe cadre prin <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/NVIDIA\/open-gpu-doc\/blob\/master\/Display-CRC\/display-crc.txt\">CRC<\/a><\/noindex> (Controale de Redundan\u021b\u0103 Ciclic\u0103) \u00een motoarele grafice ale GPU NVIDIA. Implementarea se bazeaz\u0103 pe documenta\u021bia furnizat\u0103 de NVIDIA.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost ad\u0103ugate drivere pentru panouri LCD: Frida FRD350H54004, KOE TX26D202VM0BWA, CDTech S070PWS19HP-FC21, CDTech S070SWV29HG-DC44, Tianma TM070JVHG33 \u0219i Xingbangda XBD599.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen subsistemul audio ALSA a fost implementat suportul pentru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/tiwai\/sound.git\/commit\/?h=for-next&#038;id=951894cf30f417443d9e0eda33312613c2a7edf6\">Intel Silent Stream<\/a><\/noindex> (modul de men\u021binere constant\u0103 a puterii pentru dispozitivele HDMI externe pentru a exclude \u00eent\u00e2rzierea la \u00eenceputul red\u0103rii) \u0219i  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/tiwai\/sound.git\/commit\/?h=for-next&#038;id=c7440acc859778eed74b223fc41f094133aeaaf0\">un nou dispozitiv<\/a><\/noindex> pentru controlul ilumin\u0103rii butoanelor de activare a microfonului \u0219i de dezactivare a sunetului, precum \u0219i ad\u0103ugarea suportului pentru noul hardware, inclusiv controlerul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/tiwai\/sound.git\/commit\/?h=for-next&#038;id=61eee4a7fc406f94e441778c3cecbbed30373c89\">Loongson 7A1000<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru pl\u0103ci ARM, dispozitive \u0219i platforme: Pine64 PinePhone v1.2, Lenovo IdeaPad Duet 10.1, ASUS Google Nexus 7, Acer Iconia Tab A500, Qualcomm Snapdragon SDM630 (utilizat \u00een Sony Xperia 10, 10 Plus, XA2, XA2 Plus \u0219i XA2 Ultra), Jetson Xavier NX, Amlogic WeTek Core2, Aspeed EthanolX, cinci pl\u0103ci noi bazate pe NXP i.MX6, MikroTik RouterBoard 3011, Xiaomi Libra, Microsoft Lumia 950, Sony Xperia Z5, MStar, Microchip Sparx5, Intel Keem Bay, Amazon Alpine v3, Renesas RZ\/G2H.\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, funda\u021bia latino-american\u0103 a software-ului liber <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">a formulat<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\no variant\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fsfla.org\/ikiwiki\/selibre\/linux-libre\/\">de nucleu 5.9 complet liber<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linux-libre.fsfla.org\/pub\/linux-libre\/releases\/5.9-gnu\/\">Linux-libre 5.9-gnu<\/a><\/noindex>, cur\u0103\u021bat de elemente de firmware \u0219i drivere care con\u021bin componente ne-liberte sau segmente de cod, domeniul de aplicare al c\u0103rora este restric\u021bionat de c\u0103tre produc\u0103tor. \u00cen noua versiune a fost dezactivat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea blob-urilor \u00een driverele pentru WiFi rtw8821c \u0219i SoC MediaTek mt8183. A fost actualizat codul de cur\u0103\u021bare a blob-urilor \u00een driverele \u0219i subsistemele Habanalabs, Wilc1000, amdgpu, mt7615, i915 CSR, Mellanox mlxsw (Spectrum3), r8169 (rtl8125b-2) \u0219i touchscreen-uri x86.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53830\">opennet.ro<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.9. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 GPL-\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 FSGSBASE, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri 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