{"id":97102,"date":"2020-10-16T08:42:13","date_gmt":"2020-10-16T06:42:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/near-zapustilsya-i-teper-stroit-otkrytyj-i-svobodnyj-internet-namnogo-proshhe"},"modified":"2020-10-16T08:42:13","modified_gmt":"2020-10-16T06:42:13","slug":"near-zapustilsya-i-teper-stroit-otkrytyj-i-svobodnyj-internet-namnogo-proshhe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/near-zapustilsya-i-teper-stroit-otkrytyj-i-svobodnyj-internet-namnogo-proshhe","title":{"rendered":"NEAR a fost lansat! \u0218i acum, construirea unei internet deschis \u0219i liber este mult mai simpl\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"NEAR<\/p>\n

Salut tuturor!<\/p>\n

Ieri a avut loc lansarea<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> NEAR, proiectul la care eu \u0219i colegii mei am lucrat \u00een ultimii 2 ani.<\/p>\n

NEAR este un protocol blockchain \u0219i o platform\u0103 pentru aplica\u021bii descentralizate, axat pe performan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 \u00een utilizare. <\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi vreau s\u0103 vorbesc despre ce probleme ale lumii moderne rezolv\u0103 protocoalele blockchain, ce probleme ar putea rezolva, dar \u00eenc\u0103 nu au rezolvat, \u0219i unde se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 NEAR \u00een aceast\u0103 imagine.<\/p>\n

De ce sunt necesare protocoalele blockchain<\/h3>\n

Protocoalele blockchain ofer\u0103 o infrastructur\u0103 foarte important\u0103, care permite lansarea aplica\u021biilor, care nu sunt controlate de nici o organiza\u021bie centralizat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pe termen scurt, acesta este deja folosit pentru construirea de servicii financiare, care nu sunt controlate de b\u0103nci \u0219i guverne. Pe Ethereum \u2013 cea mai popular\u0103 platform\u0103 \u00een prezent pentru aplica\u021bii descentralizate \u2013 \u00een ultimii doi ani au ap\u0103rut o mul\u021bime de servicii financiare interesante: MakerDAO a construit o moned\u0103 descentralizat\u0103, al c\u0103rei pre\u021b este aproape egal cu un dolar, permi\u021b\u00e2nd utilizarea serviciilor financiare pe platform\u0103 folosind active non-volatilite. Compound a realizat posibilitatea de a depune bani \u00eentr-un cont virtual \u0219i de a ob\u021bine un venit aproape garantat, iar Augur \u0219i Flux au construit servicii pe care se pot plasa cote pe diverse evenimente din lumea real\u0103. \u00cen plus, pe Ethereum au fost lansate o mare varietate de burse descentralizate. Toate aceste servicii sunt fie autonome \u0219i nu sunt controlate de nimeni, fie sunt controlate colectiv de c\u0103tre participan\u021bii la serviciu.<\/p>\n

Produsele financiare care nu sunt controlate de stat \u0219i b\u0103nci sunt o direc\u021bie foarte important\u0103. Dar protocoalele blockchain permit s\u0103 fac\u0103 mult mai mult.<\/p>\n

Pe termen mediu \u0219i lung, aceea\u0219i infrastructur\u0103 va permite construirea de servicii \u0219i aplica\u021bii, scopul c\u0103rora este s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 un internet liber \u0219i deschis \u0219i s\u0103 reduc\u0103 influen\u021ba dominant\u0103 a oligopolurilor asupra vie\u021bii noastre. Pentru aplica\u021biile cotidiene: re\u021bele sociale, chat-uri, grupuri de interese \u0219i altele, protocoalele blockchain permit ob\u021binerea unei func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi care f\u0103r\u0103 acestea ar fi mult mai dificil de realizat. Trei exemple:<\/p>\n

1. Login unic \u0219i informa\u021bii comune despre cont. Ast\u0103zi, aproape toate serviciile de login unic sunt centralizate. Dac\u0103 folosi\u021bi un cont Gmail pentru a v\u0103 autentifica \u00een aplica\u021bii \u0219i Google decide s\u0103 v\u0103 \u0219tearg\u0103 contul, ve\u021bi pierde accesul la toate aplica\u021biile pentru care a\u021bi folosit Google. Utilizarea unei solu\u021bii bazate pe blockchain pentru login unic permite evitarea dependen\u021bei de o organiza\u021bie centralizat\u0103. Mai mult, aplica\u021biile care utilizeaz\u0103 o astfel de solu\u021bie pot, cu permisiunea utilizatorului, s\u0103 salveze diferite informa\u021bii pe un astfel de cont unic, care pot fi apoi folosite \u00een alte aplica\u021bii. O Coursera descentralizat\u0103 ipotetic\u0103 ar putea salv\u0103 pe cont faptul c\u0103 a\u021bi urmat un curs, iar un LinkedIn descentralizat ipotetic ar putea s\u0103 arate aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie, \u0219i nici Coursera, nici LinkedIn, nici serviciul de login nu pot \u0219terge, modifica sau \u00eenchide contul utilizatorului f\u0103r\u0103 a urma protocoale transparente predefinite.<\/p>\n

2. Monetizare, active \u0219i microtranzac\u021bii. Una dintre motivele pentru care dezvoltarea serviciilor deschise nu este popular\u0103 este c\u0103 este foarte greu de monetizat. Deoarece pe blockchain, banii sunt o parte fundamental\u0103 a protocolului, iar transferul acestora nu este limitat \u00een niciun fel, este mult mai simplu s\u0103 integra\u021bi diverse modalit\u0103\u021bi de monetizare \u00een aplica\u021bii \u0219i servicii. F\u0103r\u0103 c\u0103i rezonabile de monetizare, lucrul la internetul deschis nu va putea niciodat\u0103 s\u0103 atrag\u0103 echipe mari \u0219i serioase, iar, prin urmare, aplica\u021biile capabile s\u0103 concureze cu marii juc\u0103tori nu vor ap\u0103rea.<\/p>\n

3. Coordona\u021bia stoc\u0103rii datelor \u0219i a calculului. Efectuarea de calcule \u0219i stocarea datelor pe protocoalele blockchain sunt semnificativ mai costisitoare dec\u00e2t pe cloud. Pentru majoritatea aplica\u021biilor \u0219i serviciilor, operarea pe blockchain nu este economic viabil\u0103. Cu toate acestea, dac\u0103 acestea efectueaz\u0103 opera\u021biuni \u0219i stocheaz\u0103 date pe serverele proprii, pot s\u0103-\u0219i distrug\u0103 serverele, duc\u00e2nd la pierderea datelor sau pot modifica codul pe care \u00eel execut\u0103, ceea ce este inacceptabil \u00een contextul anumitor aplica\u021bii descentralizate. Din fericire, exist\u0103 diverse abord\u0103ri care permit stocarea datelor \u0219i efectuarea calculelor \u00een afara blockchain-ului la pre\u021buri comparabile cu cele ale serviciilor cloud, dar care nu permit \u0219tergerea datelor sau modificarea calculului. Aceste abord\u0103ri utilizeaz\u0103 blockchain-ul ca protocol, pe care participan\u021bii care furnizeaz\u0103 resurse depun un anumit depozit ca garan\u021bie a corectitudinii muncii lor, iar participan\u021bii care folosesc resursele pot distruge sau recupera acest depozit dac\u0103 pot aduce o dovad\u0103 criptografic\u0103 c\u0103 datele nu au fost salvate sau c\u0103 calculele au fost efectuate gre\u0219it.<\/p>\n

Toat\u0103 func\u021bionalitatea descris\u0103 mai sus necesit\u0103 ca protocolul de baz\u0103 s\u0103 fie suficient de rapid, ieftin \u0219i u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles de c\u0103tre utilizatori.<\/p>\n

Ce rezolv\u0103 NEAR<\/h3>\n

NEAR rezolv\u0103 dou\u0103 probleme care exist\u0103 la protocoalele existente.<\/p>\n

Prima este viteza<\/strong>, \u0219i pre\u021bul tranzac\u021biilor care decurg din aceasta . Ethereum permite ast\u0103zi efectuarea a aproximativ 15 tranzac\u021bii pe secund\u0103. Cererea dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te \u00een mod semnificativ 15 tranzac\u021bii pe secund\u0103, iar pre\u021bul tranzac\u021biilor din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103 este extrem de ridicat: cea mai simpl\u0103 tranzac\u021bie cost\u0103 \u00een prezent aproximativ 40 de cen\u021bi, iar tranzac\u021biile mai complexe cost\u0103 c\u00e2\u021biva dolari. Practic, toate scenariile de utilizare pe care le-am descris mai sus au sens doar dac\u0103 pre\u021burile sunt cu c\u00e2teva ordine mai mici, ceea ce, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, necesit\u0103 o capacitate de procesare mult mai mare.<\/strong>\u00cencercarea de a implementa un protocol cu o capacitate de procesare mai mare, p\u0103str\u00e2nd cerin\u021ba ca fiecare participant al re\u021belei s\u0103 verifice fiecare tranzac\u021bie \u0219i s\u0103 stocheze \u00eentreaga stare, cre\u0219te cerin\u021bele hardware-ului. Acest lucru, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, cre\u0219te bariera de intrare \u0219i reduce descentralizarea \u0219i fiabilitatea protocolului.<\/p>\n

\u00cencercarea de a implementa un protocol cu o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 mai mare, p\u0103str\u00e2nd cerin\u021ba ca fiecare participant din re\u021bea s\u0103 verifice fiecare tranzac\u021bie \u0219i s\u0103 stocheze \u00eentregul stat, cre\u0219te cerin\u021bele de hardware. Acest lucru, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, cre\u0219te pragul de intrare \u0219i reduce descentralizarea \u0219i fiabilitatea protocolului.<\/p>\n

NEAR se scaleaz\u0103 folosind o alt\u0103 abordare, numit\u0103 Sharding. Am descris detaliat shardingul \u00een contextul blockchain-urilor pe Habr. aici<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>. Shardingul este o scalare pe l\u0103\u021bime \u0219i permite, \u00een perspectiva viitoare, s\u0103 efectueze mult mai multe calculuri, mult mai ieftin dec\u00e2t este posibil pe protocoalele care se scaleaz\u0103 pe vertical\u0103, oric\u00e2t de mari ar fi cerin\u021bele de hardware.<\/p>\n

A doua problem\u0103 este u\u0219urin\u021ba de utilizare.<\/strong> Dezvoltarea \u0219i implementarea aplica\u021biilor pe NEAR este mult mai simpl\u0103 dec\u00e2t pe alte protocoale. \u0218i, mai important, utilizatorii pot folosi aplica\u021biile implementate pe NEAR f\u0103r\u0103 a avea cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre ce este un blockchain, o tranzac\u021bie sau o cheie privat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Protocoalele blockchain-ului au fost istorice dezvoltate cu scopul de a maximiza fiabilitatea, nu u\u0219urin\u021ba utilizatorului. \u00cen multe privin\u021be, aceste obiective duc la cerin\u021be incompatibile, iar tema dezvolt\u0103rii protocoalelor care pot fi utilizate de persoane f\u0103r\u0103 educa\u021bie tehnic\u0103, dar suficient de sigure pentru scenarii \u00een care pierderea contului poate costa milioane de dolari \u2013 este o tem\u0103 pentru un articol separat.<\/p>\n

Pe examples.near.org<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> po\u021bi vizualiza exemple de dezvoltare a aplica\u021biilor pentru NEAR \u00een Rust \u0219i AssemblyScript (un subansamblu TypeScript) \u00eentr-o IDE interactiv\u0103 \u00een browser \u0219i cum arat\u0103 pentru utilizatorul final.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie<\/h3>\n

Internetul deschis \u0219i instrumentele financiare descentralizate nu pot fi construite prin defini\u021bie de o singur\u0103 companie.<\/p>\n

Construirea infrastructurii este o mic\u0103 parte din toat\u0103 munca care trebuie f\u0103cut\u0103 pe drumul c\u0103tre un ecosistem \u00een care toate serviciile majore sunt controlate de comunitate, nu de oligope.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ai idei de servicii gestionate de comunitate \u0219i vrei s\u0103 lucrezi la ele, vino \u00een programul nostru de sprijin pentru antreprenori. www.openwebcollective.com<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 e\u0219ti dezvoltator, al\u0103tur\u0103-te ecosistemului: near.org\/ecosystem<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, s\u0103 construim \u00eempreun\u0103 un internet deschis!<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a NEAR, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 2 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. NEAR \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47NEAR a fost lansat! \u0218i acum este mult mai simplu s\u0103 construie\u0219ti un internet deschis \u0219i liber | ProHoster","description":"","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/near-zapustilsya-i-teper-stroit-otkrytyj-i-svobodnyj-internet-namnogo-proshhe","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47NEAR \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f! \u0418 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 | ProHoster","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/near-zapustilsya-i-teper-stroit-otkrytyj-i-svobodnyj-internet-namnogo-proshhe","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-10-16T06:42:13+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-10-16T06:42:13+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"97102","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 10:27:23","updated":"2022-09-27 16:54:17","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/97102\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=97102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=97102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}