{"id":97667,"date":"2020-10-20T08:42:25","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T06:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key"},"modified":"2020-10-20T08:42:25","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T06:42:25","slug":"shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key","title":{"rendered":"Criptarea \u00een MySQL: utilizarea Master Key","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>\u00cenainte de \u00eenceperea unui nou grup pentru curs&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/wMyj\/\"><strong><em>\u201eBaze de date\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><strong><em>&nbsp;Continu\u0103m s\u0103 public\u0103m o serie de articole despre criptarea \u00een MySQL.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Criptarea \u00een MySQL: utilizarea Master Key\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/762866d2c321acd726e30606c9108122.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen articolul anterior din aceast\u0103 serie (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\"><u>Criptarea \u00een MySQL: stocarea cheilor<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>) am discutat despre depozitele de chei. \u00cen acest articol, vom examina modul \u00een care este utilizat cheia principal\u0103 (master key) \u0219i vom discuta avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele cript\u0103rii prin metoda plicului (envelope encryption).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ideea cript\u0103rii prin plicuri const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 cheile utilizate pentru criptarea datelor (cheile spa\u021biilor de tabele) sunt criptate cu o alt\u0103 cheie (cheia principal\u0103, master key). Pentru criptarea datelor se utilizeaz\u0103 de fapt cheile spa\u021biilor de tabele. Grafic, acest lucru poate fi reprezentat astfel:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Criptarea \u00een MySQL: utilizarea Master Key\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/385afda0eff739f4720f59799c35b51f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cheia principal\u0103 (master key) se afl\u0103 \u00een magazinul de chei (keyring), iar cheile spa\u021biilor de tabele sunt \u00een anteturile spa\u021biilor de tabele criptate (pe pagina 0 a spa\u021biului de tabele).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ilustra\u021bia de mai sus:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Tabela A este criptat\u0103 cu cheia 1 (Key 1). Cheia 1 este criptat\u0103 cu cheia principal\u0103 (master key) \u0219i este stocat\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 criptat\u0103 \u00een antetul tabelei A.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Tabela B este criptat\u0103 cu cheia 2 (Key 2). Cheia 2 este criptat\u0103 cu cheia principal\u0103 (master key) \u0219i este stocat\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 criptat\u0103 \u00een antetul tabelei B.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0218i a\u0219a mai departe.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e2nd serverul trebuie s\u0103 decripteze tabela A, ob\u021bine cheia principal\u0103 din depozit, cite\u0219te cheia criptat\u0103 1 din antetul tabelei A \u0219i decripteaz\u0103 cheia 1. Cheia 1 decriptat\u0103 este stocat\u0103 \u00een memoria serverului \u0219i este utilizat\u0103 pentru decriptarea tabelei A.<\/p>\n<h3>InnoDB<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen InnoDB, criptarea \u0219i decriptarea se efectueaz\u0103 la nivelul de intrare-ie\u0219ire. Cu alte cuvinte, pagina este criptat\u0103 imediat \u00eenainte de a fi scris\u0103 pe disc \u0219i decriptat\u0103 imediat dup\u0103 ce este citit\u0103 de pe disc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen InnoDB, criptarea func\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar la nivelul spa\u021biilor de tabele. \u0218i, \u00een mod implicit, toate tabelele sunt create \u00een spa\u021bii de tabele separate (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/innodb-file-per-table-tablespaces.html\"><u>file-per-table tablespace<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>). Cu alte cuvinte, se creeaz\u0103 un spa\u021biu de tabele care poate con\u021bine doar o singur\u0103 tabel\u0103. De\u0219i pute\u021bi crea tabele \u0219i \u00een spa\u021biul de tabele principal (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/general-tablespaces.html\"><u>general tablespace<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>). Dar, \u00een orice caz, tabela se afl\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna \u00eentr-un anumit spa\u021biu de tabele. \u0218i, deoarece criptarea se realizeaz\u0103 la nivelul spa\u021biului de tabele, ea este fie complet criptat\u0103, fie nu. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu pute\u021bi cripta doar o parte a tabelelor \u00een spa\u021biul de tabele principal.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 din orice motiv ave\u021bi dezactivat\u0103 op\u021biunea file-per-table, atunci toate tabelele sunt create \u00een cadrul spa\u021biului tabelar sistemic (system tablespace). \u00cen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.percona.com\/software\/mysql-database\/percona-server\"><u>Percona Server for MySQL<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> poate fi criptat spa\u021biul tabelar sistemic folosind variabila innodb<em>sys<\/em>tablespace<em>encrypt sau folosind fire de criptare (encryption threads), dar aceasta este \u00eenc\u0103 o func\u021bie experimental\u0103. Aceasta nu exist\u0103 \u00een MySQL.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00cenainte de a merge mai departe, trebuie s\u0103 examin\u0103m structura identificatorului cheii principale (master key ID). Acesta const\u0103 din UUID, KEY<\/em>ID \u0219i prefixul \u201eINNODBKey\u201d. Arat\u0103 \u00een felul urm\u0103tor: INNODBKey-UUID-KEY<em>ID.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>UUID este uuid-ul serverului cu spa\u021biul de tabele criptat. KEY<\/em>ID este pur \u0219i simplu o valoare care cre\u0219te continuu. La crearea ini\u021bial\u0103 a cheii principale KEY<em>ID este 1. La rota\u021bia cheii, c\u00e2nd se creeaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 cheie principal\u0103, KEY<\/em>ID = 2 \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Vom discuta mai detaliat despre rota\u021bia cheilor principale \u00een articolele viitoare din aceast\u0103 serie.<\/p>\n<p>Acum c\u0103 \u0219tim cum arat\u0103 identificatorul cheii principale, s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la antetul spa\u021biului tabelar criptat. Atunci c\u00e2nd spa\u021biul tabelar este criptat, informa\u021biile despre criptare sunt ad\u0103ugate la antet. Arat\u0103 astfel:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Criptarea \u00een MySQL: utilizarea Master Key\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/0703933a85f0a106c07c0dbd6b7f4186.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>KEY ID este KEY<em>ID din identificatorul cheii principale, despre care am discutat deja. UUID este uuid-ul serverului, care este utilizat de asemenea \u00een identificatorul cheii principale. TABLESPACE KEY este cheia spa\u021biului de tabele, care const\u0103 din 256 de bi\u021bi, genera\u021bi aleatoriu de server. Vectorul de ini\u021bializare (IV, initialization vector) const\u0103 de asemenea din 256 de bi\u021bi genera\u021bi aleatoriu (de\u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 fie 128 de bi\u021bi). IV este utilizat pentru ini\u021bializarea cript\u0103rii \u0219i decript\u0103rii AES (din 256 de bi\u021bi sunt utiliza\u021bi doar 128). La final, exist\u0103 o sum\u0103 de control CRC32 pentru TABLESPACE KEY \u0219i IV.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Tot timpul acesta am simplificat pu\u021bin, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u00een antet exist\u0103 o cheie criptat\u0103 a spa\u021biului tabelar. De fapt, cheia spa\u021biului tabelar \u0219i vectorul de ini\u021bializare sunt stocate \u0219i criptate \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cheia principal\u0103. Aminti\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eenainte de criptarea cheii spa\u021biului tabelar \u0219i vectorului de ini\u021bializare, pentru ele se calculeaz\u0103 CRC32.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>De ce este necesar CRC32?<\/h3>\n<p><em>Pe scurt, pentru a verifica validitatea cheii principale. Dup\u0103 decriptarea cheii spa\u021biului de tabele \u0219i a vectorului de ini\u021bializare, se calculeaz\u0103 o sum\u0103 de control \u0219i se compar\u0103 cu CRC32 stocat\u0103 \u00een antet. Dac\u0103 sumele de control coincid, atunci avem cheia principal\u0103 corect\u0103 \u0219i cheia spa\u021biului de tabele. \u00cen caz contrar, spa\u021biul de tabele este marcat ca lips\u0103 (nu vom putea s\u0103-l decript\u0103m oricum).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ai putea \u00eentreba: c\u00e2nd se efectueaz\u0103 verificarea cheilor? R\u0103spunsul este - la pornirea serverului. Serverul cu tabele sau spa\u021bii de tabele criptate cite\u0219te UUID, KEY<\/em>ID din antet \u0219i genereaz\u0103 identificatorul cheii principale. Apoi, acesta ob\u021bine cheia principal\u0103 necesar\u0103 din magazin (keyring), decripteaz\u0103 cheia spa\u021biului de tabele \u0219i verific\u0103 suma de control. \u00cenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, dac\u0103 suma de control se potrive\u0219te, totul este \u00een regul\u0103, altfel - spa\u021biul de tabele este marcat ca inexistent.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 ai citit articolul precedent din aceast\u0103 serie (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\"><u>Criptarea \u00een MySQL: stocarea cheilor<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>), atunci poate \u00ee\u021bi aminte\u0219ti c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd folose\u0219ti depotul de chei pe server, serverul la pornire prime\u0219te doar lista identificatorilor cheilor, mai exact, key id \u0219i user id, deoarece aceast\u0103 pereche identific\u0103 univoc cheia. \u0218i acum spun c\u0103 serverul la pornire prime\u0219te toate cheile necesare pentru a verifica capacitatea de decriptare a cheilor spa\u021biilor de tabele. De ce atunci, la ini\u021bializare, \u00een cazul depotului pe server, sunt \u00eenc\u0103rcate doar key<em>id \u0219i user<\/em>id, \u0219i nu toate cheile? Pentru c\u0103 s-ar putea s\u0103 nu ai nevoie de toate cheile. Acest lucru este legat \u00een principal de rota\u021bia cheii principale. Atunci c\u00e2nd cheia principal\u0103 este rotit\u0103, se creeaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 cheie principal\u0103 \u00een depozit, dar cheile vechi nu sunt \u0219terse. Astfel, \u00een depozitul serverului po\u021bi avea multe chei care nu sunt necesare serverului \u0219i, prin urmare, nu sunt extrase la pornirea serverului.<\/p>\n<p>A venit timpul s\u0103 discut\u0103m pu\u021bin despre avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele cript\u0103rii cu cheia principal\u0103. Cel mai mare avantaj este c\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de o singur\u0103 cheie de criptare (cheia principal\u0103), care va fi stocat\u0103 separat de datele criptate. Acest lucru face ca pornirea serverului s\u0103 fie rapid\u0103, iar stocarea s\u0103 fie redus\u0103, facilit\u00e2nd managementul. De asemenea, cheia principal\u0103 unic\u0103 este u\u0219or de regenerat.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, criptarea cu cheia principal\u0103 are un mare dezavantaj: odat\u0103 ce spa\u021biul de tabele este criptat cu tablespace_key, acesta r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eentotdeauna criptat cu aceea\u0219i cheie. Rotirea cheii principale nu ajut\u0103 aici. De ce este acesta un dezavantaj? \u0218tim c\u0103 \u00een MySQL exist\u0103 bug-uri care pot duce la o c\u0103dere brusc\u0103 \u0219i la generarea unui fi\u0219ier core. Deoarece fi\u0219ierul core con\u021bine un dump de memorie al serverului, este posibil ca cheia de decriptare a spa\u021biului de tabele s\u0103 fie prezent\u0103 \u00een dump. Ce este \u0219i mai r\u0103u, cheile de decriptare ale spa\u021biului de tabele sunt stocate \u00een memorie, care poate fi swap-uit\u0103 pe disc. Pute\u021bi spune c\u0103 aceasta nu este o problem\u0103, deoarece ave\u021bi nevoie de drepturi root pentru a accesa aceste fi\u0219iere \u0219i swap space. A\u0219a este. Dar drepturile root sunt necesare doar pentru o perioad\u0103 scurt\u0103. Odat\u0103 ce cineva ob\u021bine acces la cheia de decriptare a spa\u021biului de tabele, el sau ea va putea continua s\u0103 o foloseasc\u0103 pentru decriptarea datelor, chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 drepturi root. \u00cen plus, discul poate fi furat, iar swap space \/ fi\u0219ierele core pot fi citite cu ajutorul unor instrumente externe. Scopul TDE este de a face datele ilizibile, chiar dac\u0103 discul este furat. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.percona.com\/software\/mysql-database\/percona-server\"><u>Percona Server for MySQL<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a recripta spa\u021biul de tabele cu noi chei generate. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie se nume\u0219te fire de criptare (encryption threads) \u0219i, la momentul redact\u0103rii acestui articol, este \u00eenc\u0103 experimental\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/wMyj\/\"><strong>Afl\u0103 mai multe despre curs<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Cite\u0219te mai mult:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\">Criptarea \u00een MySQL: stocarea cheilor<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/524050\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441&nbsp;\u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb&nbsp;\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 MySQL. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0428\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 MySQL: \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439) \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 (master key), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 (envelope encryption).&nbsp; \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":97668,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" 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