{"id":97698,"date":"2020-10-20T20:42:23","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T18:42:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot"},"modified":"2020-10-20T20:42:23","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T18:42:23","slug":"obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot","title":{"rendered":"O privire de ansamblu asupra protocoalelor de re\u021bea \u0219i a protocoalelor de schimb de mesaje pentru IoT","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Bun\u0103, habr\u0103u\u0219ii!&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/dnQ0\/\"><strong><em>Primul curs online IoT-dezvoltator din Rusia<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><strong><em>&nbsp;\u00eencepe la OTUS \u00een octombrie. \u00cen acest moment, \u00eenscrierea pentru curs este deschis\u0103, motiv pentru care continu\u0103m s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219im cu voi materiale utile.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O privire de ansamblu asupra protocoalelor de re\u021bea \u0219i a protocoalelor de schimb de mesaje pentru IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/eae09a35084d8a75a89c22845b0d1c1f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Internetul lucrurilor (IoT, Internet of Things) va fi construit pe baza infrastructurii de re\u021bea existent\u0103, a tehnologiilor \u0219i protocoalelor folosite \u00een prezent \u00een case, birouri \u0219i pe internet, \u0219i va oferi multe altele.<\/p>\n<p>Scopul acestui ghid este de a oferi o prezentare general\u0103 a protocoalelor de re\u021bea \u0219i aplica\u021bii pentru IoT.<\/p>\n<p>Not\u0103. Trebuie s\u0103 ave\u021bi cuno\u0219tin\u021be <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/networking\/\"><u>de baz\u0103 despre tehnologiile de re\u021bea<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>re\u021belele IoT<\/h4>\n<p>IoT va func\u021biona \u00een re\u021belele existente TCP\/IP.<\/p>\n<p>TCP\/IP folose\u0219te un model cu patru straturi cu protocoale specifice la fiecare nivel. Vede\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/internet-protocol-suite-explained\/\"><u>\u00een\u021belegerea modelului TCP\/IP cu 4 straturi<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (\u00een\u021belegerea modelului cu patru straturi TCP\/IP).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen diagrama de mai jos este comparat\u0103 protocoalele folosite \u00een prezent \u0219i cele care, cel mai probabil, vor fi utilizate pentru IoT.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O privire de ansamblu asupra protocoalelor de re\u021bea \u0219i a protocoalelor de schimb de mesaje pentru IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d8ab9d850cbff804a444ebad7f969547.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Note pentru diagram\u0103:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Dimensiunea fontului reflect\u0103 gradul de popularitate al protocolului. De exemplu, \u00een partea st\u00e2ng\u0103, IPv4 este mai mare, deoarece este mult mai popular \u00een internetul modern. Totu\u0219i, \u00een partea dreapt\u0103 este mai mic, deoarece se a\u0219teapt\u0103 ca IPv6 s\u0103 devin\u0103 mai popular \u00een IoT.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Nu sunt prezentate toate protocoalele.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Cele mai multe schimb\u0103ri vor avea loc la nivelurile de leg\u0103tur\u0103 (nivelurile 1 \u0219i 2) \u0219i celor aplica\u021bie (nivelul 4).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Nivelurile de re\u021bea \u0219i transport vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne cel mai probabil neschimbate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Protocoalele nivelului de leg\u0103tur\u0103<\/h4>\n<p>La nivelul de leg\u0103tur\u0103 (Data Link), trebuie s\u0103 conecta\u021bi dispozitivele \u00eentre ele. Acestea pot fi aproape unele de altele, de exemplu, \u00een re\u021bele locale (local networks) sau la distan\u021be mari, \u00een re\u021bele urbane (metropolitan area networks) \u0219i globale (wide area networks).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen prezent, la acest nivel \u00een re\u021belele de acas\u0103 \u0219i birouri (LAN) sunt utilizate Ethernet \u0219i Wi-Fi, iar \u00een cele mobile (WAN) - 3G \/ 4G. Totu\u0219i, multe dispozitive IoT au un consum redus de energie, de exemplu, senzorii, \u0219i se alimenteaz\u0103 doar de la baterii. \u00cen aceste cazuri, Ethernet nu este adecvat, dar se pot folosi Wi-Fi cu consum redus de energie \u0219i Bluetooth cu consum redus de energie.<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i pentru conectarea acestor dispozitive se vor folosi \u00een continuare tehnologiile wireless existente (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G \/ 4G), este de asemenea important s\u0103 se acorde aten\u021bie noilor tehnologii, special concepute pentru aplica\u021biile IoT, popularitate c\u0103rora, cel mai probabil, va cre\u0219te.<\/p>\n<p>Printre acestea:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>BLE \u2013 Bluetooth Low Energy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>LoRaWAN \u2013 Long Range WAN<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>SigFox<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>LTE-M<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mai multe detalii sunt descrise \u00een articol <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/iot-wireless-technologies\/\"><u>O prezentare general\u0103 a tehnologiilor wireless IoT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (o prezentare general\u0103 a tehnologiilor wireless IoT).<\/p>\n<h4>Nivelul de re\u021bea<\/h4>\n<p>La nivel de re\u021bea (Networking), pe termen lung, va domina protocolul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/ipv6-guide\/\"><u>IPv6<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>. Este pu\u021bin probabil s\u0103 fie folosit IPv4, dar ar putea juca un anumit rol \u00een etapele ini\u021biale. Cele mai multe dispozitive IoT pentru acas\u0103, cum ar fi becurile smart, folosesc \u00een prezent IPv4.<\/p>\n<h4>Nivelul de transport&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<p>La nivel de transport (Transport), TCP domin\u0103 internetul \u0219i web-ul. Este utilizat at\u00e2t \u00een HTTP, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een multe alte protocoale populare de pe internet (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4 etc.).<\/p>\n<p>MQTT, care, dup\u0103 cum \u00eemi imaginez, va deveni unul dintre principalele protocoale de nivel aplica\u021bie pentru mesagerie, folose\u0219te \u00een prezent TCP.<\/p>\n<p>Totu\u0219i, \u00een viitor, datorit\u0103 costurilor mai reduse, m\u0103 a\u0219tept ca UDP s\u0103 devin\u0103 mai popular pentru IoT. Este probabil s\u0103 devin\u0103 mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/mqtt-sn\/\"><u>MQTT-SN<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, func\u021bion\u00e2nd pe UDP. Consulta\u021bi articolul despre compara\u021bia <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/tcp-vs-udp\/\"><u>TCP vs UDP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> .<\/p>\n<h4>Nivelul aplica\u021biei \u0219i protocoalele de mesagerie<\/h4>\n<p>Caracteristicile importante pentru protocoalele IoT:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Viteza \u2014 cantitatea de date transmise pe secund\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u00cent\u00e2rzierea \u2014 timpul necesar pentru a transmite un mesaj.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Consumul de putere.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Securitate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Disponibilitatea instrumentelor software.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cen prezent, la acest nivel sunt utilizate activ dou\u0103 protocoale principale: HTTP \u0219i MQTT.<\/p>\n<p>HTTP este probabil cel mai cunoscut protocol de acest nivel, care st\u0103 la baza web-ului (WWW). Va continua s\u0103 fie important pentru IoT, deoarece este utilizat pentru REST API \u2014 principalul mecanism de interac\u021biune \u00eentre aplica\u021biile web \u0219i servicii. Cu toate acestea, din cauza costurilor ridicate, este pu\u021bin probabil ca HTTP s\u0103 devin\u0103 protocolul principal pentru IoT, de\u0219i va fi \u00een continuare utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 pe internet.<\/p>\n<p>MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) a devenit protocolul principal de mesagerie \u00een IoT, datorit\u0103 u\u0219urin\u021bei \u0219i simplit\u0103\u021bii sale de utilizare. Consulta\u021bi articolul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/mqtt\/\"><u>Introducere \u00een MQTT pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (Introducere \u00een MQTT pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori).<\/p>\n<p>Compararea HTTP \u0219i MQTT pentru IoT<\/p>\n<p>MQTT devine rapid standardul de facto pentru aplica\u021biile IoT. Acest lucru se datoreaz\u0103 u\u0219urin\u021bei \u0219i vitezei sale \u00een compara\u021bie cu HTTP \u0219i faptului c\u0103 este un protocol 'unul la mul\u021bi', \u0219i nu 'unul la unu' (HTTP).<\/p>\n<p>Multe aplica\u021bii web moderne ar folosi cu pl\u0103cere MQTT \u00een loc de HTTP, dac\u0103 ar fi fost disponibil la momentul dezvolt\u0103rii lor.<\/p>\n<p>Un exemplu bun este trimiterea de informa\u021bii c\u0103tre mai mul\u021bi clien\u021bi, de exemplu, despre sosirea \u0219i plecarea trenurilor \/ autobuzelor \/ avioanelor. \u00cen acest scenariu, un protocol 'unul la unul', cum ar fi HTTP, are cheltuieli mari \u0219i creeaz\u0103 o sarcin\u0103 mare pe serverele web. Scalarea acestor servere web poate fi dificil\u0103. Cu MQTT, clien\u021bii se conecteaz\u0103 la un broker, care poate fi ad\u0103ugat cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 pentru a echilibra \u00eenc\u0103rcarea. Consulta\u021bi acest tutorial cu video. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/republish-html-data-over-mqtt-flight-arrivals\/\"><u>Republish HTML Data Over MQTT (Exemplu sosiri zboruri)<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i articolul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/mqtt-buddy\/mqtt-vs-http-which-one-is-the-best-for-iot-c868169b3105\"><u>MQTT vs HTTP pentru IoT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>Alte protocoale de schimb de mesaje<\/h4>\n<p>HTTP nu a fost dezvoltat pentru aplica\u021bii IoT, dar, a\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat, va continua s\u0103 fie utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 pentru o vreme datorit\u0103 utiliz\u0103rii sale extinse \u00een <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/iot-apis\/\"><u>API<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Aproape toate platformele IoT suport\u0103 at\u00e2t HTTP, c\u00e2t \u0219i MQTT.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 \u0219i alte protocoale care merit\u0103 considerate.<\/p>\n<p>Protocole<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MQTT\"><u>MQTT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Folose\u0219te TCP\/IP. Pentru modelul 'editor-abonat' este necesar un broker de mesaje.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol\"><u>AMQP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol). Folose\u0219te TCP\/IP. Modelele 'editor-abonat' \u0219i 'punct la punct'.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constrained_Application_Protocol\"><u>COAP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Constrained Application Protocol). Folose\u0219te UDP. A fost dezvoltat special pentru IoT, utilizeaz\u0103 modelul solicitare-r\u0103spuns ca \u00een HTTP. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7252\"><u>RFC 7252<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Distribution_Service\"><u>DDS<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Data Distribution Service)&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/electronicdesign.com\/iot\/understanding-protocols-behind-internet-things\"><u>pe care l-a\u021bi citit<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> se discut\u0103 principalele protocoale \u0219i aplica\u021biile lor. Concluzia acestui articol este c\u0103 IoT va utiliza un set de protocoale, \u00een func\u021bie de aplica\u021bia lor preconizat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m \u00eenapoi, \u00een primii ani ai existen\u021bei Internetului, protocolul HTTP, care ulterior a devenit dominant, a fost doar unul dintre numeroasele protocoale.<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i HTTP nu a fost g\u00e2ndit ini\u021bial pentru transmiterea de fi\u0219iere \u0219i e-mail, ast\u0103zi este folosit \u0219i pentru aceste scopuri.<\/p>\n<p>M\u0103 a\u0219tept ca \u00een IoT s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple acela\u0219i lucru cu protocoalele de schimb de mesaje: majoritatea serviciilor vor utiliza un protocol predominant.<\/p>\n<p>Mai jos sunt grafice Google Trends care arat\u0103 cum a evoluat popularitatea MQTT, COAP \u0219i AMQP \u00een ultimii c\u00e2\u021biva ani.<\/p>\n<h4>Prezentarea Google Trends&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"O privire de ansamblu asupra protocoalelor de re\u021bea \u0219i a protocoalelor de schimb de mesaje pentru IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/9770888f448395448ac30b407b648e18.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Suport pentru protocoale pe platforme<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/iot-hub\/iot-hub-protocol-gateway\"><u>Microsoft Azure<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, AMQP, HTTP \u0219i HTTPS<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/iot\/latest\/developerguide\/protocols.html\"><u>AWS<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT prin websockets<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>IBM Bluemix \u2013 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ni.com\/en-us\/innovations\/white-papers\/17\/a-practical-guide-for-connecting-labview-to-the-industrial-iot.html#section--269124710\"><u>Thingworx<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Rezumat<\/h4>\n<p>Cele mai multe schimb\u0103ri vor avea loc la nivelurile de leg\u0103tur\u0103 (nivelurile 1 \u0219i 2) \u0219i celor aplica\u021bie (nivelul 4).<\/p>\n<p>Nivelurile de re\u021bea \u0219i transport vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne cel mai probabil neschimbate.<\/p>\n<p>La nivel aplicativ, componentele IoT vor utiliza protocoale de schimb de mesaje. De\u0219i suntem \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eentr-o etap\u0103 timpurie a dezvolt\u0103rii IoT, este foarte probabil c\u0103 se va distinge unul sau, poate, dou\u0103 protocoale de schimb de mesaje.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ultimii c\u00e2\u021biva ani, MQTT a devenit cel mai popular, iar acum m\u0103 concentrez pe acesta pe acest site.<\/p>\n<p>HTTP va continua s\u0103 fie utilizat, deoarece este deja bine integrat \u00een platformele IoT existente.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Asta e tot. Te invit\u0103m s\u0103 te \u00eenscrii la un curs de demonstra\u021bie gratuit pe tema <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/dnQ0\/\">'Chatbot pentru comenzi rapide c\u0103tre dispozitiv'<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>Cite\u0219te mai mult:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/521788\/\">De ce sistemele de consum ale internetului obiectelor neprotejate reprezint\u0103 acum o problem\u0103 serioas\u0103 pentru afaceri<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/524140\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435!&nbsp;\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 IoT-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a&nbsp;\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 OTUS \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439 (IoT, Internet of Things) \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 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