{"id":100221,"date":"2021-05-21T10:23:03","date_gmt":"2021-05-21T08:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu"},"modified":"2021-05-21T10:23:03","modified_gmt":"2021-05-21T08:23:03","slug":"optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu","title":{"rendered":"Optimaliz\u00e1cia Linuxu na spracovanie 1,2 mili\u00f3na JSON po\u017eiadaviek za sekundu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bol spr\u00edstupnen\u00fd podrobn\u00fd sprievodca optimaliz\u00e1ciou prostredia Linux na dosiahnutie maxim\u00e1lnych v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov spracovania HTTP po\u017eiadaviek. Navrhnut\u00e9 met\u00f3dy umo\u017enili zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 v\u00fdkon spracovate\u013ea JSON, zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na kni\u017enici libreactor, v prostred\u00ed Amazon EC2 (4 vCPU) z 224 tis\u00edc API po\u017eiadaviek za sekundu pri \u0161tandardn\u00fdch nastaveniach Amazon Linux 2 s jadrom 4.14 na 1,2 mili\u00f3na po\u017eiadaviek za sekundu po optimaliz\u00e1cii (zv\u00fd\u0161enie o 436 %), ako aj zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 latenciu pri spracovan\u00ed po\u017eiadaviek o 79 %. Navrhnut\u00e9 met\u00f3dy nie s\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre libreactor a funguj\u00fa aj pri vyu\u017eit\u00ed in\u00fdch HTTP serverov, vr\u00e1tane nginx, Actix, Netty a Node.js (libreactor bol pou\u017eit\u00fd v testoch, preto\u017ee rie\u0161enie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na \u0148om preuk\u00e1zalo najlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon).      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Optimaliz\u00e1cia Linuxu na spracovanie 1,2 mili\u00f3na JSON po\u017eiadaviek za sekundu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/908fb8d92e84a3e7557af7f6c622298e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00e9 optimaliz\u00e1cie:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1cia k\u00f3du libreactor. Ako z\u00e1klad sa pou\u017eila verzia R18 zo s\u00faboru Techempower, ktor\u00e1 bola vylep\u0161en\u00e1 odstr\u00e1nen\u00edm k\u00f3du obmedzuj\u00faceho po\u010det pou\u017eit\u00fdch CPU jadier (optimaliz\u00e1cia umo\u017enila ur\u00fdchli\u0165 pr\u00e1cu o 25-27 %), kompil\u00e1ciou v GCC s vo\u013ebami &#171;-O3&#187; (n\u00e1rast 5-10 %) a &#171;-march-native&#187; (5-10 %), v\u00fdmenou volan\u00ed read\/write na recv\/send (5-10 %) a zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm re\u017eijn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov pri pou\u017eit\u00ed pthreads (2-3 %). Celkov\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu po optimaliz\u00e1cii k\u00f3du dosiahol 55 %, pri\u010dom priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 224k req\/s na 347k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Zru\u0161enie ochrany pred zranite\u013enos\u0165ami sp\u00f4soben\u00fdmi \u0161pekulat\u00edvnym vykon\u00e1van\u00edm in\u0161trukci\u00ed. Pou\u017eitie parametrov pri na\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed jadra &#171;nospectre_v1 nospectre_v2 pti=off mds=off tsx_async_abort=off&#187; viedlo k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu v\u00fdkonu o 28 %, a priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 347k req\/s na 446k req\/s. N\u00e1rast z parametra &#171;nospectre_v1&#187; (ochrana pred Spectre v1 + SWAPGS) dosiahol 1-2 %, &#171;nospectre_v2&#187; (ochrana pred Spectre v2) \u2014 15-20 %, &#171;pti=off&#187; (Spectre v3\/Meltdown) \u2014 6 %, &#171;mds=off tsx_async_abort=off&#187; (MDS\/Zombieload a TSX Asynchronous Abort) \u2014 6 %. Nastavenia na ochranu pred \u00fatokmi L1TF\/Foreshadow (l1tf=flush), iTLB multihit, Speculative Store Bypass a SRBDS, ktor\u00e9 nemali vplyv na v\u00fdkon, zostali nezmenen\u00e9, preto\u017ee sa neprekr\u00fdvali s testovanou konfigur\u00e1ciou (napr\u00edklad s\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4395\">KVM<\/a>, vnoren\u00fa virtualiz\u00e1ciu a in\u00e9 modely CPU).\n<li class=\"l\"> Vypnutie mechanizmov auditu a blokovania syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch volan\u00ed pomocou pr\u00edkazu &#171;auditctl -a never,task&#187; a vyzna\u010den\u00edm vo\u013eby &#171;--security-opt seccomp=unconfined&#187; pri spusten\u00ed kontajnera docker. Celkov\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu dosiahol 11 %, pri\u010dom priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 446k req\/s na 495k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vypnutie iptables\/netfilter prostredn\u00edctvom odin\u0161talovania s\u00favisiacich modulov jadra. K my\u0161lienke vypn\u00fa\u0165 firewall, ktor\u00fd nebol pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v \u0161pecifickom serverovom rie\u0161en\u00ed, odporu\u010dili v\u00fdsledky profilovania, pod\u013ea ktor\u00fdch na vykonanie funkcie nf_hook_slow i\u0161lo 18% \u010dasu. Uv\u00e1dza sa, \u017ee nftables funguje efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie ako iptables, ale v Amazon Linux sa st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edva iptables. Po vypnut\u00ed iptables n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu dosiahol 22% a priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 495k req\/s na 603k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Zn\u00ed\u017eenie migr\u00e1cie spracovate\u013eov medzi r\u00f4znymi jadrami CPU pre zv\u00fd\u0161enie efekt\u00edvnosti vyu\u017e\u00edvania procesorov\u00e9ho cache. Optimaliz\u00e1cia bola vykonan\u00e1 na \u00farovni priradenia procesov libreactor k jadr\u00e1m CPU (CPU Pinning), ako aj prostredn\u00edctvom priradenia sie\u0165ov\u00fdch spracovate\u013eov jadra (Receive Side Scaling). Napr\u00edklad bola vykonan\u00e1 deaktiv\u00e1cia irqbalance a explicitn\u00e9 nastavenie priraden\u00ed frontov k CPU v \/proc\/irq\/$IRQ\/smp_affinity_list. Pre pou\u017eitie toho ist\u00e9ho jadra CPU na spracovanie procesu libreactor a sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho frontu prich\u00e1dzaj\u00facich paketov bol pou\u017eit\u00fd vlastn\u00fd BPF spracovate\u013e pripojen\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom nastavenia pr\u00edznaku SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed soketu. Pre priradenie k CPU frontov odch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich paketov boli zmenen\u00e9 nastavenia \/sys\/class\/net\/eth0\/queues\/tx-&lt;n&gt;\/xps_cpus. Celkov\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu dosiahol 38% a priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 603k req\/s na 834k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1cia spracovania preru\u0161en\u00ed a pou\u017eitie poling (polling). Aktiv\u00e1cia re\u017eimu adaptive-rx v ovl\u00e1da\u010di ENA a manipul\u00e1cie s sysctl net.core.busy_read viedli k n\u00e1rastu v\u00fdkonu o 28 % (priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 834k req\/s na 1.06M req\/s, a latencie sa zn\u00ed\u017eili z 361\u00b5s na 292\u00b5s).\n<li class=\"l\"> Vypnutie syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch slu\u017eieb, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa k zbyto\u010dn\u00fdm blokovaniu v sie\u0165ovom stacku. Vypnutie dhclient a nastavenie <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"IP adresy\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"683\">IP adresy<\/a> ru\u010dne viedlo k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu v\u00fdkonu o 6% a priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 1.06M req\/s na 1.12M req\/s. D\u00f4vod vplyvu dhclient na v\u00fdkon v anal\u00fdze prev\u00e1dzky pomocou raw-soketu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Boj proti Spin Lock. Prevod sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edka do re\u017eimu &#171;noqueue&#187; prostredn\u00edctvom sysctl &#171;net.core.default_qdisc=noqueue&#187; a &#171;tc qdisc replace dev eth0 root mq&#187; viedol k n\u00e1rastu v\u00fdkonu o 2 %, pri\u010dom priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 1.12M req\/s na 1.15M req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Fin\u00e1lne drobn\u00e9 optimaliz\u00e1cie, ako je vypnutie GRO (Generic Receive Offload) pr\u00edkazom &#171;ethtool -K eth0 gro off&#187; a v\u00fdmena riadiaceho algoritmu pre pre\u0165a\u017eenie z cubic na reno pomocou sysctl &#171;net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=reno&#187;. Celkov\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu dosiahol 4 %. Priepustnos\u0165 vzr\u00e1stla z 1.15M req\/s na 1.2M req\/s.          <\/ul>\n<p>Okrem vykonan\u00fdch optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed sa v \u010dl\u00e1nku zaoberaj\u00fa aj met\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 nepriniesli o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fd n\u00e1rast v\u00fdkonu. Napr\u00edklad sa uk\u00e1zali ako ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9:    <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Samostatn\u00fd spustenie libreactor sa vo v\u00fdkonnosti nijako neodli\u0161ovalo od spustenia v kontejnere. Vplyv nemali ani v\u00fdmena writev na send, zv\u00fd\u0161enie maxevents v epoll_wait, ani experimenty s verziami a flagmi GCC (efekt bol pozorovate\u013en\u00fd len pre flagy &#171;-O3&#187; a &#171;-march-native&#187;).\n<li class=\"l\"> Na v\u00fdkon neovplyvnila aktualiz\u00e1cia jadra Linux na verzie 4.19 a 5.4, pou\u017e\u00edvanie pl\u00e1nova\u010dov SCHED_FIFO a SCHED_RR, manipul\u00e1cie so sysctl kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns, kernel.sched_wakeup_granularity_ns, transparent_hugepages=never, skew_tick=1 a clocksource=tsc.\n<li class=\"l\"> V ovl\u00e1da\u010di ENA nemalo vplyv zapnutie re\u017eimov Offload (segmentation, scatter-gather, rx\/tx checksum), kompil\u00e1cia s flagom &#171;-O3&#187; a pou\u017eitie parametrov ena.rx_queue_size a ena.force_large_llq_header.\n<li class=\"l\"> Zmeny v sie\u0165ovom z\u00e1sobn\u00edku neviedli k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu v\u00fdkonu:\n<ul>\n<li>Vypnutie IPv6: ipv6.disable=1<\/li>\n<li>Vypnutie VLAN: modprobe -rv 8021q<\/li>\n<li>Vypnutie kontroly zdroja paketu\n<ul>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_local=1 (negat\u00edvny efekt)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_sack=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_dsack=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_mem\/tcp_wmem\/tcp_rmem <\/li>\n<li>net.core.netdev_budget<\/li>\n<li>net.core.dev_weight<\/li>\n<li>net.core.netdev_max_backlog<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle=0 <\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency=1<\/li>\n<li>SO_PRIORITY<\/li>\n<li>TCP_NODELAY<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55186\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0442\u044e\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Linux \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 JSON \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 libreactor \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 Amazon EC2 (4 vCPU) c 224 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 API \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445 Amazon Linux 2 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c 4.14 \u0434\u043e 1.2 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":100222,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0442\u044e\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Linux \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 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