{"id":104923,"date":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god"},"modified":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","title":{"rendered":"Jadru Linuxu sa do\u017eilo 31 rokov","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. augusta 1991, po piatich mesiacoch v\u00fdvoja, 21-ro\u010dn\u00fd \u0161tudent Linus Torvalds ozn\u00e1mil na konferencii comp.os.minix vytvorenie funk\u010dn\u00e9ho prototypu novej opera\u010dnej s\u00fastavy Linux, pre ktor\u00fa bolo zaznamenan\u00e9 dokon\u010denie portovania bash 1.08 a gcc 1.40. Prv\u00e9 verejn\u00e9 uvo\u013enenie jadra Linux bolo predlo\u017een\u00e9 17. septembra. Jadro 0.0.1 malo ve\u013ekos\u0165 62 kB v komprimovanej podobe a obsahovalo pribli\u017ene 10 tis\u00edc riadkov zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. Modern\u00e9 jadro Linux obsahuje viac ako 30 mili\u00f3nov riadkov k\u00f3du. Pod\u013ea \u0161t\u00fadie vykonanej v roku 2010 na objedn\u00e1vku Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie by pribli\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdvoj od nuly projektu, ktor\u00fd by bol podobn\u00fd modern\u00e9mu jadru Linux, presiahli jednu miliardu americk\u00fdch dol\u00e1rov (v\u00fdpo\u010det bol vykonan\u00fd, ke\u010f malo jadro 13 mili\u00f3nov riadkov k\u00f3du), pod\u013ea in\u00fdch odhadov - viac ako 3 miliardy.    <\/p>\n<p>Jadro Linux bolo vytvoren\u00e9 pod vplyvom opera\u010dnej s\u00fastavy MINIX, ktor\u00e1 Linusa neuspokojovala svojou obmedzenou licenciou. Nesk\u00f4r, ke\u010f sa Linux stal zn\u00e1mym projektom, nepriatelia sa pok\u00fa\u0161ali obvini\u0165 Linusa z priameho kop\u00edrovania k\u00f3du niektor\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9mov MINIX. \u00datok odrazil Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX, ktor\u00fd poveril jedn\u00e9ho zo \u0161tudentov vykona\u0165 podrobn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu k\u00f3du Minix a prv\u00fdch verejn\u00fdch verzi\u00ed Linux. V\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie uk\u00e1zali pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 iba \u0161tyroch nev\u00fdznamn\u00fdch zh\u00f4d blokov k\u00f3du, ktor\u00e9 boli sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 po\u017eiadavkami POSIX a ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4vodne Linus zam\u00fd\u0161\u013eal nazva\u0165 jadro Freax, od slov \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c a X (Unix). Ale n\u00e1zov \u201eLinux\u201c jadro dostalo z r\u00fak Ari Lemmke, ktor\u00fd na Linusovu \u017eiados\u0165 umiestnil jadro na FTP server univerzity, nazval adres\u00e1r s arch\u00edvom nie \u201efreax\u201c, ako \u017eiadal Torvalds, ale \u201elinux\u201c. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee podnikav\u00fd obchodn\u00edk William Della Croce sa mu podarilo zaregistrova\u0165 obchodn\u00fa zn\u00e1mku Linux a chcel v bud\u00facnosti zbiera\u0165 poplatky, ale nesk\u00f4r to prehodnotil a odovzdal v\u0161etky pr\u00e1va na obchodn\u00fa zn\u00e1mku Linusovi. Ofici\u00e1lnym maskotom jadra Linux je tu\u010dniak Tux, ktor\u00fd bol vybran\u00fd v v\u00fdsledku s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee konanej v roku 1996. N\u00e1zov Tux je skratkou pre Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dynamika rastu k\u00f3dovej z\u00e1kladne (po\u010det riadkov zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du) jadra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2014 september 1991, 10 tis\u00edc riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2014 marec 1994, 176 tis\u00edc riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2014 marec 1995, 311 tis\u00edc riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2014 j\u00fan 1996, 778 tis\u00edc riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2014 janu\u00e1r 1999, 1.8 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2014 janu\u00e1r 2001, 3.4 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2014 december 2003, 5.9 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2014 december 2008, 10.2 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2014 august 2010, 13.4 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2014 august 2011, 14.6 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2014 j\u00fal 2012, 15.5 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2014 j\u00fal 2013, 15.8 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2014 august 2014, 17.5 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2014 j\u00fan 2015, 19.5 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2014 j\u00fal 2016, 21.7 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2014 j\u00fal 2017, 24.1 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2014 august 2018, 25.3 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2014 j\u00fal 2019, 26.55 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2014 august 2020, 28.4 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 \u2014 j\u00fan 2021, 29.2 mili\u00f3na riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.19 - august 2022, 30.5 mil. riadkov k\u00f3du.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokrok v\u00fdvoja jadra:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 september 1991, prv\u00e9 verejn\u00e9 vydanie, podporuj\u00face len CPU i386 a sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00face sa z diskety;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 janu\u00e1r 1992, k\u00f3d sa za\u010dal \u0161\u00edri\u0165 pod licenciou GPLv2;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 marec 1992, zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ania X Window System, realizovan\u00e1 podpora virtu\u00e1lnej pam\u00e4te a swapovacieho s\u00faboru.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, za\u010dala sa pr\u00e1ca na sie\u0165ovom stacku. Predstavovan\u00fd s\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Ext2, pridan\u00e1 podpora form\u00e1tu s\u00faborov ELF, predstaven\u00e9 ovl\u00e1da\u010de pre zvukov\u00e9 karty a SCSI kontroller, realizovan\u00e9 na\u010d\u00edtanie modulov jadra a s\u00faborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \/proc.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roku 1992 sa objavili prv\u00e9 distrib\u00facie SLS a Yggdrasil. V lete 1993 boli zalo\u017een\u00e9 projekty Slackware a Debian.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 marec 1994, prv\u00e9 ofici\u00e1lne stabiln\u00e9 vydanie;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 marec 1995, v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie po\u010dtu ovl\u00e1da\u010dov, podpora platforiem Alpha, MIPS a SPARC, roz\u0161\u00edrenie mo\u017enost\u00ed sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho stacku, vznik paketov\u00e9ho filtra, podpora NFS;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 j\u00fan 1996, podpora viacer\u00fdch procesorov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov;    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Marec 1997: zalo\u017een\u00fd LKML, mailing list v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov jadra Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1998: spusten\u00fd prv\u00fd cluster na b\u00e1ze Linuxu, ktor\u00fd sa dostal do zoznamu Top500, skladaj\u00faci sa z 68 uzlov s CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 \u2014 janu\u00e1r 1999, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 syst\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vy pam\u00e4te, pridan\u00e1 <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"podpora IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"393\">podpora IPv6<\/a>, zaveden\u00fd nov\u00fd firewall, predstaven\u00fd nov\u00fd zvukov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 febru\u00e1r 2001, zabezpe\u010den\u00e1 podpora 8-procesorov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a 64 GB RAM, s\u00faborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Ext3, podpora USB, ACPI;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 december 2003, podpora SELinux, prostriedky automatick\u00e9ho ladania parametrov jadra, sysfs, prepracovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u00e4te;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roku 2005 predstaven\u00fd hyperv\u00edzor Xen, ktor\u00fd otvoril \u00e9ru virtualiz\u00e1cie;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V septembri 2008 bol vytvoren\u00fd prv\u00fd release platformy Android, zalo\u017eenej na jadre Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V j\u00fali 2011 po 10 rokoch v\u00fdvoja vetvy 2.6.x do\u0161lo k prechodu na \u010d\u00edslovanie 3.x. Po\u010det objektov v Git repozit\u00e1ri dosiahol 2 mili\u00f3ny;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roku 2015 bol vydan\u00fd jadro Linux 4.0. Po\u010det git objektov v repozit\u00e1ri dosiahol 4 mili\u00f3ny;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V apr\u00edli 2018 bol prekonan\u00fd prah 6 mili\u00f3nov git objektov v repozit\u00e1ri jadra.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V janu\u00e1ri 2019 bola vytvoren\u00e1 vetva jadra Linux 5.0. Repozit\u00e1r dosiahol \u00farove\u0148 6.5 mili\u00f3na git objektov.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Jadro 5.8, publikovan\u00e9 v auguste 2020, sa stalo najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm z h\u013eadiska po\u010dtu zmien vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch jadr\u00e1ch po\u010das existencie projektu.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V jadre 5.13 bol ustanoven\u00fd rekord v po\u010dte v\u00fdvoj\u00e1rov (2150), ktor\u00fdch zmeny sa zahrnuli do jadra.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roku 2021 bol do vetvy jadra Linux-next pridan\u00fd k\u00f3d pre v\u00fdvoj ovl\u00e1da\u010dov v jazyku Rust. Pracuje sa na zahrnut\u00ed komponentov na podporu Rust do hlavn\u00e9ho jadra.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V auguste 2022 bola vytvoren\u00e1 vetva jadra Linux 6.0, preto\u017ee vo vetve 5.x sa nazbieralo dostatok vydan\u00ed na zmenu prv\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla verzie.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>68% v\u0161etk\u00fdch zmien v jadre bolo vykonan\u00fdch 20 najakt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edmi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami. Napr\u00edklad pri v\u00fdvoji jadra 5.19 10.9% v\u0161etk\u00fdch zmien pripravila spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Intel, 5.7% - Linaro, 5.5% - AMD, 5.2% - Red Hat, 4.1% - Google, 3.5% - Meta, 3.1% - SUSE, 2.9% - Huawei, 2.8% - NVIDIA, 2.7% - Oracle. 11.8% zmien pripravili nez\u00e1visl\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci alebo v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri, ktor\u00ed verejne neozn\u00e1mili svoju pr\u00e1cu pre konkr\u00e9tne spolo\u010dnosti. Z h\u013eadiska po\u010dtu pridan\u00fdch riadkov k\u00f3du v jadre 5.19 vedie spolo\u010dnos\u0165 AMD, ktorej podiel dosiahol 37.9% (ovl\u00e1da\u010d amdgpu obsahuje viac ako 4 mili\u00f3ny riadkov k\u00f3du, pri\u010dom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z toho s\u00fa automaticky generovan\u00e9 hlavi\u010dkov\u00e9 s\u00fabory s \u00fadajmi pre registry GPU).  <\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57675\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 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