{"id":123245,"date":"2025-04-02T21:05:07","date_gmt":"2025-04-02T19:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/razrabotchiki-orioledb-predlozhili-uluchshit-api-dlya-alternativnyh-dvizhkov-postgresql"},"modified":"2025-04-02T21:05:07","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T19:05:09","slug":"razrabotchiki-orioledb-predlozhili-uluchshit-api-dlya-alternativnyh-dvizhkov-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sk\/blog\/news\/razrabotchiki-orioledb-predlozhili-uluchshit-api-dlya-alternativnyh-dvizhkov-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB navrhli vylep\u0161i\u0165 API pre alternat\u00edvne datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 motory PostgreSQL.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB analyzovali aktu\u00e1lny stav n\u00edzko\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9ho API, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na pr\u00edstup roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed k tabu\u013ek\u00e1m a indexom v PostgreSQL (Table\/Index Access Method (AM) API), a navrhli mo\u017en\u00e9 zlep\u0161enia. Od zavedenia tohto API v PostgreSQL 12 dostali v\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri mo\u017enos\u0165 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 alternat\u00edvne mechanizmy ukladania d\u00e1t. Napriek existencii tohto API a zn\u00e1mej obmedzenosti vstavan\u00e9ho mechanizmu ukladania sa zatia\u013e neobjavili plne funk\u010dn\u00e9 transak\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017en\u00e9 enginy, ktor\u00e9 by boli implementovan\u00e9 v\u00fdhradne ako roz\u0161\u00edrenia.    <\/p>\n<p>Naj\u017eiadanej\u0161\u00edmi funkciami pre alternat\u00edvne tabu\u013ekov\u00e9 enginy PostgreSQL s\u00fa:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Alternat\u00edvne implement\u00e1cie MVCC, ako napr\u00edklad ukladania na z\u00e1klade UNDO \u017eurn\u00e1lu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Indexovo organizovan\u00e9 tabu\u013eky, kde index nie je len volite\u013en\u00fdm doplnkom k tabu\u013eke, ktor\u00fd ur\u00fdch\u013euje dopyty, ale predstavuje hlavn\u00fa d\u00e1tov\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru, v ktorej s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 d\u00e1ta tabu\u013eky.    <\/ul>\n<p>Zmeny potrebn\u00e9 v API Table\/Index AM na podporu alternat\u00edvnych implement\u00e1ci\u00ed MVCC sa zva\u017euj\u00fa s oh\u013eadom na roz\u0161\u00edrenie OrioleDB, ktor\u00e9 bolo vyvinut\u00e9 na odstr\u00e1nenie zn\u00e1mych nedostatkov vstavan\u00e9ho mechanizmu ukladania PostgreSQL. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee na pln\u00fa integr\u00e1ciu OrioleDB s PostgreSQL s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 \u00fapravy k\u00f3du PostgreSQL, \u010do komplikuje zav\u00e1dzanie projektu a pod\u010diarkuje potrebu moderniz\u00e1cie s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho API Table AM.    <\/p>\n<p>API Table AM priamo nen\u00fati sp\u00f4sob implement\u00e1cie MVCC. Napriek tomu, API Table AM a API Index AM robia nasleduj\u00face predpoklady: ka\u017ed\u00e9 TID (Tuple\/row Identifier) je bu\u010f indexovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi indexmi, alebo nie je indexovan\u00e9 v\u00f4bec. Aj ke\u010f m\u00e1 Index AM nieko\u013eko odkazov na jeden TID (napr\u00edklad GIN), v\u0161etky tieto odkazy musia zodpoveda\u0165 jednej a tej istej indexovanej hodnote.    <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB navrhli vylep\u0161i\u0165 API pre alternat\u00edvne datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 motory PostgreSQL.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/a2082618f49d887e6987a73c65091c59.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>Tento princip byl kritizov\u00e1n za zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu z\u00e1pisov\u00fdch operac\u00ed (\"write amplification\") \u2014 pokud se aktualizuje jeden indexovan\u00fd atribut, je nutn\u00e9 aktualizovat ka\u017ed\u00fd index v tabulce. Pro pln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00fdhod protokolu UNDO nebo pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jin\u00e9 metody ulo\u017een\u00ed bez \"zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1pisu\" (nap\u0159\u00edklad metoda WARM) je nutn\u00e9 toto p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed poru\u0161it.  <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB navrhli vylep\u0161i\u0165 API pre alternat\u00edvne datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 motory PostgreSQL.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/da5adbec63e0b4c139733c5775b317b9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>        <\/p>\n<p>Table AM zalo\u017een\u00fd na UNDO, ktor\u00fd nebude poru\u0161ova\u0165 t\u00fato predpoklad, pripom\u00edna existuj\u00facu met\u00f3du HOT (Heap-Only Tuples), s v\u00fdnimkou toho, \u017ee star\u00e9 verzie riadkov s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v protokole UNDO a nemusia sa zmesti\u0165 na t\u00fa ist\u00fa str\u00e1nku. Pod\u013ea autorov v\u0161ak t\u00e1to v\u00fdhoda nie je dostato\u010dn\u00e1 na to, aby ospravedlnila existenciu samostatn\u00e9ho Table AM.    <\/p>\n<p>Praktick\u00e9 obmedzenia existuj\u00faceho API:    <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> B\u011bhem aktualizace \u0159\u00e1dku tabulky jsou indexy aktualizov\u00e1ny na principu \"v\u0161e nebo nic\".\n<li class=\"l\"> V API Index AM ch\u00fdba mo\u017enos\u0165 bodov\u00e9ho vymazania ur\u010dit\u00fdch k\u00f3truxov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 odstra\u0148ova\u0165 k\u00f3truxy z indexov masovo pomocou met\u00f3d ambulkdelete a amvacuumcleanup. Pokus o implement\u00e1ciu bodov\u00e9ho vymazania cez toto API by viedol k n\u00edzkej efektivite, preto\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdch implement\u00e1ci\u00ed mus\u00ed preh\u013ead\u00e1va\u0165 cel\u00fd index. Navy\u0161e API neumo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010di\u0165, ktor\u00e9 z k\u00f3truxov, odkazuj\u00facich na rovnak\u00e9 TID, by sa mali odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. M\u00f4\u017ee odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 iba v\u0161etky.\n<li class=\"l\"> Indexy v sou\u010dasnosti odkazuj\u00ed na \u0159\u00e1dky tabulky pomoc\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla bloku (32 bit\u016f) a \u010d\u00edsla offsetu (16 bit\u016f). A pouze 11 bit\u016f \u010d\u00edsla offsetu lze bezpe\u010dn\u011b p\u0159en\u00e9st z TID tabulky do v\u0161ech metod p\u0159\u00edstupu k indexu. Alternativn\u00ed implementace MVCC by mohly vy\u017eadovat uchov\u00e1n\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee (payload) spolu s TID. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v OrioleDB je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed jeden nebo v\u00edce bit\u016f pro realizaci index\u016f \"delete-marking\" nebo pln\u00e9 informace o viditelnosti.      <\/ul>\n<p>Navrhnut\u00e9 s\u00fa dva sp\u00f4soby, ako prekon\u00e1va\u0165 obmedzenia v praxi:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<p>Pr\u00edstup 1: API Index AM poskytuje mo\u017enosti pre alternat\u00edvnu implement\u00e1ciu MVCC.    <\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edmco Table AM nad\u00e1le odpov\u00edd\u00e1 za v\u0161echny komponenty MVCC, Index AM poskytuje nezbytn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro alternativn\u00ed implementaci MVCC, a to: uchov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee (payload) spolu s TID, metodu bodov\u00e9ho odstran\u011bn\u00ed a dokonce metodu bodov\u00e9 aktualizace (pokud TID v indexu nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bnit, u\u017eivatelsk\u00e1 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e \u2013 ano). Krom\u011b toho, proto\u017ee je nezbytn\u00e9 povolit v\u00edce k-tic\u00edm indexu odkazovat na jeden a ten sam\u00fd TID, metody API pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i proch\u00e1zen\u00ed indexu tak\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed aktualizaci.    <\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00edstup 2: Indexy podporuj\u00face MVCC.    <\/p>\n<p>Alternativou by bylo povolit indexy, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed MVCC. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \"executor\" (nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 Table AM) jednodu\u0161e vyvol\u00e1 metody insert() a delete() v Index AM, zat\u00edmco Index AM poskytuje mo\u017enost skenov\u00e1n\u00ed s ohledem na MVCC. To by v\u00fdznamn\u011b zjednodu\u0161ilo skenov\u00e1n\u00ed s pou\u017eit\u00edm pouze index\u016f (index-only). Dokonce i cel\u00fd Table AM by se v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mohl st\u00e1t mezivrstvou, kter\u00e1 uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 data v indexu.    <\/p>\n<p>Na diagrame ni\u017e\u0161ie je uveden\u00fd pr\u00edklad. Hodnota indexu 2 sa aktualizuje transakciou 11 z hodnoty &#171;A&#187; na hodnotu &#171;B&#187;. Preto je hodnota &#171;A&#187; ozna\u010den\u00e1 ako xmax == 11, a hodnota &#171;B&#187; je ozna\u010den\u00e1 ako xmin == 11. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom je mo\u017en\u00e9 skenova\u0165 index 2 a z\u00edskava\u0165 iba vidite\u013en\u00e9 k\u00f4pky v s\u00falade s MVCC bez kontrol hromady (heap). Zber odpadu indexu 2 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 tie\u017e vykonan\u00fd bez pou\u017eitia hromady.    <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB navrhli vylep\u0161i\u0165 API pre alternat\u00edvne datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 motory PostgreSQL.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/9103127cc51f83c824c6cdc22135b470.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>  <\/p>\n<p>Pri implement\u00e1cii v\u0161etk\u00fdch uveden\u00fdch inov\u00e1ci\u00ed do API indexov\u00fdch pr\u00edstupov\u00fdch met\u00f3d je nepravdepodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by sa podarilo s\u00fa\u010dasne vylep\u0161i\u0165 v\u0161etky indexy na podporu v\u0161etk\u00fdch nov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed. Realistickej\u0161ie je povoli\u0165 nieko\u013eko realiz\u00e1ci\u00ed pre jednu indexov\u00fa pr\u00edstupov\u00fa met\u00f3du. Napr\u00edklad, okrem be\u017en\u00e9ho B-tree by roz\u0161\u00edrenie mohlo implementova\u0165 alternat\u00edvne B-tree s podporou MVCC v r\u00e1mci indexu a podporou identifik\u00e1torov z\u00e1znamov \u013eubovo\u013enej d\u013a\u017eky.    <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"V\u00fdvoj\u00e1ri OrioleDB navrhli vylep\u0161i\u0165 API pre alternat\u00edvne datab\u00e1zov\u00e9 motory PostgreSQL.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/57e1c15ecdd08f7b8095f464b59523b9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>T\u00fdmto sa navrhuje prehodnoti\u0165 nielen API Table AM, ale aj API Index AM, ktor\u00e9 verne sl\u00fa\u017eilo komunite PostgreSQL po\u010das mnoh\u00fdch rokov. Navy\u0161e sa navrhuje rozdeli\u0165 Index AM na logick\u00fa vrstvu a vrstvu implement\u00e1cie. T\u00e1to prehodnoten\u00e1 architekt\u00fara umo\u017en\u00ed PostgreSQL podporova\u0165 r\u00f4zne modely ukladania.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62991\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 OrioleDB \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e API, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0432 PostgreSQL (Table\/Index Access Method (AM) API), \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 PostgreSQL 12 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e API \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e API \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":123246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-123245","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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